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Coordinates: 17°24′00″N 91°00′00″W / 17.4000°N 91.0000°W / 17.4000; -91.0000
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{{Short description|Subregion in the middle latitudes of the Americas}}
{{Short description|Subregion in the middle latitudes of the Americas}}
{{About|the division of the Americas|the region of the United States|Middle America (United States)|other uses|Middle America (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|Central America|Middle America (United States)|Mesoamerica}}
{{Other uses|Middle America (disambiguation)}}
⚫
{{Coord|17.4000|N|91.0000|W|source:wikidata|display=title}}


⚫
{{Infobox <!-- Population and economic figures as sourced, and include core countries only (those in dark green); i.e., excluding Colombia and Venezuela; where applicable, figures represent sums of those for Mexico, countries of Central America, and the Caribbean -->
{{Infobox
| bodyclass = geography
| bodyclass = geography
| title = Middle America
| title = Middle America
Line 9: Line 9:
| label1 = Area
| label1 = Area
| data1 = {{convert|2728827|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}
| data1 = {{convert|2728827|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}
| label2 = [[List of continents and continental subregions by population|Population]] (2007)
| label2 = [[List of continents and continental subregions by population|Population]] (2022)
| data2 = 188,187,764
| data2 = 224,017,764
| label3 = [[List of sovereign states|Countries]]
| label3 = [[List of sovereign states|Countries]]
| data3 = {{Collapsible list
| data3 = {{Collapsible list |title = 21 – 23 | {{Flag|Antigua and Barbuda}} | {{Flag|Bahamas}} | {{Flag|Barbados}} | {{Flag|Belize}} | {{Flag|Colombia}}{{NoteTag|Sometimes included.|name="Countries"}} | {{Flag|Costa Rica}} | {{Flag|Cuba}} | {{Flag|Dominica}} | {{Flag|Dominican Republic}} | {{Flag|El Salvador}} | {{Flag|Grenada}} | {{Flag|Guatemala}} | {{Flag|Haiti}} | {{Flag|Honduras}} | {{Flag|Jamaica}} | {{Flag|Mexico}} | {{Flag|Nicaragua}} | {{Flag|Panama}} | {{Flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} | {{Flag|Saint Lucia}} | {{Flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} | {{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} | {{Flag|Venezuela}}{{NoteTag|name="Countries"}}
| title = 21 – 23
| {{Flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}
| {{Flag|Bahamas}}
| {{Flag|Barbados}}
| {{Flag|Belize}}
| {{Flag|Colombia}}{{NoteTag|Sometimes included.|name="Countries"}}
| {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
| {{Flag|Cuba}}
| {{Flag|Dominica}}
| {{Flag|Dominican Republic}}
| {{Flag|El Salvador}}
| {{Flag|Grenada}}
| {{Flag|Guatemala}}
| {{Flag|Haiti}}
| {{Flag|Honduras}}
| {{Flag|Jamaica}}
| {{Flag|Mexico}}
| {{Flag|Nicaragua}}
| {{Flag|Panama}}
| {{Flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
| {{Flag|Saint Lucia}}
| {{Flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
| {{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
| {{Flag|United States}}
{{NoteTag|Sometimes included.|name="Countries"}}
| {{Flag|Venezuela}}{{NoteTag|name="Countries"}}
}}
}}
| label4 = [[Dependent territory|Dependencies]]
| label4 = [[Dependent territory|Dependencies]]
| data4 = {{Collapsible list
| data4 = {{Collapsible list |title = 18 | {{Flag|Anguilla}} ([[The Crown|UK]]) | {{Flag|Aruba}} ([[Kingdom of the Netherlands|NL]]) | {{Flag|Bonaire}} ([[Netherlands|NL]]) | {{Flag|British Virgin Islands}} ([[The Crown|UK]]) | {{Flag|Cayman Islands}} ([[The Crown|UK]]) | {{Flag|Curaçao}} ([[Kingdom of the Netherlands|NL]]) | {{Flag|Guadeloupe|local2}} ([[French Fifth Republic|FR]]) | {{Flag|Martinique|territorial}} ([[French Fifth Republic|FR]]) | {{Flag|Montserrat}} ([[The Crown|UK]]) | {{Flag|Navassa Island|local}}{{NoteTag|Administered by the [[United States]], claimed by [[Haiti]].}} ([[United States|US]]) | {{Flag|Puerto Rico}} ([[United States|US]])| {{Flag|Saba}} ([[Netherlands|NL]]) | {{Flag|Saint Barthélemy|local}} ([[France|FR]]) | {{Flagicon image|Saint-Martin Flag.jpg}} [[Collectivity of Saint Martin|Saint Martin]] ([[France|FR]]) | {{Flag|Sint Eustatius}} ([[Netherlands|NL]]) | {{Flag|Sint Maarten}} ([[Kingdom of the Netherlands|NL]]) | {{Flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}} ([[The Crown|UK]]) | {{Flag|U.S. Virgin Islands}} ([[United States|US]])
| title = 18
| {{Flag|Anguilla}} ([[The Crown|UK]])
| {{Flag|Aruba}} ([[Kingdom of the Netherlands|NL]])
| {{Flag|Bonaire}} ([[Netherlands|NL]])
| {{Flag|British Virgin Islands}} ([[The Crown|UK]])
| {{Flag|Cayman Islands}} ([[The Crown|UK]])
| {{Flag|Curaçao}} ([[Kingdom of the Netherlands|NL]])
| {{Flag|Guadeloupe|local2}} ([[French Fifth Republic|FR]])
| {{Flag|Martinique|territorial}} ([[French Fifth Republic|FR]])
| {{Flag|Montserrat}} ([[The Crown|UK]])
| {{Flag|Navassa Island}}{{NoteTag|Administered by the [[United States]], claimed by [[Haiti]].}} ([[United States|US]])
| {{Flag|Puerto Rico}} ([[United States|US]])
| {{Flag|Saba}} ([[Netherlands|NL]])
| {{Flag|Saint Barthélemy|local}} ([[France|FR]])
| {{Flagicon image|Local flag of the Collectivity of Saint Martin.svg}} [[Collectivity of Saint Martin|Saint Martin]] ([[France|FR]])
| {{Flag|Sint Eustatius}} ([[Netherlands|NL]])
| {{Flag|Sint Maarten}} ([[Kingdom of the Netherlands|NL]])
| {{Flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}} ([[The Crown|UK]])
| {{Flag|U.S. Virgin Islands}} ([[United States|US]])
}}
}}
| label5 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]
| label5 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]
| data5 = $1.416 229 trillion<br>([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|PPP]], 2005 est.)
| data5 = $1.416 229 trillion<br />([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|PPP]], 2005 est.)
| label6 = Major languages
| label6 = Major languages
| data6 = [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[English language|English]], [[Mayan languages|Mayan]], [[French language|French]], [[Haitian Creole]], [[Antillean Creole]], and others
| data6 = [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Mayan languages|Mayan]], [[Nahuatl]], [[Antillean Creole]], [[Haitian Creole]], and others
| label7 = [[Time zone|Time zones]]
| label7 = [[Time zone]]s
| data7 = [[UTC−04:00]] ([[Barbados]]) to<br>[[UTC−08:00]] ([[Baja California]])
| data7 = [[UTC−04:00]] ([[Barbados]]) to<br />[[UTC−08:00]] ([[Baja California]])
| label8 = Largest urban agglomerations
| label8 = Largest cities
| data8 = {{Collapsible list
| data8 = {{Collapsible list |title=(2005)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WUP2005/2005WUP_DataTables12.pdf |title=Population of urban agglomerations with 750,000 inhabitants or more in 2005, by country, 1950-2015 |publisher=United Nations |year=2005 |access-date=2014-02-03 }}</ref>|1. [[Mexico City]]<br/>2. [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]]<br/>3. [[Monterrey]]<br/>4. [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]]<br/>5. [[Havana]]<br/>6. [[Port-au-Prince]]<br/>7. [[Santo Domingo]]<br/>8. [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]]<br/>9. [[Tijuana]]<br/>10. [[Toluca de Lerdo|Toluca]]}}
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
⚫
}}<!-- Population and economic figures as sourced, and include core countries only (those in dark green); i.e., excluding Colombia and Venezuela; where applicable, figures represent sums of those for Mexico, countries of Central America, and the Caribbean -->
| title = [[List of North American cities by population|10 largest cities in Middle America]] (2015)
⚫
|
# {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico City]]
# {{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Havana]]
# {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Ecatepec de Morelos]]
# {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Guadalajara]]
# {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Puebla (city)|Puebla]]
# {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Ciudad Juárez|Juárez]]
# {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[León, Guanajuato|León]]
# {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Tijuana]]
# {{flagicon|Honduras}} [[Tegucigalpa]]
# {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Zapopan]]
}}
}}


<!-- End of floated right section; article starts here -->
<!-- End of floated right section; article starts here -->
'''Middle America''' is a [[Subregion#North America|subregion]] in the [[middle latitudes]] of the [[Americas]]. It usually includes [[Mexico]], the 7 countries of [[Central America]], and the 13 [[island country|island countries]] and 18 territories of the [[Caribbean]]. Together with [[Northern America]], they form the continent of [[North America]].
'''Middle America''' is a [[Subregion#North America|subregion]] in the [[middle latitudes]] of the [[Americas]]. It usually includes [[Mexico]], the seven countries of [[Central America]], and the 13 [[island country|island countries]] and 18 territories of the [[Caribbean]]. Together with [[Northern America]], they form the continent of [[North America]].


[[Colombia]] and [[Venezuela]] of [[South America]] are sometimes included in this subregion. The Caribbean is occasionally excluded from this subregion while [[Bermuda]] and [[The Guianas]] are infrequently included.<ref>[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/americas/middleamerica.jpg CIA political map of Middle America]. 1994. [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection]; [[University of Texas]] Library Online</ref><ref>"[http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Middle%20America Middle America]." ''[[Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary]]'', 11th ed. 2003. ({{ISBN|0-87779-809-5}}) New York: Merriam-Webster, Inc.</ref><ref name=Augelli>{{cite journal|jstor=2561309|author=Augelli, John P.|title=The Rimland-Mainland Concept of Culture Areas in Middle America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|date=June 1962|volume=52|issue=2|pages=52 (2): 119–129|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1962.tb00400.x|quote=Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies, to which the term is normally applicable, share a general [geographic] focus .... For some ... "Middle America" refers only to Mexico and Central America; others add the West Indies and, infrequently, even [[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], and [[The Guianas]]. Occasionally, the term "Central America" is used synonymously with "Middle America". Also, German geographers often refer to just the isthmian territories from Panama to Guatemala as ''[[:de:Mittelamerika|Mittelamerika]]''.}}</ref>
[[Colombia]] and [[Venezuela]] of [[Caribbean South America]] are sometimes included in this subregion. The Caribbean is occasionally excluded from this subregion while [[Bermuda]] and [[The Guianas]] are infrequently included.<ref>[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/americas/middleamerica.jpg CIA political map of Middle America]. 1994. [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection]; [[University of Texas]] Library Online</ref><ref>"[http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Middle%20America Middle America]." ''[[Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary]]'', 11th ed. 2003. ({{ISBN|0-87779-809-5}}) New York: Merriam-Webster, Inc.</ref><ref name=Augelli>{{cite journal|jstor=2561309|author=Augelli, John P.|title=The Rimland-Mainland Concept of Culture Areas in Middle America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|date=June 1962|volume=52|issue=2|pages=52 (2): 119–129|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1962.tb00400.x|quote=Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies, to which the term is normally applicable, share a general [geographic] focus .... For some ... "Middle America" refers only to Mexico and Central America; others add the West Indies and, infrequently, even [[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], and [[The Guianas]]. Occasionally, the term "Central America" is used synonymously with "Middle America". Also, German geographers often refer to just the isthmian territories from Panama to Guatemala as ''[[:de:Mittelamerika|Mittelamerika]]''.}}</ref>


== Geography ==
== Geography ==
[[Image:MiddleAmerica-pol.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.25|Political map of Middle America]]
[[Image:MiddleAmerica-pol.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.25|Political map of Middle America]]


[[Physical geography|Physiographically]], Middle America marks the territorial transition between [[Northern America]] and [[South America]], connecting yet separating the two.<ref name="Idiot">Gonzalez, Joseph. 2004. [https://books.google.com/books?id=I4h9x5ZYDDIC&printsec=frontcover#PPA213,M1 "Middle America: Bridging Two Continents"] (ch. 17). ''The Complete Idiot's Guide to Geography.'' ({{ISBN|1-59257-188-3}}) New York: Alpha Books; pp. 213–7</ref> On the west, the Middle American mainland comprises the tapering, [[isthmus|isthmian]] tract of the American [[Land#Land mass|landmass]] between the southern [[Rocky Mountains]] in the southern [[United States]] and the northern tip of the [[Andes]] in Colombia,<ref name="EB">"[http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-381099/Middle-America Middle America]." ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' 2006. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</ref> separating the [[Pacific Ocean]] on the west and the [[Atlantic Ocean]] (viz. the [[Gulf of Mexico]] and [[Caribbean Sea]]) on the east, while the [[Greater Antilles|Greater]] and [[Lesser Antilles]] form an [[island arc]] in the east.<ref name=Idiot /> The region developed [[subaerial]]ly southward from North America as a complex [[volcanic arc]]-[[oceanic trench|trench]] system during the [[Early Cretaceous]] period, eventually forming the land bridge during the [[Pliocene|Pliocene epoch]] when its southern end (at Panama) collided with South America through [[plate tectonics|tectonic action]].<ref>Coney, Peter J. 1982. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2399080 Plate tectonic constraints on the biogeography of Middle America and the Caribbean region]." ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'': v. 69, pp. 432–443</ref>
[[Physical geography|Physiographically]], Middle America marks the territorial transition between [[Northern America]] and [[South America]], connecting yet separating the two.<ref name="Idiot">Gonzalez, Joseph. 2004. [https://books.google.com/books?id=I4h9x5ZYDDIC "Middle America: Bridging Two Continents"] (ch. 17). ''The Complete Idiot's Guide to Geography.'' ({{ISBN|1-59257-188-3}}) New York: Alpha Books; pp. 213–7</ref> On the west, the Middle American mainland comprises the tapering, [[isthmus|isthmian]] tract of the American [[Land#Land mass|landmass]] between the southern [[Rocky Mountains]] in the southern [[United States]] and the northern tip of the [[Andes]] in Colombia,<ref name="EB">"[http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-381099/Middle-America Middle America]." ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' 2006. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</ref> separating the [[Pacific Ocean]] on the west and the [[Atlantic Ocean]] (viz. the [[Gulf of Mexico]] and [[Caribbean Sea]]) on the east, while the [[Greater Antilles|Greater]] and [[Lesser Antilles]] form an [[island arc]] in the east.<ref name=Idiot /> The region developed [[subaerial]]ly southward from North America as a complex [[volcanic arc]]-[[oceanic trench|trench]] system during the [[Early Cretaceous]] period, eventually forming the land bridge during the [[Pliocene|Pliocene epoch]] when its southern end (at Panama) collided with South America through [[plate tectonics|tectonic action]].<ref>Coney, Peter J. 1982. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2399080 Plate tectonic constraints on the biogeography of Middle America and the Caribbean region]." ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'': v. 69, pp. 432–443</ref>


== Countries ==
== Countries and territories ==
Small island nations are excluded. Puerto Rico is in italics due to not being independent.
Small island nations are excluded. Puerto Rico is in italics due to not being independent.


{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
![[Sovereign state|Country]] / [[Dependent territory|Dependency]]
![[List of sovereign states|Country]] / [[Dependent territory|Territory]]
![[List of countries by population (United Nations)|Population]]
![[List of countries by population (United Nations)|Population]]
![[List of countries and dependencies by area|Area]](km<sup>2</sup>)
![[List of countries and dependencies by area|Area]] (km<sup>2</sup>)
![[List of countries and dependencies by population density|Density]](people
![[List of countries and dependencies by population density|Density]] (people
per km<sup>2</sup>)
per km<sup>2</sup>)
![[Capital city|Capital]]
![[List of national capitals|Capital]]
|-
|-
|{{Flag|Mexico}}
|{{Flag|Mexico}}
Line 70: Line 129:
|27,557
|27,557
|408.7
|408.7
|[[Port-au-Prince|Port Au-Prince]]
|[[Port-au-Prince]]
|-
|-
|{{Flag|Dominican Republic}}
|{{Flag|Dominican Republic}}
Line 115: Line 174:
|-
|-
|''{{Flag|Puerto Rico}}''
|''{{Flag|Puerto Rico}}''
|''2,933,408''
|''3,205,691''
|''9,104''
|''9,100''
|''322.2''
|''352.2''
|[[San Juan, Puerto Rico|''San Juan'']]
|''[[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]]''
|-
|-
|{{Flag|Belize}}
|{{Flag|Belize}}
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|[[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]]
|[[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]]
|-
|-
|'''Total'''
!'''Total'''
|'''217,193,906'''
!'''217,193,906'''
|'''2,667,593'''
!'''2,667,589'''
|'''81.4'''
!'''81.4'''
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|
|}
|}


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{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

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{{Coord|17.4000|N|91.0000|W|source:wikidata|display=title}}


[[Category:Middle America (Americas)| ]]
[[Category:Middle America (Americas)| ]]

Latest revision as of 02:36, 16 October 2024

Not to be confused with Central America, Middle America (United States), or Mesoamerica.
For other uses, see Middle America (disambiguation).
Middle America
Area2,728,827 km2 (1,053,606 sq mi)
Population (2022)224,017,764
Countries
21 – 23
Dependencies
18
GDP$1.416 229 trillion
(PPP, 2005 est.)
Major languagesSpanish, English, French, Mayan, Nahuatl, Antillean Creole, Haitian Creole, and others
Time zonesUTC−04:00 (Barbados) to
UTC−08:00 (Baja California)
Largest cities

Middle America is a subregion in the middle latitudes of the Americas. It usually includes Mexico, the seven countries of Central America, and the 13 island countries and 18 territories of the Caribbean. Together with Northern America, they form the continent of North America.

Colombia and Venezuela of Caribbean South America are sometimes included in this subregion. The Caribbean is occasionally excluded from this subregion while Bermuda and The Guianas are infrequently included.[1][2][3]

Geography

[edit]
Political map of Middle America

Physiographically, Middle America marks the territorial transition between Northern America and South America, connecting yet separating the two.[4] On the west, the Middle American mainland comprises the tapering, isthmian tract of the American landmass between the southern Rocky Mountains in the southern United States and the northern tip of the Andes in Colombia,[5] separating the Pacific Ocean on the west and the Atlantic Ocean (viz. the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea) on the east, while the Greater and Lesser Antilles form an island arc in the east.[4] The region developed subaerially southward from North America as a complex volcanic arc-trench system during the Early Cretaceous period, eventually forming the land bridge during the Pliocene epoch when its southern end (at Panama) collided with South America through tectonic action.[6]

Countries and territories

[edit]

Small island nations are excluded. Puerto Rico is in italics due to not being independent.

Country / Territory Population Area (km2) Density (people

per km2)

Capital
 Mexico 127,575,529 1,943,945 65.6 Mexico City
 Guatemala 17,581,472 107,158 164.1 Guatemala City
 Cuba 11,333,483 109,883 103.1 Havana
 Haiti 11,263,770 27,557 408.7 Port-au-Prince
 Dominican Republic 10,738,958 48,329 222.2 Santo Domingo
 Honduras 9,746,117 111,888 87.1 Tegucigalpa
 Nicaragua 6,545,502 119,994 54.5 Managua
 El Salvador 6,453,553 20,720 311.5 San Salvador
 Costa Rica 5,047,561 51,049 98.9 San José
 Panama 4,246,439 74,333 57.1 Panama City
 Jamaica 2,948,279 10,831 272.2 Kingston
 Puerto Rico 3,205,691 9,100 352.2 San Juan
 Belize 390,353 22,805 17.1 Belmopan
 Bahamas 389,482 9,997 39.0 Nassau
Total 217,193,906 2,667,589 81.4

Use of the term Middle America as synonym

[edit]

Occasionally, the term Middle America is used synonymously with Central America[3] (compare with Middle Africa and Central Africa). In English, the term is uncommonly used as a synonym of the term Mesoamerica (or Meso-America),[5][7] which generally refers to an ancient culture region situated in Middle America extending roughly from central Mexico to northern Costa Rica.[8] In addition, some residents of the region (e.g., Costa Ricans and Nicaraguans) may be referred to as Meso-Americans or Central Americans, but not, however, as Middle Americans, which refers to a particular constituency in the United States.[9]

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Middle America.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Sometimes included.
  2. ^ Administered by the United States, claimed by Haiti.

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ CIA political map of Middle America. 1994. Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection; University of Texas Library Online
  2. ^ "Middle America." Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 11th ed. 2003. (ISBN 0-87779-809-5) New York: Merriam-Webster, Inc.
  3. ^ a b Augelli, John P. (June 1962). "The Rimland-Mainland Concept of Culture Areas in Middle America". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 52 (2): 52 (2): 119–129. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1962.tb00400.x. JSTOR 2561309. Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies, to which the term is normally applicable, share a general [geographic] focus .... For some ... "Middle America" refers only to Mexico and Central America; others add the West Indies and, infrequently, even Colombia, Venezuela, and The Guianas. Occasionally, the term "Central America" is used synonymously with "Middle America". Also, German geographers often refer to just the isthmian territories from Panama to Guatemala as Mittelamerika.
  4. ^ a b Gonzalez, Joseph. 2004. "Middle America: Bridging Two Continents" (ch. 17). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Geography. (ISBN 1-59257-188-3) New York: Alpha Books; pp. 213–7
  5. ^ a b "Middle America." Encyclopædia Britannica 2006. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
  6. ^ Coney, Peter J. 1982. "Plate tectonic constraints on the biogeography of Middle America and the Caribbean region." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden: v. 69, pp. 432–443
  7. ^ 'Glossary' Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine Images of the Past, 4th ed. 2005. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
  8. ^ Dow, James W. 1999. The Cultural Anthropology of Middle America Archived 2007-07-04 at the Wayback Machine.
  9. ^ "American." The Oxford Companion to the English Language (ISBN 0-19-214183-X). McArthur, Tom, ed., 1992. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 35.

Sources

[edit]

17°24′00″N 91°00′00″W / 17.4000°N 91.0000°W / 17.4000; -91.0000

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