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The cardinal tetra has bright red ventral parts and an iridescent blue line that runs horizontally along its body. The characteristic iridescence of this and related fishes, such as the neon tetra, is a structural color, caused by refraction of light within guanine crystals that develop within special cells called [[Chromatophore|iridocyte]]s in the subcutaneous layer. The exact shade of blue seen depends on the viewing angle of the viewer relative to the fish - if the viewpoint changes so as to look at the fish more from below, the colour will change hue, becoming more deeply sapphire blue and even indigo. Change of viewpoint to one above the fishes, however, and the color becomes more greenish. Cardinal tetras appear to grow larger in captivity than they do in the wild.<ref name=walker2004/> They have a large stomach and small gut.<ref name=walker2004/>
The cardinal tetra has bright red ventral parts and an iridescent blue line that runs horizontally along its body. The characteristic iridescence of this and related fishes, such as the neon tetra, is a structural color, caused by refraction of light within guanine crystals that develop within special cells called [[Chromatophore|iridocyte]]s in the subcutaneous layer. The exact shade of blue seen depends on the viewing angle of the viewer relative to the fish - if the viewpoint changes so as to look at the fish more from below, the colour will change hue, becoming more deeply sapphire blue and even indigo. Change of viewpoint to one above the fishes, however, and the color becomes more greenish. Cardinal tetras appear to grow larger in captivity than they do in the wild.<ref name=walker2004/> They have a large stomach and small gut.<ref name=walker2004/>


==Distribution==
==Distribution and habitat==
Cardinal tetras are found on the upper [[Orinoco]] and the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Negro]], which are located in [[Colombia]] and [[Venezuela]] and [[Brazil]], respectively.
Cardinal tetras are found in the upper [[Orinoco]] of [[Colombia]] and [[Venezuela]], as well as the upper [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]] of [[Brazil]].


==Ecology and behavior==
==Feeding==
===Diet===
The cardinal tetra forages in areas of slow-moving, shallow water. It is predominantly predatory, feeding on tiny animals found on underwater plants, roots, and [[leaf litter]]. Creatures commonly eaten include the larvae of [[Chironomidae|chironomid]] midges and microcrustaceans such as water fleas ([[Cladocera]]) of the families [[Moinidae]], [[Macrotrichidae]], and [[Daphniidae]], and [[copepod]]s of the family [[Harpacticidae]]. Other organisms eaten include other fly larvae, insect eggs, [[rotifer]]s, and [[testate amoebae]].<ref name=walker2004>{{cite journal|last=Walker|first=Ilse|date=2004|title=The food spectrum of the cardinal - tetra (''Paracheirodon axelrodi'', Characidae) in its natural habitat|journal=Acta Amazonica|volume=34|issue=1|pages=69–73|doi=10.1590/S0044-59672004000100009|doi-access=free}}</ref>
The cardinal tetra forages in areas of slow-moving, shallow water. It is predominantly predatory, feeding on tiny animals found on underwater plants, roots, and [[leaf litter]]. Creatures commonly eaten include the larvae of [[Chironomidae|chironomid]] midges and microcrustaceans such as water fleas ([[Cladocera]]) of the families [[Moinidae]], [[Macrotrichidae]], and [[Daphniidae]], and [[copepod]]s of the family [[Harpacticidae]]. Other organisms eaten include other fly larvae, insect eggs, [[rotifer]]s, and [[testate amoebae]].<ref name=walker2004>{{cite journal|last=Walker|first=Ilse|date=2004|title=The food spectrum of the cardinal - tetra (''Paracheirodon axelrodi'', Characidae) in its natural habitat|journal=Acta Amazonica|volume=34|issue=1|pages=69–73|doi=10.1590/S0044-59672004000100009|doi-access=free}}</ref>


===Reproduction===
==Breeding and lifespan==
The cardinal tetra, in the wild, swims upstream in large numbers to parts of its native river habitat completely enclosed above by [[rainforest]] [[Rainforest#Layers|canopy]]. Such waters are subject to heavy shading by the rainforest trees, and virtually no sunlight reaches them. Here, the fishes spawn in large aggregations. <!-- how-to In the aquarium, a single pair can be conditioned for breeding, but the breeding aquarium not only needs to contain water with the correct chemical parameters cited above, but the breeding aquarium also needs to be heavily shaded to mimic the low light conditions of the fish's native spawning grounds. --> If the fishes are ready to spawn, the male, which will be the slimmer of the two fishes in outline, pursues the female into fine-leaved plants; her fuller outline, which usually indicates the presence of ripe eggs within her reproductive tract, should be readily apparent at this point. If the female is ready, she allows the male to swim alongside her, and together, the pair release eggs and sperm. <!-- how-to Parents need to be removed after the eggs and sperm are released, otherwise they will eat the eggs. <ref> https://freshwatercentral.com/cardinal-tetra {{Bare URL inline|date=May 2022}}</ref> -->
In the wild, the cardinal tetra swims upstream in large numbers to parts of its native river habitat completely enclosed above by [[rainforest]] [[Rainforest#Layers|canopy]]. Such waters are subject to heavy shading by the rainforest trees, and virtually no sunlight reaches them. Here, the fishes spawn in large aggregations. If the fishes are ready to spawn, the male pursues the female into fine-leaved plants; her fuller outline, which usually indicates the presence of ripe eggs within her reproductive tract, should be readily apparent at this point. If the female is ready, she allows the male to swim alongside her, and together, the pair release eggs and sperm.


===Lifespan===
The fish might also be effectively an annual species with a lifespan of just a single year in nature. It lives for several years in captivity. For those seeking to breed them in the aquarium, the best way to do so is by mimicking the same natural setup.
⚫
The fish might also be effectively an annual species with a lifespan of just a single year in nature. It lives for several years in captivity. For those seeking to breed them in the aquarium, the best way to do so is by mimicking the same natural setup. A study conducted in Manaus, Brazil, subjected cardinal tetras to adverse water conditions for 96 hours. The fish perished at a low temperature of {{cvt|19.6|C|F}} and a high of {{cvt|33.7|C|F}}, and [[pH]] below 2.9 or above 8.8.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sarah Ragonha de Oliveira|author2=Rondon Tatsuta Yamane Baptista de SouzaI|author3=Érica da Silva Santiago NunesI|author4=Cristiane Suely Melo de CarvalhoI|author5=Glauber Cruz de MenezesI|author6=Jaydione Luíz MarconII|author7=Rodrigo Roubach|author8=Eduardo Akifumi OnoI|author9=Elizabeth Gusmão Affonso|date=2008|title=Tolerance to temperature, pH, ammonia and nitrite in cardinal tetra, ''Paracheirodon axelrodi'', an amazonian ornamental fish|journal=Acta Amazonica|volume=38|issue=4|pages=773–779| doi=10.1590/S0044-59672008000400023|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<!-- nonencyclopedic how-to
==Development==
⚫
If the eggs are fertile, and kept in darkened surroundings, they hatch in about three days at {{convert|28|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. Free-swimming fry remain photosensitive for at least the first seven days of life, and need to be introduced to increasing light levels on a gradual basis. During this time, they are approximately 4&nbsp;mm in length, and require [[infusoria]] or liquid fry food. Newly hatched [[brine shrimp]] and other similar live foods, such as sifted ''Daphnia'', can be fed to the growing fry at between seven and 14 days of age. Growth continues at a modest rate, and the fishes assume full adult colouration only after a period of around eight to 12 weeks, depending upon quality of food and aquarium water.


==In the aquarium trade==
⚫
==Aquarium maintenance==
[[Image:Paracheirodon axelrodi school.jpg|thumb|250px|left|A shoal of cardinal tetras in an [[aquarium]]]]
[[Image:Paracheirodon axelrodi school.jpg|thumb|250px|A shoal of cardinal tetras in an [[aquarium]]]]
An entire [[Industry (economics)|industry]] is in place in [[Barcelos, Amazonas|Barcelos]] on the banks of [[Brazil]]'s [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]] in which the local population catches fish for the aquarium trade. The cardinal fishery here is highly valued by the local people who act as stewards for the environment. The local people may not become involved in potentially environmentally damaging activities, such as deforestation, because they can make a sustainable living from the fishery.
An entire [[Industry (economics)|industry]] is in place in [[Barcelos, Amazonas|Barcelos]] on the banks of [[Brazil]]'s [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]] in which the local population catches fish for the aquarium trade. The cardinal fishery here is highly valued by the local people who act as stewards for the environment. The local people may not become involved in potentially environmentally damaging activities, such as deforestation, because they can make a sustainable living from the fishery.<ref name="piaba"/>


Between the years of 2006 to 2015, over 92,000,000 cardinal tetras were exported from the state of [[Amazonas State (Brazil)|Amazonas]], accounting for 64.57% of all ornamental fish exports from the state during this time.<ref name="TribuzyNeto2021">{{cite journal|last1=Tribuzy-Neto|first1=Ivan Azevedo|last2=Beltrão|first2=Hélio|last3=Benzaken|first3=Zehev Schwartz|last4=Yamamoto|first4=Kedma Cristine|name-list-style=&|date=26 March 2021|title=Analysis of the Ornamental Fish Exports from the Amazon State, Brazil|journal=Boletim do Instituto de Pesca|volume=46|number=4|doi=10.20950/1678-2305.2020.46.4.554|doi-access=free|issn= 1678-2305|url=https://institutodepesca.org/index.php/bip/article/view/1470/1479|access-date=25 April 2024}}{{open access}}</ref>
⚫
Perhaps due to their wild-caught origins, cardinal tetras tend to be somewhat delicate in captivity. In the wild, these fish inhabit extremely soft, acidic waters, but seem to be tolerant of harder, more alkaline water conditions; a greater concern is probably polluted tank water (including high nitrate levels). They prefer warmer water temperatures [above {{convert|75|°F|°C|order=flip|abbr=on}} or warmer], and will readily accept most forms of dry food. Captive-bred cardinals tend to adapt to hard water better than wild-caught cardinals.
<!-- non-encyclopedic how-to; section needs to be re-worked but information within might be useful
⚫
===Aquarium maintenance===
⚫
Perhaps due to their wild-caught origins, cardinal tetras tend to be somewhat delicate in captivity. In the wild, these fish inhabit extremely soft, acidic waters, but seem to be tolerant of harder, more alkaline water conditions; a greater concern is probably polluted tank water (including high nitrate levels). They prefer warmer water temperatures [above {{cvt|75|°F|°C|order=flip|abbr=on}} or warmer], and will readily accept most forms of dry food. Captive-bred cardinals tend to adapt to hard water better than wild-caught cardinals.


Given the origins of the cardinal tetra, namely [[blackwater river]]s whose chemistry is characterised by an [[acid]]ic [[pH]], low [[hard water|mineral content]] and the presence of [[humic acid]]s, the species is adaptable to a wide range of conditions in captivity, though deviation from the soft, acidic water chemistry of their native range will impact severely upon [[Reproduction|breeding]], [[fecundity]], and life expectancy. The preferred temperature range of the fish is {{convert|26|to|28|C|F}}. However, if necessary they will live at {{convert|24|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. The water chemistry of the aquarium water should match that of the wild habitat – filtration of the aquarium water over [[peat]] is one means of achieving this, as is the use of reverse osmosis water.
Given the origins of the cardinal tetra, namely [[blackwater river]]s whose chemistry is characterised by an [[acid]]ic [[pH]], low [[hard water|mineral content]] and the presence of [[humic acid]]s, the species is adaptable to a wide range of conditions in captivity, though deviation from the soft, acidic water chemistry of their native range will impact severely upon [[Reproduction|breeding]], [[fecundity]], and life expectancy. The preferred temperature range of the fish is {{cvt|26|to|28|C|F}}. However, if necessary they will live at {{cvt|24|C|F|abbr=on}}. The water chemistry of the aquarium water should match that of the wild habitat – filtration of the aquarium water over [[peat]] is one means of achieving this, as is the use of reverse osmosis water.


⚫
As the species is a [[Shoaling and schooling|shoaling]] species in the wild, groups of six or more individuals should be maintained in an aquarium although bigger groups are preferred. They will shoal with their close cousins [[neon tetra]]s, though, so a combination of these two species totalling at least six should suffice (again, larger groups are preferred). Tank currents can help encourage shoaling behavior. The larger the numbers present in an aquarium (subject to the usual constraints imposed by space and filtration efficiency), the better, and large shoals in any case form an impressive and visually stunning display.
⚫
-->
⚫
A study conducted in Manaus, Brazil, subjected cardinal tetras to adverse water conditions for 96 hours. The fish perished at a low temperature of 19.6&nbsp;°C and high of 33.7&nbsp;°C, and pH below 2.9 or above 8.8.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sarah Ragonha de Oliveira|author2=Rondon Tatsuta Yamane Baptista de SouzaI|author3=Érica da Silva Santiago NunesI|author4=Cristiane Suely Melo de CarvalhoI|author5=Glauber Cruz de MenezesI|author6=Jaydione Luíz MarconII|author7=Rodrigo Roubach|author8=Eduardo Akifumi OnoI|author9=Elizabeth Gusmão Affonso|date=2008|title=Tolerance to temperature, pH, ammonia and nitrite in cardinal tetra, ''Paracheirodon axelrodi'', an amazonian ornamental fish|journal=Acta Amazonica|volume=38|issue=4|pages=773–779| doi=10.1590/S0044-59672008000400023|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<!-- how-to
⚫
As the species is a [[Shoaling and schooling|shoaling]] species in the wild, groups of six or more individuals should be maintained in an aquarium although bigger groups are preferred. They will shoal with their close cousins [[neon tetra]]s, though, so a combination of these two species totalling at least six should suffice (again, larger groups are preferred). Tank currents can help encourage shoaling behavior. The larger the numbers present in an aquarium (subject to the usual constraints imposed by space and filtration efficiency), the better, and large shoals in any case form an impressive and visually stunning display.


The species will feed on a wide range of aquarium foods, though again, conditioning fishes of this species for breeding will usually require the use of live foods such as ''[[Daphnia]]''.
The species will feed on a wide range of aquarium foods, though again, conditioning fishes of this species for breeding will usually require the use of live foods such as ''[[Daphnia]]''.

⚫
Apart from the stringent requirements with respect to water chemistry, one of the major difficulties in captive breeding of the species is the photosensitivity of the eggs; they will die if exposed to bright light. Consequently, after spawning, the fishes should be removed and the aquarium covered to darken it, thus providing the developing eggs with the conditions necessary for development.


Aquarium furnishings should be planned with some care. Live aquatic plants, as well as providing additional biological filtration components to assist with nitrate management, provide an environment that resembles at least part of the wild habitat, and fine-leaved plants such as ''[[Cabomba]]'' are usually the plants of choice, though other plants such as Amazon swordplants and ''[[Vallisneria]]'' are equally suitable for an aquarium housing them. Floating plants providing shade will also be welcomed by the species; this is connected with the breeding of the fish. A perfect biotope to promote breeding would be bogwood, a few live native plants, dark substrate and subdued lighting with floating plants.
Aquarium furnishings should be planned with some care. Live aquatic plants, as well as providing additional biological filtration components to assist with nitrate management, provide an environment that resembles at least part of the wild habitat, and fine-leaved plants such as ''[[Cabomba]]'' are usually the plants of choice, though other plants such as Amazon swordplants and ''[[Vallisneria]]'' are equally suitable for an aquarium housing them. Floating plants providing shade will also be welcomed by the species; this is connected with the breeding of the fish. A perfect biotope to promote breeding would be bogwood, a few live native plants, dark substrate and subdued lighting with floating plants.


===Captive breeding===
-->
⚫
In the aquarium, a single pair can be conditioned for breeding, but the breeding aquarium not only needs to contain water with the correct chemical parameters cited above, but the breeding aquarium also needs to be heavily shaded to mimic the low light conditions of the fish's native spawning grounds. --> <!-- how-to Parents need to be removed after the eggs and sperm are released, otherwise they will eat the eggs. <ref> https://freshwatercentral.com/cardinal-tetra {{Bare URL inline|date=May 2022}}</ref> Apart from the stringent requirements with respect to water chemistry, one of the major difficulties in captive breeding of the species is the photosensitivity of the eggs; they will die if exposed to bright light. Consequently, after spawning, the fishes should be removed and the aquarium covered to darken it, thus providing the developing eggs with the conditions necessary for development.


⚫
If the eggs are fertile, and kept in darkened surroundings, they hatch in about three days at {{convert|28|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. Free-swimming fry remain photosensitive for at least the first seven days of life, and need to be introduced to increasing light levels on a gradual basis. During this time, they are approximately 4&nbsp;mm in length, and require [[infusoria]] or liquid fry food. Newly hatched [[brine shrimp]] and other similar live foods, such as sifted ''Daphnia'', can be fed to the growing fry at between seven and 14 days of age. Growth continues at a modest rate, and the fishes assume full adult colouration only after a period of around eight to 12 weeks, depending upon quality of food and aquarium water.
⚫
-->
==See also==
==See also==
*[[List of freshwater aquarium fish species]]
*[[List of freshwater aquarium fish species]]
Line 74: Line 74:
==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Commons}}
* Video of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSZ1SPHNff0 Cardinal Tetras feeding]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110708043751/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/content.php?sid=3139 Cardinal tetra, Paracheirodon axelrodi], Practical Fishkeeping magazine
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110708043751/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/content.php?sid=3139 Cardinal tetra, Paracheirodon axelrodi], Practical Fishkeeping magazine
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051115183141/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/pfk/pages/show_article.php?article_id=150 Life in the shallows - the Rio Negro], Practical Fishkeeping magazine
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051115183141/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/pfk/pages/show_article.php?article_id=150 Life in the shallows - the Rio Negro], Practical Fishkeeping magazine
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Cardinal Tetra}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cardinal Tetra}}
[[Category:Paracheirodon|axelrodi]]
[[Category:Paracheirodon|axelrodi]]
[[Category:Tetras]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Leonard Peter Schultz]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Leonard Peter Schultz]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1956]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1956]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of Brazil]]
[[Category:Tetras of Brazil]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of Colombia]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of Colombia]]
[[Category:Fishkeeping]]
[[Category:Fishkeeping]]

Latest revision as of 22:26, 15 October 2024

Cardinal tetra
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Characiformes
Family: Characidae
Genus: Paracheirodon
Species:
P. axelrodi
Binomial name
Paracheirodon axelrodi
Synonyms[2]
  • Cheirodon axelrodi Schultz, 1956
  • Hyphessobrycon cardinalis Myers & Weitzman, 1956

The cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi) is a freshwater fish of the family Characidae of order Characiformes. It is native to the upper Orinoco and Negro Rivers in South America. Growing to about 3 cm (1.2 in) total length, the cardinal tetra has the striking iridescent blue line characteristic of the genus Paracheirodon laterally bisecting the fish, with the body below this line being vivid red in color, hence the name "cardinal tetra". The cardinal tetra's appearance is similar to that of the closely related neon tetra, with which it is often confused; the neon's red coloration extends only about halfway to the nose, and the neon's blue stripe is a less vibrant blue.

The cardinal tetra is a very popular aquarium fish, but is less widespread than the neon tetra because until recently, it was difficult to breed in captivity. However, many breeders are now producing the fish; in most cases, one can determine if the cardinal tetra is bred or wild-caught due to damaged fins on wild-caught specimens. Some ichthyologists believe fishkeepers should continue to support the sustainable cardinal fishery of the Amazon Basin, since thousands of people are employed in the region to capture fish for the aquarium trade. If those fishermen lost their livelihoods catching cardinals and other tropical fish, they might turn their attention to engaging in deforestation.[3]

Taxonomy

[edit]

American ichthyologist Leonard Peter Schultz described the cardinal tetra in 1956 as Cheirodon axelrodi.[2] The specific epithet honors ichthyologist Herbert R. Axelrod. Hyphessobrycon cardinalis is an obsolete synonym. The fish's common name, cardinal tetra, refers to the brilliant red coloration, reminiscent of a cardinal's robes. P. axelrodi is also often called the red neon tetra.

The species exists in a number of different color forms or phenotypes. A "gold" and "silver-blonde" form exists in the Rio Negro drainage that has less blue in the longitudinal stripe. The normal form from the Rio Negro drainage has a blue stripe, which extends to the adipose fin, while the Orinoco drainage phenotype has a stripe that stops posterior to the adipose. The Orinoco phenotype may represent a subspecies of P. axelrodi.

Description

[edit]
The cardinal tetra (above) has more red on the underside than the superficially similar neon tetra (below).

The cardinal tetra has bright red ventral parts and an iridescent blue line that runs horizontally along its body. The characteristic iridescence of this and related fishes, such as the neon tetra, is a structural color, caused by refraction of light within guanine crystals that develop within special cells called iridocytes in the subcutaneous layer. The exact shade of blue seen depends on the viewing angle of the viewer relative to the fish - if the viewpoint changes so as to look at the fish more from below, the colour will change hue, becoming more deeply sapphire blue and even indigo. Change of viewpoint to one above the fishes, however, and the color becomes more greenish. Cardinal tetras appear to grow larger in captivity than they do in the wild.[4] They have a large stomach and small gut.[4]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

Cardinal tetras are found in the upper Orinoco of Colombia and Venezuela, as well as the upper Rio Negro of Brazil.

Ecology and behavior

[edit]

Diet

[edit]

The cardinal tetra forages in areas of slow-moving, shallow water. It is predominantly predatory, feeding on tiny animals found on underwater plants, roots, and leaf litter. Creatures commonly eaten include the larvae of chironomid midges and microcrustaceans such as water fleas (Cladocera) of the families Moinidae, Macrotrichidae, and Daphniidae, and copepods of the family Harpacticidae. Other organisms eaten include other fly larvae, insect eggs, rotifers, and testate amoebae.[4]

Reproduction

[edit]

In the wild, the cardinal tetra swims upstream in large numbers to parts of its native river habitat completely enclosed above by rainforest canopy. Such waters are subject to heavy shading by the rainforest trees, and virtually no sunlight reaches them. Here, the fishes spawn in large aggregations. If the fishes are ready to spawn, the male pursues the female into fine-leaved plants; her fuller outline, which usually indicates the presence of ripe eggs within her reproductive tract, should be readily apparent at this point. If the female is ready, she allows the male to swim alongside her, and together, the pair release eggs and sperm.

Lifespan

[edit]

The fish might also be effectively an annual species with a lifespan of just a single year in nature. It lives for several years in captivity. For those seeking to breed them in the aquarium, the best way to do so is by mimicking the same natural setup. A study conducted in Manaus, Brazil, subjected cardinal tetras to adverse water conditions for 96 hours. The fish perished at a low temperature of 19.6 °C (67.3 °F) and a high of 33.7 °C (92.7 °F), and pH below 2.9 or above 8.8.[5]

In the aquarium trade

[edit]
A shoal of cardinal tetras in an aquarium

An entire industry is in place in Barcelos on the banks of Brazil's Rio Negro in which the local population catches fish for the aquarium trade. The cardinal fishery here is highly valued by the local people who act as stewards for the environment. The local people may not become involved in potentially environmentally damaging activities, such as deforestation, because they can make a sustainable living from the fishery.[3]

Between the years of 2006 to 2015, over 92,000,000 cardinal tetras were exported from the state of Amazonas, accounting for 64.57% of all ornamental fish exports from the state during this time.[6]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ IUCN (2023). "Paracheirodon axelrodi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T164584363A164584373. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T164584363A164584373.en. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  2. ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Paracheirodon axelrodi". FishBase. December 2019 version.
  3. ^ a b "Background about the Fishery and History | Project Piaba". projectpiaba.org. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  4. ^ a b c Walker, Ilse (2004). "The food spectrum of the cardinal - tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi, Characidae) in its natural habitat". Acta Amazonica. 34 (1): 69–73. doi:10.1590/S0044-59672004000100009.
  5. ^ Sarah Ragonha de Oliveira; Rondon Tatsuta Yamane Baptista de SouzaI; Érica da Silva Santiago NunesI; Cristiane Suely Melo de CarvalhoI; Glauber Cruz de MenezesI; Jaydione Luíz MarconII; Rodrigo Roubach; Eduardo Akifumi OnoI; Elizabeth Gusmão Affonso (2008). "Tolerance to temperature, pH, ammonia and nitrite in cardinal tetra, Paracheirodon axelrodi, an amazonian ornamental fish". Acta Amazonica. 38 (4): 773–779. doi:10.1590/S0044-59672008000400023.
  6. ^ Tribuzy-Neto, Ivan Azevedo; Beltrão, Hélio; Benzaken, Zehev Schwartz & Yamamoto, Kedma Cristine (26 March 2021). "Analysis of the Ornamental Fish Exports from the Amazon State, Brazil". Boletim do Instituto de Pesca. 46 (4). doi:10.20950/1678-2305.2020.46.4.554. ISSN 1678-2305. Retrieved 25 April 2024.Open access icon
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paracheirodon axelrodi.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_tetra&oldid=1251391407"