Treaty of Casco (1678): Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|1678 and 1703 peace treaties between American Indians and English settlers}} |
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The '''Treaty of Casco''' (1678) was a treaty that brought to a close the war between the [[Native Americans in the United States|Indigenous]] [[Wabanaki Confederacy|Dawnland nations]] and the English settlers. There are no surviving copies of the treaty or its proceedings, so historians use a summary by [[Jeremy Belknap]] in his 1784 ''History of New Hampshire''.<ref>Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 13(1873–5):341; Jeremy Belknap, The History of New-Hampshire (Philadelphia: Robert Aitken, 1784), 1:158–9</ref> |
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'''Treaty of Casco''' ([[1678]]) brought to a close the war between the eastern [[Native Americans in the United States|Indians]] and the [[England|English]] settlers of [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]. Moreover, it sought to re-establish the friendly relations between the Indians and settlers that had characterized the northern settlements previous to the outbreak of [[King Philip's War]] in [[1675]]. Based on the terms of the accord, all captives were to be surrendered without ransom. The treaty also stipulated that the English should give the Indians one peck of corn annually for each family settled on Indian lands, with the exception of Maj. Phillips of Saco, a great proprietor, who was required to give a bushel. It should be noted that the MA Bay Colony (official name of government changed several times) at the death of King Philip and his appointed leaders of the Pokanoket Tribe/Pokanoket Federation, did issue a decree that any person 14 years of age or over who stated they were Pokanoket were subject to being executed. The Pokanokets were scattered to the four winds, many executed, endentured and the survivors had to secretly exist and could only use the name of Wampanoag which included dozens of tribes is general terms. Their Royal Line exists today in a fully functioning tribe (see www.pokanoket.us). The point of this information is that the Treaty of Casco was an action to end the hostilities of the King Philip War which continued after his death by other tribes of the Pokanoket Federation and non-affiliated tribes. Some surviving Pokanokets went North to continue the fight against the British, as well as others for inconspicious survival purposes. Due to the fact that Royal House/line of the Pokanokets who remained and secretly assumed the leadership position of the Pokanoket Tribe should have been a signatory on the Treaty of Casco in 1678 but their presence to be a signatory wasn't possible due to the decree of the British Colonists that if they idenitfied themselves as being Pokanoket they would be executed. Under this circumstance, due to suppression, intimidation and the Colonial intent to annihilate the Pokanoket's, the Treaty of Casco was in fact a document which included the Pokanoket Tribe in absentia due to suppression and threat of execution. Their rightful signatory was thus illegally prohibited yet by law and inherent right does include the Pokanoket Tribe/Pokanoket Federation. This is recognized under operation of law in the present times. |
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Most of Maine's English settlers were scattered among in settlements strung out along the coast or lower rivers. The [[Wabanaki Confederacy|Wabanaki]] north and east of the [[Kennebec River]] formed alliances with the French through the fur trade. By 1670, the Indigenous communities became increasingly frustrated with the settlers as a result of trade disputes, land encroachment, rum trading and free-roaming English livestock in their cornfields, which laid the foundation for future conflicts.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} |
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On 12 April 1678 the provincial government of New York, which controlled Maine between 1677 and 1686, signed the first Treaty of Casco with the Penobscot representatives, headed by Chief Madockawando. Under the terms of the treaty, English settlers paid rent to the Penobscots and were given back confiscated farm land, while the English agreed to respect the Penobscot land rights.<ref>"Casco, Treaty of", by Jaime Ramon Olivares, in ''The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History'', ed. by Spencer Tucker (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p. 134</ref><ref name=mhs>[https://www.mainememory.net/sitebuilder/site/897/page/1308/display?page=3 "Settlement and Strife", Maine Historical Society]</ref> |
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The treaty sought to re-establish the friendly relations between the Indigenous and settler communities that had characterized the northern settlements previous to the outbreak of [[King Philip's War]] in 1675. Based on the terms of the accord, all captives were to be surrendered without ransom. The treaty also recognized English property rights, but stipulated that the English should give the Indians one [[peck]] of [[Maize|corn]] annually for each family settled on [[Indian Country|Indian lands]], with the exception of Maj. Phillips of Saco, a great proprietor, who was required to give a [[bushel]] for each Native American family. This land use tax symbolized continuing Abenaki sovereignty over Maine. The treaty also provided for closer government regulation of the fur trade.<ref>Maine Historical Society, Maine History Online, "1668-1674: Settlement and Strife", p. 3 of 4, https://www.mainememory.net/sitebuilder/site/897/page/1308/display?page=3</ref> The Treaty included establishing [[Fort William Henry (Pemaquid Beach, Maine)|Fort Charles]] at Pemaquid.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/storyofpemaquid01otis#page/72/mode/2up/search/treaty ''Story of Pemaquid'']</ref> |
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The English settlers refused to abide by the terms of the Treaty of Casco. Traders continued their old practices (including the sale of rum), while settlers placed fishing nets across the Saco River, preventing fish from migrating upriver to the Wabanaki villages, and livestock continued to trample through Indigenous cornfields. Negotiations and further treaty attempts, including the 1703 Treaty of Casco were ultimately unsuccessful and confrontations continued This is said to have been the [[Casus belli|''casus beli'']] for the subsequent [[King William's War]].{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} |
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The second [[Treaty of Casco (1703)]] was an unsuccessful attempt made by Governor [[Joseph Dudley]] of [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] to prevent further Indian hostilities from breaking out along the northern frontier. War was already going on in Europe between England and France (see [[Queen Anne's War]]), while the eastern Dawnland nations were historically allies of New France and had a close relationship with the French [[Jesuits]].<ref>Maine Historical Society, Maine History Online, "1668-1674: Settlement and Strife", p. 3 of 4, https://www.mainememory.net/sitebuilder/site/897/page/1308/display?page=3</ref> |
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Governor Dudley appointed a meeting of the several chiefs and their tribes to confer with him and his councilors to reconcile whatever differences had arisen since the last treaty. They met in New Casco, Maine (present day [[Falmouth, Maine]]), 20 June 1703.<ref>William Willis, ''The History of Portland''(Portland, 1831), 2:6</ref> The Wabanakik made the customary professions of peace, disavowing any conspiracy with the French to exterminate the English. They then presented the governor with a belt of [[wampum]] and ended the ceremony with an exchange of volleys.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} |
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The Treaty caused concern for the French, as it left them vulnerable in [[Acadia]]. Accordingly, [[Jacques-François de Monbeton de Brouillan]], Governor of Acadia, urged the Governor of New France, [[Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil]], to send a force to instigate hostilities between the Native Nations and New England. Vaudreuil was equally concerned about losing control of the Kennebec-Chaudiere river system, which led to Quebec City. He raised a force of Canadians and [[Haudenosaunee]] (Iroquois). In August 1703, this force, accompanied by a band of Abenakis, raided the New England frontier from Casco to Wells, killing or taking prisoner some 160 people. Further attacks were made during the autumn. The raids came as a complete surprise to New England. Governor Dudley responded by declaring war on the Abenakis, and offering £40 in scalp money.<ref>W.E. Daugherty, Treaties and Historical Research Centres, Research Branch, Corporate Policy, Department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, January 1983, https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/DAM/DAM-INTER-HQ/STAGING/texte-text/tremar_1100100028967_eng.pdf</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[List of treaties]] |
*[[List of treaties]] |
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== |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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* Dictionary of American History by [[James Truslow Adams]], New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940 |
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*[[James Truslow Adams]]. ''Dictionary of American History''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940. |
*[[James Truslow Adams]]. ''Dictionary of American History''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940. |
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*[https://archive.org/stream/storyofpemaquid01otis#page/72/mode/2up/search/treaty ''The Story of Pemaquid'' – Treaty at Casco 1678] |
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[[Category:Peace treaties|Casco]] |
[[Category:Peace treaties|Casco]] |
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[[Category:Treaties of |
[[Category:Treaties of Indigenous peoples of North America]] |
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[[Category:1678 treaties]] |
[[Category:1678 treaties]] |
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[[Category:1678 in the Thirteen Colonies]] |
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[[Category:King Philip's War]] |
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Latest revision as of 06:31, 16 October 2024
The Treaty of Casco (1678) was a treaty that brought to a close the war between the Indigenous Dawnland nations and the English settlers. There are no surviving copies of the treaty or its proceedings, so historians use a summary by Jeremy Belknap in his 1784 History of New Hampshire.[1]
Most of Maine's English settlers were scattered among in settlements strung out along the coast or lower rivers. The Wabanaki north and east of the Kennebec River formed alliances with the French through the fur trade. By 1670, the Indigenous communities became increasingly frustrated with the settlers as a result of trade disputes, land encroachment, rum trading and free-roaming English livestock in their cornfields, which laid the foundation for future conflicts.[citation needed]
On 12 April 1678 the provincial government of New York, which controlled Maine between 1677 and 1686, signed the first Treaty of Casco with the Penobscot representatives, headed by Chief Madockawando. Under the terms of the treaty, English settlers paid rent to the Penobscots and were given back confiscated farm land, while the English agreed to respect the Penobscot land rights.[2][3]
The treaty sought to re-establish the friendly relations between the Indigenous and settler communities that had characterized the northern settlements previous to the outbreak of King Philip's War in 1675. Based on the terms of the accord, all captives were to be surrendered without ransom. The treaty also recognized English property rights, but stipulated that the English should give the Indians one peck of corn annually for each family settled on Indian lands, with the exception of Maj. Phillips of Saco, a great proprietor, who was required to give a bushel for each Native American family. This land use tax symbolized continuing Abenaki sovereignty over Maine. The treaty also provided for closer government regulation of the fur trade.[4] The Treaty included establishing Fort Charles at Pemaquid.[5]
The English settlers refused to abide by the terms of the Treaty of Casco. Traders continued their old practices (including the sale of rum), while settlers placed fishing nets across the Saco River, preventing fish from migrating upriver to the Wabanaki villages, and livestock continued to trample through Indigenous cornfields. Negotiations and further treaty attempts, including the 1703 Treaty of Casco were ultimately unsuccessful and confrontations continued This is said to have been the casus beli for the subsequent King William's War.[citation needed]
The second Treaty of Casco (1703) was an unsuccessful attempt made by Governor Joseph Dudley of Massachusetts Bay Colony to prevent further Indian hostilities from breaking out along the northern frontier. War was already going on in Europe between England and France (see Queen Anne's War), while the eastern Dawnland nations were historically allies of New France and had a close relationship with the French Jesuits.[6]
Governor Dudley appointed a meeting of the several chiefs and their tribes to confer with him and his councilors to reconcile whatever differences had arisen since the last treaty. They met in New Casco, Maine (present day Falmouth, Maine), 20 June 1703.[7] The Wabanakik made the customary professions of peace, disavowing any conspiracy with the French to exterminate the English. They then presented the governor with a belt of wampum and ended the ceremony with an exchange of volleys.[citation needed]
The Treaty caused concern for the French, as it left them vulnerable in Acadia. Accordingly, Jacques-François de Monbeton de Brouillan, Governor of Acadia, urged the Governor of New France, Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil, to send a force to instigate hostilities between the Native Nations and New England. Vaudreuil was equally concerned about losing control of the Kennebec-Chaudiere river system, which led to Quebec City. He raised a force of Canadians and Haudenosaunee (Iroquois). In August 1703, this force, accompanied by a band of Abenakis, raided the New England frontier from Casco to Wells, killing or taking prisoner some 160 people. Further attacks were made during the autumn. The raids came as a complete surprise to New England. Governor Dudley responded by declaring war on the Abenakis, and offering £40 in scalp money.[8]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 13(1873–5):341; Jeremy Belknap, The History of New-Hampshire (Philadelphia: Robert Aitken, 1784), 1:158–9
- ^ "Casco, Treaty of", by Jaime Ramon Olivares, in The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History, ed. by Spencer Tucker (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p. 134
- ^ "Settlement and Strife", Maine Historical Society
- ^ Maine Historical Society, Maine History Online, "1668-1674: Settlement and Strife", p. 3 of 4, https://www.mainememory.net/sitebuilder/site/897/page/1308/display?page=3
- ^ Story of Pemaquid
- ^ Maine Historical Society, Maine History Online, "1668-1674: Settlement and Strife", p. 3 of 4, https://www.mainememory.net/sitebuilder/site/897/page/1308/display?page=3
- ^ William Willis, The History of Portland(Portland, 1831), 2:6
- ^ W.E. Daugherty, Treaties and Historical Research Centres, Research Branch, Corporate Policy, Department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, January 1983, https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/DAM/DAM-INTER-HQ/STAGING/texte-text/tremar_1100100028967_eng.pdf
- Dictionary of American History by James Truslow Adams, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940
- James Truslow Adams. Dictionary of American History. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940.
- The Story of Pemaquid – Treaty at Casco 1678