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Coordinates: 34°28′06″N 10°24′47″E / 34.46833°N 10.41306°E / 34.46833; 10.41306
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Importing Wikidata short description: "Archaeological site in Tunisia"
 
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{{Short description|Archaeological site in Tunisia}}
{{copy edit|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox ancient site
[[File:Younga.jpg|thumb|right|Younga]]
|name = Ounga
⚫
'''Ounga''', also known as '''Younga''' and '''Jounga''', is an archaeological site on the Mediterranean coast of [[Tunisia]], located {{Convert|45|km|mi}} south of [[Sfax]] in the [[Sahel, Tunisia|Tunisian Sahel]].<ref>Barrington Atlas: BAtlas 33 F4</ref> The area is also known for its oil fields.<ref>Don Hallett, ''Petroleum Geology of Libya'' (Elsevier, 26 Feb 2002) [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=g-QXQ_UH884C&pg=PA498&lpg=PA498&dq=Ounga+tunisia&source=bl&ots=LhE5NxLxLb&sig=tRASgSXJ1-ke_6eOf5MnXQDbhLA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjt4_TyupnRAhUDzLwKHfeDDbgQ6AEIJTAC#v=onepage&q=Ounga%20tunisia&f=false p115]</ref><ref>Edward Tawadros, ''Geology of North Africa'' (CRC Press, 2 Nov 2011) [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=lyLOBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA670&lpg=PA670&dq=Ounga+tunisia&source=bl&ots=ps3PUnRl1K&sig=5htxuir_6zs7ViakhKc7VgwoOGE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjt4_TyupnRAhUDzLwKHfeDDbgQ6AEIKDAD#v=onepage&q=Ounga&f=false p322]</ref>
|native_name = Maqom{{nbsp}}Hadesh<br>Macomades{{nbsp}}Minores<br>Macomades{{nbsp}}Iunca
|alternate_name =
|image = File:Younga.jpg
|alt =
|caption = The Byzantine fort at Ounga
|map_type = Tunisia
|map_alt =
|map_size = 250
|location = [[Tunisia]]
|region =
|coordinates = {{Coord|34|28|06|N|10|24|47|E|display=title,inline}}
|type =
|part_of =
|length =
|width =
|area =
|height =
|builder =
|material =
|built =
|abandoned =
|epochs =
|cultures =
|dependency_of =
|occupants =
|event =
|excavations =
|archaeologists =
|condition =
|ownership =
|management =
|public_access =
|website =
|notes =
}}


⚫
'''Ounga''', also known as '''Younga''' and '''Jounga''', is an archaeological site on the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean coast]] of [[Tunisia]], located {{Convert|45|km|mi|sp=us|abbr=on}} south of [[Sfax]] along the [[Mediterranean]] coast.<ref>Barrington Atlas: BAtlas 33 F4</ref> The area is also known for its oil fields.<ref>Don Hallett, ''Petroleum Geology of Libya'' (Elsevier, 26 Feb 2002) [https://books.google.com/books?id=g-QXQ_UH884C&pg=PA498 p115]</ref><ref>Edward Tawadros, ''Geology of North Africa'' (CRC Press, 2 Nov 2011) [https://books.google.com/books?id=lyLOBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA670 p322]</ref>
==Name==
Ounga, also referred to as Younga or Jounga, was formerly known as Lunca or Macomades.

⚫
Poinssot identifies Younga as the new name of the city of Macomades Minores, also called Macomades Iunci or Iunca. The discovery in 1936 of a fragment of a [[milestone]] from the mid-3rd century close to Younga definitively confirmed the relationship. The name of the city then changed in the 4th century. Thus, the city bore the name of Macomades Minores under the Early Empire<ref>R. Talbert, Jeffrey Becker, R. Warner, Sean Gillies, Tom Elliott [https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/324772 ''Pleiades: A Gazetteer of Past Places'' -Macomades Minores/Iunci Pleiades], 2014</ref> and that of Iunci or Iunca under the Lower Empire.<ref name="gcath">[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0883.htm Iunca in Byzacena], at GCatholic.org</ref>


==History==
==History==
Ounga has a history stretching back to [[Punic]] times. The town was located on the [[Carthage]]–[[Tacape]] highway, at the intersection with the inland route from [[Sbeitla|Sufetula]].<ref>[http://imperium.ahlfeldt.se/places/23656.html Imperium.ahlfeldt.se: Macomades Minores/Iunci, Bordj Younga]</ref>
Ounga was a [[Phoenicians|Phoenician]] and [[Punics|Carthaginian]] [[Phoenician colonies|colony]] under the name {{nowrap|'''Māqōm Ḥadash'''}}{{sfnp|Lipiński|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC&pg=PA362 362]}} ({{langx|xpu|𐤌𐤒𐤌𐤇𐤃𐤔}}, {{sc|mqmḥdš}}, "New Place").{{sfnp|Huss|1990}} The coastal town was the intersection of the road from [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]] to [[Tacape]] and the road branching off to [[Archaeological site of Sbeitla|Sufetula]].<ref>[http://imperium.ahlfeldt.se/places/23656.html Imperium.ahlfeldt.se: Macomades Minores/Iunci, Bordj Younga]</ref>

⚫
After the [[Punic Wars]], the area fell under [[Roman Republic|Roman]] control. The name was [[latinization of names|latinized]] to Macomades. It was variously distinguished from the [[Macomades]] in present-day Algeria as {{nowrap|'''Macomades Minores'''}} ("Lesser Macomades") during the early empire<ref>R. Talbert, Jeffrey Becker, R. Warner, Sean Gillies, Tom Elliott [https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/324772 ''Pleiades: A Gazetteer of Past Places'' -Macomades Minores/Iunci Pleiades], 2014</ref> and as {{nowrap|'''Macomades Iunci'''}}, '''Iunca''', '''Lunci''', or '''Lunca''' under the later empire.<ref name="gcath">[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0883.htm Iunca in Byzacena], at GCatholic.org</ref>


In ancient times, Ounga was the site of ardent Christian activity resulting in the construction of various religious buildings. Accordingly, it maintained relations with other cities such as [[Carthage]]. Historians, like the [[Tunisia]]n archaeologist [[Zainab Benzina]], state that a representative of the city of Younga, the bishop [[Valentinianus]], attended the [[Council of Carthage (412)]]. In addition, the Christian city hosted a provincial council in 524.
The name of the city changed in the 4th century. In ancient times, Ounga was the site of Christian activity that produced various religious buildings. Accordingly, it maintained relations with other cities such as [[Carthage]]. Historians, such as [[Tunisia]]n archaeologist Zainab Benzina, state that a representative of the city of Younga, the bishop Valentinianus, attended the [[Council of Carthage (412)]]. In addition, the city hosted a provincial council in 524.


Remains of the Roman town include three [[Byzantine]] [[basilica]]s,<ref>G. L. Feuille, “Le baptistère de Iunca”, ''CahArch'' 3 (1948) pp75-81; P. Garrigue, “Une Basilique byzantine à Iunca en Byzacène”, MélRome 65 (1953) pp173-96</ref> city [[rampart (fortification)|rampart]]s, a [[citadel]], a vaulted [[cistern]], and [[crypt]]s. Some of the remains show [[Copts|Coptic]] influence.<ref>A Ennabli, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DM%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Dmacomades-minores MACOMADES MINORES] (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press. 1976)</ref><ref>Hachmi Bibi, ''Mahares. Strategic site, civilization and arts'' (Tunis, 2002)</ref><ref>Pol Trousset, "Iunci": ''Berber Encyclopedia'', Vol 25, ed. (Eduud, Aix-en-Provence, 2003), pp.3806-3812</ref>
Remains of the Roman town include three [[Byzantine]] [[basilica]]s,<ref>G. L. Feuille, “Le baptistère de Iunca”, ''CahArch'' 3 (1948) pp75-81; P. Garrigue, “Une Basilique byzantine à Iunca en Byzacène”, MélRome 65 (1953) pp173-96</ref> city [[rampart (fortification)|rampart]]s, a [[citadel]], a vaulted [[cistern]] and [[crypt]]s. Some of the remains show [[Copts|Coptic]] influence.<ref>A Ennabli, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DM%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Dmacomades-minores MACOMADES MINORES] (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press. 1976)</ref><ref>Hachmi Bibi, ''Mahares. Strategic site, civilization and arts'' (Tunis, 2002)</ref><ref>Pol Trousset, "Iunci": ''Berber Encyclopedia'', Vol 25, ed. (Eduud, Aix-en-Provence, 2003), pp.3806-3812</ref>


The citadel was identified in 1944 by the French archaeologist [[Louis Poinsot]] as the place described by [[Arab geographer]]s [[Al Bakri]] and [[Al-Idrissi]] under the name of Kasr er-Roum (Castle of the Romans). It was transformed in the 9th century by the [[Aghlabids]], who modified the upper part of the walls.
The citadel was identified in 1944 by French archaeologist [[Louis Poinssot]] as the place described by [[Arab geographer]]s [[Al Bakri]] and [[Al-Idrissi]] under the name of Kasr er-Roum (Castle of the Romans). It was transformed in the 9th century by the [[Aghlabids]], who modified the upper part of the walls. Poinssot identifies Younga as the new name of the city of Macomades Minores, also called Macomades Lunci or Lunca. The discovery in 1936 of a fragment of a [[milestone]] from the mid-3rd century close to Younga definitively confirmed the relationship.


==Bishopric==
==Bishopric==
Ounga was the [[cathedra|seat]] of an ancient [[Latin Catholic]] [[diocese]], about which very little is known.
Ounga was the [[cathedra|seat]] of an ancient [[Latin Catholic]] [[diocese]], about which little is known.


There was a [[synod]] on the site after the [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb]]<ref>Jonathan Conant, ''Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean 439-700'' (Cambridge University Press, 2012) p100</ref> and another in 523 AD. A Christian [[monastery]] was founded in the town around 500 AD. Two bishops are known:
A [[synod]] took place on the site in 524 AD and another in 646 AD after the [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb]].<ref>Jonathan Conant, ''Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean 439-700'' (Cambridge University Press, 2012) p100</ref> A Christian [[monastery]] was founded in the town around 500 AD. Two bishops are known:
*[[Verecundus of Iunca]]
*[[Verecundus of Iunca]]
*[[Valentinianus]], who attended the [[Council of Carthage (412)]], as above
*Valentinianus, who attended the [[Council of Carthage (412)]], as above


The bishopric survives today as a [[titular bishop]]ric, which has been vacant since the departure of the last bishop, [[Marcel Roger Buyse]], in 2008.<ref name="gcath" />
The bishopric survives today as a [[titular bishop]]ric, which has been vacant since the departure of the last bishop, [[ Manuel Parrado Carral]], in 2008.<ref name="gcath" />


==Fortress==
==Fortress==
Line 31: Line 65:


== References ==
== References ==
===Citations===
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
===Bibliography===
{{ref begin}}
* {{citation |last=Huss |first=Werner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwQtzdiUso4C |title=Der Karthager |publisher=C.H. Beck |location=Munich |date=1990 |isbn=9783406379123 }}.
* {{citation |last=Lipiński |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Lipinski (orientalist) |title=Itineraria Phoenicia |series=''Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta'', No.{{nbsp}}127, ''Studia Phoenicia'', Vol.{{nbsp}}XVIII |publisher=Uitgeverij Peeters |location=Leuven |date=2004 |isbn=9789042913448 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC }}.
{{ref end}}


{{Phoenician cities and colonies|state=collapsed}}
{{coord missing|Tunisia}}


[[Category:Sahel]]
[[Category:Populated places in Tunisia]]
[[Category:Populated places in Tunisia]]
[[Category:Archaeology of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Archaeology of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Catholic titular sees in Africa]]
[[Category:Catholic titular sees in Africa]]
[[Category:Phoenician colonies in Tunisia]]

Latest revision as of 14:30, 16 October 2024

Ounga
Maqom Hadesh
Macomades Minores
Macomades Iunca
The Byzantine fort at Ounga
Ounga, Tunisia is located in Tunisia
Ounga, Tunisia
Shown within Tunisia
LocationTunisia
Coordinates34°28′06″N 10°24′47″E / 34.46833°N 10.41306°E / 34.46833; 10.41306

Ounga, also known as Younga and Jounga, is an archaeological site on the Mediterranean coast of Tunisia, located 45 km (28 mi) south of Sfax along the Mediterranean coast.[1] The area is also known for its oil fields.[2][3]

History

[edit]

Ounga was a Phoenician and Carthaginian colony under the name Māqōm Ḥadash[4] (Punic: 𐤌𐤒𐤌𐤇𐤃𐤔, MQMḤDŠ, "New Place").[5] The coastal town was the intersection of the road from Carthage to Tacape and the road branching off to Sufetula.[6]

After the Punic Wars, the area fell under Roman control. The name was latinized to Macomades. It was variously distinguished from the Macomades in present-day Algeria as Macomades Minores ("Lesser Macomades") during the early empire[7] and as Macomades Iunci, Iunca, Lunci, or Lunca under the later empire.[8]

The name of the city changed in the 4th century. In ancient times, Ounga was the site of Christian activity that produced various religious buildings. Accordingly, it maintained relations with other cities such as Carthage. Historians, such as Tunisian archaeologist Zainab Benzina, state that a representative of the city of Younga, the bishop Valentinianus, attended the Council of Carthage (412). In addition, the city hosted a provincial council in 524.

Remains of the Roman town include three Byzantine basilicas,[9] city ramparts, a citadel, a vaulted cistern and crypts. Some of the remains show Coptic influence.[10][11][12]

The citadel was identified in 1944 by French archaeologist Louis Poinssot as the place described by Arab geographers Al Bakri and Al-Idrissi under the name of Kasr er-Roum (Castle of the Romans). It was transformed in the 9th century by the Aghlabids, who modified the upper part of the walls. Poinssot identifies Younga as the new name of the city of Macomades Minores, also called Macomades Lunci or Lunca. The discovery in 1936 of a fragment of a milestone from the mid-3rd century close to Younga definitively confirmed the relationship.

Bishopric

[edit]

Ounga was the seat of an ancient Latin Catholic diocese, about which little is known.

A synod took place on the site in 524 AD and another in 646 AD after the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb.[13] A Christian monastery was founded in the town around 500 AD. Two bishops are known:

The bishopric survives today as a titular bishopric, which has been vacant since the departure of the last bishop, Manuel Parrado Carral, in 2008.[8]

Fortress

[edit]
Bordj Younga

The remains of the Byzantine fort known as Bordj Younga are noted for their excellent condition.

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Barrington Atlas: BAtlas 33 F4
  2. ^ Don Hallett, Petroleum Geology of Libya (Elsevier, 26 Feb 2002) p115
  3. ^ Edward Tawadros, Geology of North Africa (CRC Press, 2 Nov 2011) p322
  4. ^ Lipiński (2004), p. 362.
  5. ^ Huss (1990).
  6. ^ Imperium.ahlfeldt.se: Macomades Minores/Iunci, Bordj Younga
  7. ^ R. Talbert, Jeffrey Becker, R. Warner, Sean Gillies, Tom Elliott Pleiades: A Gazetteer of Past Places -Macomades Minores/Iunci Pleiades, 2014
  8. ^ a b Iunca in Byzacena, at GCatholic.org
  9. ^ G. L. Feuille, “Le baptistère de Iunca”, CahArch 3 (1948) pp75-81; P. Garrigue, “Une Basilique byzantine à Iunca en Byzacène”, MélRome 65 (1953) pp173-96
  10. ^ A Ennabli, MACOMADES MINORES (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press. 1976)
  11. ^ Hachmi Bibi, Mahares. Strategic site, civilization and arts (Tunis, 2002)
  12. ^ Pol Trousset, "Iunci": Berber Encyclopedia, Vol 25, ed. (Eduud, Aix-en-Provence, 2003), pp.3806-3812
  13. ^ Jonathan Conant, Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean 439-700 (Cambridge University Press, 2012) p100

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Huss, Werner (1990), Der Karthager, Munich: C.H. Beck, ISBN 9783406379123.
  • Lipiński, Edward (2004), Itineraria Phoenicia, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, No. 127, Studia Phoenicia, Vol. XVIII, Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters, ISBN 9789042913448.
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