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{{short description|Genus of birds}}
{{Taxobox
⚫
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2013}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Peacock-pheasants
| name = Peacock-pheasants
| image = Stavenn Polyplectron napoleonis 01.jpg
| image = Stavenn Polyplectron napoleonis 01.jpg
| image_width =
| image_caption = male [[Palawan peacock-pheasant]]<br/>''Polyplectron napoleonis''
| image_caption = male [[Palawan peacock-pheasant]]<br/>''Polyplectron napoleonis''
| display_parents = 2
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| taxon = Polyplectron
| parent_authority = [[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1852
| classis = [[Aves]]
⚫
| authority = [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], 1807
| ordo = [[Galliformes]]
| type_species = ''[[Grey peacock-pheasant|Polyplectron chinquis]]''<ref name=HM4>{{cite web |url= https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=11 |title= Phasianidae |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= aviansystematics.org |publisher= The Trust for Avian Systematics |access-date= 2023-08-05}}</ref> = ''Pavo bicalcaratus''
⚫
| familia = [[Phasianidae]]
| type_species_authority = Temminck, 1823
| subfamilia = [[Argusianinae]]
| genus = '''''Polyplectron'''''
| synonyms = ''Polyplectrum'' (''lapsus'')
⚫
| genus_authority = [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], 1807
| synonyms =
''Polyplectrum'' (''lapsus'')
}}
}}


The '''peacock-pheasants''' are a bird genus, '''''Polyplectron''''', of the family [[Phasianidae]], consisting of eight [[species]]. They are colored inconspicuously, relying on heavily on [[crypsis]] to avoid detection. When threatened, peacock-pheasants will alter their shapes utilising specialised plumage that when expanded reveals numerous iridescent orbs. The birds also vibrate their plume quills further accentuating their [[aposematism]]. Peacock-pheasants exhibit well developed metatarsal spurs. Older individuals may have multiple spurs on each leg. These kicking thorns are used in self-defense.
The '''peacock-pheasants''' are a bird genus, '''''Polyplectron''''', of the family [[Phasianidae]], consisting of eight [[species]]. They are colored inconspicuously, relying on heavily on [[crypsis]] to avoid detection. When threatened, peacock-pheasants will alter their shapes using specialised plumage that when expanded reveals numerous iridescent orbs. The birds also vibrate their plume quills further accentuating their [[aposematism]]. Peacock-pheasants exhibit well developed metatarsal spurs. Older individuals may have multiple spurs on each leg. These kicking thorns are used in self-defense.


==Taxonomy==
⚫
The systematics of the genus are somewhat unclear. Molecular research has revealed that peacock-pheasants are not genetically related to [[pheasant]]s and only distantly to [[peafowl]]. Their closest allies are the Asiatic [[Galloperdix|spurfowl]] and the [[crimson-headed partridge]], endemic to [[Borneo]]. These three genera share the curious tendency for multiple metatarsal spurs. Though they are somewhat divergent morphologically, their skeletons are nearly identical.
The genus ''Polyplectron'' was introduced in 1807 by the Dutch zoologist [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Temminck | first=Coenraad Jacob | author-link=Coenraad Jacob Temminck | year=1807 | title=Catalogue systématique du cabinet d'ornithologie et de la collection de quadrumanes | language=French, Latin | location=Amsterdam | publisher=Chez C. Sepp Jansz | page=149 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2wdAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA149 }}</ref> The name combines the [[Ancient Greek]] ''polus'' meaning "many" with ''plēktron'' meaning "cock's spur".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=313 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n313/mode/1up }}</ref> The [[type species]] is the [[grey peacock-pheasant]].<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1934 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=2 | publisher=Harvard University Press | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=130 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14482943 }}</ref>

⚫
The systematics of the genus are somewhat unclear. Molecular research has revealed that peacock-pheasants are not genetically related to [[pheasant]]s and only distantly to [[peafowl]]. Their closest allies are the Asiatic [[Galloperdix|spurfowl]] and the [[crimson-headed partridge]], endemic to [[Borneo]]. These three genera share the curious tendency for multiple metatarsal spurs. Though they are somewhat divergent morphologically, their skeletons are nearly identical.


The species of ''Polyplectron'' diverged at some time between, roughly, the [[Early Pliocene]] and the [[Middle Pleistocene]], or 5–1 [[mya (unit)|million years ago]]. ''Polyplectron malacense'' and ''P. schleiermacheri'' form a [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] radiation around the southern [[South China Sea]] together with ''P. napoleonis'', as is confirmed by comparison of [[biogeography]] and [[mtDNA]] [[cytochrome b|cytochrome ''b'']] and [[D-loop]] as well as the [[nuclear DNA|nuclear]] [[ovomucoid]] [[intron]] G.<ref name=Kimball>Kimball, Rebecca T.; Braun, Edward L.; Ligon, J. David; Lucchini, Vittorio & Randi, Ettore (2001): A molecular phylogeny of the peacock-pheasants (Galliformes: ''Polyplectron'' spp.) indicates loss and reduction of ornamental traits and display behaviours. ''[[Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|Biol. J. Linn. Soc.]]'' '''73'''(2): 187–198. [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/00244066/2001/00000073/00000002/art90536 HTML abstract]</ref>
The species of ''Polyplectron'' diverged at some time between, roughly, the [[Early Pliocene]] and the [[Middle Pleistocene]], or 5–1 [[mya (unit)|million years ago]]. ''Polyplectron malacense'' and ''P. schleiermacheri'' form a [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] radiation around the southern [[South China Sea]] together with ''P. napoleonis'', as is confirmed by comparison of [[biogeography]] and [[mtDNA]] [[cytochrome b|cytochrome ''b'']] and [[D-loop]] as well as the [[nuclear DNA|nuclear]] [[ovomucoid]] [[intron]] G.<ref name=Kimball>Kimball, Rebecca T.; Braun, Edward L.; Ligon, J. David; Lucchini, Vittorio & Randi, Ettore (2001): A molecular phylogeny of the peacock-pheasants (Galliformes: ''Polyplectron'' spp.) indicates loss and reduction of ornamental traits and display behaviours. ''[[Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|Biol. J. Linn. Soc.]]'' '''73'''(2): 187–198. [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/00244066/2001/00000073/00000002/art90536 HTML abstract]</ref>
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The relationships of the other forms are more poorly understood. ''P. germaini'' and ''P. bicalcaratum'' are similar in [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] and are nearly [[parapatric]]; the molecular data suggests that the latter is a [[symplesiomorphy]]. It would appear that ''P. germaini'' and ''P. katsumatae'' represent an early offshoot of the aforementioned basal radiation. The two montane-adapted species ''P. chalcurum'' and ''P. inopinatum'' are not derived from a single isolation event, and appear to have acquired more subdued coloration independently. A trend in this genus to ''lose''—not gain—pronounced [[sexual dimorphism]] is better supported by biogeographical and molecular data than the alternate scenario.<ref name=Kimball/>
The relationships of the other forms are more poorly understood. ''P. germaini'' and ''P. bicalcaratum'' are similar in [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] and are nearly [[parapatric]]; the molecular data suggests that the latter is a [[symplesiomorphy]]. It would appear that ''P. germaini'' and ''P. katsumatae'' represent an early offshoot of the aforementioned basal radiation. The two montane-adapted species ''P. chalcurum'' and ''P. inopinatum'' are not derived from a single isolation event, and appear to have acquired more subdued coloration independently. A trend in this genus to ''lose''—not gain—pronounced [[sexual dimorphism]] is better supported by biogeographical and molecular data than the alternate scenario.<ref name=Kimball/>


In 2010 the [[IOC World Bird List]] listed the [[Hainan peacock-pheasant]] as a species.<ref name="worldbirdnames.org">[http://www.worldbirdnames.org/updates-PS.html ] {{wayback|url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/updates-PS.html |date=20090729080733 }}</ref> Following [[Jean Théodore Delacour]], this species has historically been listed as a [[subspecies]] of ''P. bicalcaratum''. Prior to reclassification by Delacour, the Hainan peacock-pheasant has been considered a distinct species by several ornithologists. Indeed, when it was first described to science by Katsumata it was considered a distinct species. Prominent organizations including the World Bird List have recently concurred, and species status is currently under review by the [[Oriental Bird Club]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orientalbirdimages.org/new-obc-checklist-commentary.html |title=OBC Checklist |publisher=Orientalbirdimages.org |date= |accessdate=January 16, 2013}}</ref> It is considered of utmost importance to have the Hainan peacock-pheasant recognized as a full species due to its [[endangered]] status. The Hainan peacock-pheasant is endemic to the island of [[Hainan]], where its [[population density]] is very low in its [[tropical forest]] habitat on the island and the wild population is declining, making it now severely endangered and among the rarest species in the order [[Galliformes]] in [[China]].
In 2010 the [[IOC World Bird List]] listed the [[Hainan peacock-pheasant]] as a species.<ref name="worldbirdnames.org">[http://www.worldbirdnames.org/updates-PS.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729080733/http://www.worldbirdnames.org/updates-PS.html|date=July 29, 2009}}</ref> Following [[Jean Théodore Delacour]], this species has historically been listed as a [[subspecies]] of ''P. bicalcaratum''. Prior to reclassification by Delacour, the Hainan peacock-pheasant has been considered a distinct species by several ornithologists. Indeed, when it was first described to science by Katsumata it was considered a distinct species. Prominent organizations including the World Bird List have recently concurred, and species status is currently under review by the [[Oriental Bird Club]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orientalbirdimages.org/new-obc-checklist-commentary.html |title=OBC Checklist |publisher=Orientalbirdimages.org |access-date=January 16, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015234357/http://orientalbirdimages.org/new-obc-checklist-commentary.html |archive-date=October 15, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> It is considered of utmost importance to have the Hainan peacock-pheasant recognized as a full species due to its [[endangered]] status. The Hainan peacock-pheasant is endemic to the island of [[Hainan]], where its [[population density]] is very low in its [[tropical forest]] habitat on the island and the wild population is declining, making it now severely endangered and among the rarest species in the order [[Galliformes]] in [[China]].


==Species==
==Species==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
⚫
* [[Palawan peacock-pheasant]], ''Polyplectron napoleonis'' – formerly ''P. emphanum''
|-
* [[Malayan peacock-pheasant]], ''Polyplectron malacense''
! Image !! Name !! Common name!! Distribution
* [[Bornean peacock-pheasant]], ''Polyplectron schleiermacheri''
|-
* [[Germain's peacock-pheasant]], ''Polyplectron germaini''
⚫
|[[File:Palawan Peacock Pheasant - male.jpg|120px]] || ''Polyplectron napoleonis'' – formerly ''P. emphanum'' || [[Palawan peacock-pheasant]]|| Philippines
* [[Grey peacock-pheasant]], ''Polyplectron bicalcaratum''
|-
⚫
* [[Hainan peacock-pheasant]], ''Polyplectron katsumatae'' – split from ''P. bicalcaratum''<ref name="worldbirdnames.org"/>
|[[File:Polyplectron malacense -captive -male-8a.jpg|120px]] || ''Polyplectron malacense'' || [[Malayan peacock-pheasant]]|| Malay Peninsula from the Isthmus of Kra region southwards
* [[Bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant]], ''Polyplectron chalcurum''
|-
* [[Mountain peacock-pheasant]], ''Polyplectron inopinatum''
|[[File:Polyplectron schleiermacheri -Jurong Bird Park, Singapore-8a.jpg|120px]] || ''Polyplectron schleiermacheri'' ||[[Bornean peacock-pheasant]]|| Borneo
|-
|[[File:Germain's Peacock-Pheasant (male) IMG 7861 copy.jpg|120px]] ||''Polyplectron germaini'' || [[Germain's peacock-pheasant]]|| mid-southern Vietnam and far eastern Cambodia
|-
|[[File:Polyplectron bicalcaratum male.jpg|120px]] || ''Polyplectron bicalcaratum'' || [[Grey peacock-pheasant]]|| Bangladesh, Northeast India and Southeast Asia
|-
⚫
| [[File:Hainan Peacock Pheasant.jpg|120px]]|| ''Polyplectron katsumatae'' – split from ''P. bicalcaratum''<ref name="worldbirdnames.org"/> || [[Hainan peacock-pheasant]]|| Hainan, China
|-
|[[File:Bronze-tailed Peacock-pheasant 0A2A6154.jpg|120px]]|| ''Polyplectron chalcurum''|| [[Bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant]]|| Indonesia
|-
|[[File:Mountain Peacock-pheasant Male.jpg|120px]] || ''Polyplectron inopinatum'' || [[Mountain peacock-pheasant]]||Malaysia
|-
|}


==References==
==References==
{{wikispecies}}
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Commons category|Polyplectron}}
{{Commons category|Polyplectron}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


⚫
{{Phasianidae}}
⚫
{{use mdy dates|date=January 2013}}
{{Pangalliformes|Pha.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q852812}}

[[Category:Aposematic species]]
[[Category:Aposematic species]]
[[Category:Polyplectron|*]]
[[Category:Polyplectron|*]]

Latest revision as of 06:14, 16 October 2024

Peacock-pheasants
male Palawan peacock-pheasant
Polyplectron napoleonis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Galliformes
Family: Phasianidae
Subfamily: Phasianinae
Tribe: Polyplectronini
Blyth, 1852
Genus: Polyplectron
Temminck, 1807
Type species
Polyplectron chinquis[1] = Pavo bicalcaratus
Temminck, 1823
Synonyms

Polyplectrum (lapsus)

The peacock-pheasants are a bird genus, Polyplectron, of the family Phasianidae, consisting of eight species. They are colored inconspicuously, relying on heavily on crypsis to avoid detection. When threatened, peacock-pheasants will alter their shapes using specialised plumage that when expanded reveals numerous iridescent orbs. The birds also vibrate their plume quills further accentuating their aposematism. Peacock-pheasants exhibit well developed metatarsal spurs. Older individuals may have multiple spurs on each leg. These kicking thorns are used in self-defense.

Taxonomy

[edit]

The genus Polyplectron was introduced in 1807 by the Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck.[2] The name combines the Ancient Greek polus meaning "many" with plēktron meaning "cock's spur".[3] The type species is the grey peacock-pheasant.[4]

The systematics of the genus are somewhat unclear. Molecular research has revealed that peacock-pheasants are not genetically related to pheasants and only distantly to peafowl. Their closest allies are the Asiatic spurfowl and the crimson-headed partridge, endemic to Borneo. These three genera share the curious tendency for multiple metatarsal spurs. Though they are somewhat divergent morphologically, their skeletons are nearly identical.

The species of Polyplectron diverged at some time between, roughly, the Early Pliocene and the Middle Pleistocene, or 5–1 million years ago. Polyplectron malacense and P. schleiermacheri form a basal radiation around the southern South China Sea together with P. napoleonis, as is confirmed by comparison of biogeography and mtDNA cytochrome b and D-loop as well as the nuclear ovomucoid intron G.[5]

The relationships of the other forms are more poorly understood. P. germaini and P. bicalcaratum are similar in morphology and are nearly parapatric; the molecular data suggests that the latter is a symplesiomorphy. It would appear that P. germaini and P. katsumatae represent an early offshoot of the aforementioned basal radiation. The two montane-adapted species P. chalcurum and P. inopinatum are not derived from a single isolation event, and appear to have acquired more subdued coloration independently. A trend in this genus to lose—not gain—pronounced sexual dimorphism is better supported by biogeographical and molecular data than the alternate scenario.[5]

In 2010 the IOC World Bird List listed the Hainan peacock-pheasant as a species.[6] Following Jean Théodore Delacour, this species has historically been listed as a subspecies of P. bicalcaratum. Prior to reclassification by Delacour, the Hainan peacock-pheasant has been considered a distinct species by several ornithologists. Indeed, when it was first described to science by Katsumata it was considered a distinct species. Prominent organizations including the World Bird List have recently concurred, and species status is currently under review by the Oriental Bird Club.[7] It is considered of utmost importance to have the Hainan peacock-pheasant recognized as a full species due to its endangered status. The Hainan peacock-pheasant is endemic to the island of Hainan, where its population density is very low in its tropical forest habitat on the island and the wild population is declining, making it now severely endangered and among the rarest species in the order Galliformes in China.

Species

[edit]
Image Name Common name Distribution
Polyplectron napoleonis – formerly P. emphanum Palawan peacock-pheasant Philippines
Polyplectron malacense Malayan peacock-pheasant Malay Peninsula from the Isthmus of Kra region southwards
Polyplectron schleiermacheri Bornean peacock-pheasant Borneo
Polyplectron germaini Germain's peacock-pheasant mid-southern Vietnam and far eastern Cambodia
Polyplectron bicalcaratum Grey peacock-pheasant Bangladesh, Northeast India and Southeast Asia
Polyplectron katsumatae – split from P. bicalcaratum[6] Hainan peacock-pheasant Hainan, China
Polyplectron chalcurum Bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant Indonesia
Polyplectron inopinatum Mountain peacock-pheasant Malaysia

References

[edit]
Wikispecies has information related to Peacock-pheasant.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polyplectron.
  1. ^ "Phasianidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
  2. ^ Temminck, Coenraad Jacob (1807). Catalogue systématique du cabinet d'ornithologie et de la collection de quadrumanes (in French and Latin). Amsterdam: Chez C. Sepp Jansz. p. 149.
  3. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 313. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  4. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 130.
  5. ^ a b Kimball, Rebecca T.; Braun, Edward L.; Ligon, J. David; Lucchini, Vittorio & Randi, Ettore (2001): A molecular phylogeny of the peacock-pheasants (Galliformes: Polyplectron spp.) indicates loss and reduction of ornamental traits and display behaviours. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 73(2): 187–198. HTML abstract
  6. ^ a b [1] Archived July 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ "OBC Checklist". Orientalbirdimages.org. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
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