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{{Short description|Kiranti language of Nepal}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Dumi
|name=Dumi
|region=[[Khotang district]], [[Nepal]]
|region=[[Khotang district]], [[Nepal]]
|ethnicity= Dumi [[kirati people|kirat]]. Ethnic population: 7,640 (2011 census)<ref name=e25/>
|speakers={{sigfig|7640|2}}
|speakers=Native: {{sigfig|2,500|2}}
|date=2011 census
|date=2017
|ref=e18
|ref=e25
|speakers2=L2: {{sigfig|1,020|2}} (2011 census)<ref name=e25/>
|speakers_label=Speakers
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=[[Mahakiranti languages|Mahakiranti]] ?
|fam2=[[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
|fam3=[[Kiranti languages|Kiranti]]
|fam3=[[Mahakiranti languages|Mahakiranti]] (?)
|fam4=[[Kiranti languages|Kiranti]]
|fam4=Western
|fam5=Upper Dudhkosi
|fam5=Western
|fam6=Upper Dudhkosi
|iso3=dus
|iso3=dus
|glotto=dumi1241
|glotto=dumi1241
Line 15: Line 20:
}}
}}


'''Dumi''' is a [[Kiranti languages|Kiranti language]] spoken in the area around the Tap and Rava rivers and their confluence in northern [[Khotang district]], [[Nepal]]. It is spoken in the villages such as [[Magpa|Makpa]], Kharbari, [[Baksila]], [[Sapteswor|Sapteshwor]], and [[Kharmi]] (''[[Ethnologue]]'').
'''Dumi''' is a [[Kiranti languages|Kiranti language]] spoken in the area around the Tap and Rava rivers and their confluence in northern [[Khotang district]], [[Nepal]].<ref name=e25/> It is spoken in the villages such as [[Magpa|Makpa]], Kharbari, [[Baksila]], [[Sapteswor|Sapteshwor]], and [[Kharmi]].{{cn|date=December 2022}}


Dialects are Kharbari, Lamdija, and Makpa, with Makpa being the most divergent dialect (''[[Ethnologue]]'').
Dialects are Kharbari, Lamdija, and Makpa, with Makpa being the most divergent dialect.<ref name=e25/>


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
Line 25: Line 30:
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
!Dental
!Dental
!Lamino-
!Lamino-<br>alveolopalatal
alveolopalatal
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Velar consonant|Labio-Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
|{{IPA|m}}
| {{IPAlink|m}}
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA|n}}
| {{IPAlink|n}}
| {{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|
|{{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPAlink|t̪}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|{{IPAlink|ʔ}}
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]] [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
|{{IPA link|pʰ}}
!unaspirated
|{{IPA|p}} {{IPA|b}}
| {{IPAlink|t̪ʰ}}
|t̪ d̪
|
|
|{{IPA|t}} {{IPA|d}}
|{{IPA link|tʰ}}
|{{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|
|{{IPA|k}} {{IPA|ɡ}}
|
|ʔ
|-
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
!aspirated
|{{IPA link|b}}
|pʰ bʰ
| {{IPAlink|d̪}}
|t̪ʰ d̪ʰ
| {{IPAlink|dz}}
|
|{{IPA link|d|d}}
|tʰ dʰ
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|kʰ ɡʰ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
|{{IPA link|bʱ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|d̪ʰ}}
|
|dz
|
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|dʱ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|s}}
|s
|
|
| {{IPAlink|h}}
|
|
|{{IPA|h}}
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
Line 88: Line 88:
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA|r}}
| {{IPAlink|r}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]]
| {{IPAlink|w}}
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA|l}}
|j
|
|
| {{IPAlink|l}}
|w
|{{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
|}
|}
Line 119: Line 115:
|-
|-
!High
!High
| {{IPAlink|i}}
|i
|iː
| {{IPAlink|iː}}
| {{IPAlink|ɨ}}
|ɨ
|
|
| {{IPAlink|u}}
|u
|{{IPA|u:}}
| {{IPAlink|uː}}
|-
|-
!Mid
!Mid
| {{IPAlink|e}}
|e
| {{IPAlink|eː}}
|e:
|
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|o}}
|o
| {{IPAlink|oː}}
|o:
|-
|-
!Mid-low
!Mid-low
|{{IPA|œ}}
| {{IPAlink|œ}}
|
|
|{{IPA|ə}}
| {{IPAlink|ə}}
|
|
|
|
Line 143: Line 139:
|-
|-
!Low
!Low
|
!
|
!
| {{IPAlink|a}}
|a
| {{IPAlink|aː}}
|a:
|
!
|
!
|-
|-
!Diphthongs
!Diphthongs
| colspan="2" |e:j {{IPA|ə}}j
|{{IPA|ə}}j
|e:j
| colspan="2" |ai
| colspan="2" |ai
|oj
| colspan="2" |o:ə oj
|o:ə
|}
|}

== Grammar ==
Dumi is an [[Ergative–absolutive alignment|ergative-absolutive]] language. Embedded sentences may take on the ergative case. Subjects of intransitive verbs and patients of transitive verbs take the absolutive case. A transitive verb shows agreement with both agent and pacient.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Dumi case suffixes
!Case
!Suffix
|-
|Ergative
|''-(''ʔ)''a''
|-
|Absolutive
| -ø
|-
|Genitive
|''-(''ʔ)''a''
|-
|Locative
| -''bi, -hoy''
|-
|Comitative
| -''kəy''
|-
|Ablative
| -''ləkə, -lam, -kə''
|-
|Comparative
|''-yikə''
|}
Nominal plurality is denoted by the suffix <-mɨl> and duality by the suffix <-nɨ>. The plural suffix precedes the ergative and most case endings.

Personal pronouns distinguish between three persons, three numbers, and between inclusive and exclusive. Third person ''-ɨm'' denotes only human referents. ''tom'' 'this' and ''mom'' 'that' can refer to non-human third person subjects. Additionally, aŋ, an, ɨm, and hammɨl have possessive prefixes ''o:-, a-, ɨ-,'' and ''ham-'', respectively. The pronouns ''abo'' 'who', ''mwo:'' 'what', ''hempa'' 'where' and ''hempo'' 'which one' occupy the same position as their corresponding non-interrogative pronoun would occupy.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Person
! rowspan="2" |Singular
! colspan="2" |Dual
! colspan="2" |Plural
|-
!<small>Incl.</small>
!<small>Excl.</small>
!<small>Incl.</small>
!<small>Excl.</small>
|-
!1
|aŋ
|intsi
|antsɨ
|iŋki
|aŋkɨ
|-
!2
|an
| colspan="2" |antsi
| colspan="2" |ani
|-
!3
|ɨm, tom, mom
| colspan="2" |ɨmnɨ, ɨntsi
| colspan="2" |hammɨl, ɨmmɨl
|}
The default word order is [[Subject–object–verb word order|Subject-Object-Verb]].

Attributive forms of numerals 1-9 use the numeral classifier ''-bo,'' while the attributive forms of other numerals are unmarked. The interrogative pronoun ''hittakbo'' 'how many' also carries this classifier.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Dumi numerals
!Numeral
!Dumi
!Numeral
!Dumi
|-
|1
|''tɨk''
|6
|''mu''
|-
|2
|''sak''
|7
|''sɨm''
|-
|3
|''ryek''
|8
|''ɨm''
|-
|4
|''tɨm''
|9
|''nu/dek''
|-
|5
|''ŋo''
|10
|''tɨksi''
|}

== See also ==
*[[Jalapa, Nepal]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110726151436/http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/?q=languages%2Fdumi Himalayan Languages Project]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110726151436/http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/?q=languages%2Fdumi Himalayan Languages Project]}}
*[[Jalapa, Nepal]]


{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
Line 167: Line 264:
[[Category:Kiranti languages]]
[[Category:Kiranti languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]
[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]
[[Category:Languages of Koshi Province]]



{{st-lang-stub}}
{{st-lang-stub}}

Latest revision as of 23:50, 15 October 2024

Dumi
RegionKhotang district, Nepal
EthnicityDumi kirat. Ethnic population: 7,640 (2011 census)[1]
SpeakersNative: 2,500 (2017)[1]
L2: 1,000 (2011 census)[1]
Sino-Tibetan
Language codes
ISO 639-3dus
Glottologdumi1241
ELPDumi

Dumi is a Kiranti language spoken in the area around the Tap and Rava rivers and their confluence in northern Khotang district, Nepal.[1] It is spoken in the villages such as Makpa, Kharbari, Baksila, Sapteshwor, and Kharmi.[citation needed]

Dialects are Kharbari, Lamdija, and Makpa, with Makpa being the most divergent dialect.[1]

Phonology

[edit]
Consonants[2]
Labial Dental Lamino-
alveolopalatal 		Alveolar Dorsal Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless p t̪ t k ʔ
voiceless aspirated pʰ t̪ʰ tʰ kʰ
voiced b d̪ dz d ɡ
voiced aspirated bʱ d̪ʰ dʱ ɡʱ
Fricative s h
Trill r
Approximant w l j
Vowels
Front Central Back
Short Long Short Long Short Long
High i iː ɨ u uː
Mid e eː o oː
Mid-low œ ə
Low a aː
Diphthongs əj e:j ai oj o:ə

Grammar

[edit]

Dumi is an ergative-absolutive language. Embedded sentences may take on the ergative case. Subjects of intransitive verbs and patients of transitive verbs take the absolutive case. A transitive verb shows agreement with both agent and pacient.

Dumi case suffixes
Case Suffix
Ergative -(ʔ)a
Absolutive -ø
Genitive -(ʔ)a
Locative -bi, -hoy
Comitative -kəy
Ablative -ləkə, -lam, -kə
Comparative -yikə

Nominal plurality is denoted by the suffix <-mɨl> and duality by the suffix <-nɨ>. The plural suffix precedes the ergative and most case endings.

Personal pronouns distinguish between three persons, three numbers, and between inclusive and exclusive. Third person -ɨm denotes only human referents. tom 'this' and mom 'that' can refer to non-human third person subjects. Additionally, aŋ, an, ɨm, and hammɨl have possessive prefixes o:-, a-, ɨ-, and ham-, respectively. The pronouns abo 'who', mwo: 'what', hempa 'where' and hempo 'which one' occupy the same position as their corresponding non-interrogative pronoun would occupy.

Person Singular Dual Plural
Incl. Excl. Incl. Excl.
1 aŋ intsi antsɨ iŋki aŋkɨ
2 an antsi ani
3 ɨm, tom, mom ɨmnɨ, ɨntsi hammɨl, ɨmmɨl

The default word order is Subject-Object-Verb.

Attributive forms of numerals 1-9 use the numeral classifier -bo, while the attributive forms of other numerals are unmarked. The interrogative pronoun hittakbo 'how many' also carries this classifier.

Dumi numerals
Numeral Dumi Numeral Dumi
1 tɨk 6 mu
2 sak 7 sɨm
3 ryek 8 ɨm
4 tɨm 9 nu/dek
5 ŋo 10 tɨksi

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Dumi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ^ Driem, George van (2011-07-22). A Grammar of Dumi. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110880915.
[edit]


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