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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{short description|Overview of the climate of Delhi, India}}
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'''[[Delhi]]''' features a dry winter [[humid subtropical|humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwa'') bordering a [[semi-arid climate|hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BSh''), with high variation between summer and winter temperatures and precipitation. Delhi's version of a [[humid subtropical]] climate is markedly different from many other humid subtropical cities such as [[São Paulo]], [[Houston]], and [[Brisbane]] in that the city features [[dust storms]] (something more commonly seen in a [[desert climate]]) and [[wildfire]] [[haze]] (something seen in a [[Mediterranean climate]]) due to its [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] climate.<ref name="Delhi Climate">{{cite web|title=Delhi Climate|url=http://weatherspark.com/averages/33934/4/15/New-Delhi-India|publisher=Weather Spark}}</ref>
'''[[Delhi]]''' features a [[monsoon]] influenced [[humid subtropical|humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwa'') bordering a [[semi-arid climate|hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BSh''), with high variation between summer and winter temperatures and precipitation. Delhi's version of a [[humid subtropical]] climate is markedly different from many other humid subtropical cities such as [[São Paulo]], [[Houston]], and [[Brisbane]] in that the city features [[dust storms]] (something more commonly seen in a [[desert climate]]) and [[wildfire]] [[haze]] (something seen in a [[Mediterranean climate]]) due to its [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] climate.<ref name="Delhi Climate">{{cite web|title=Delhi Climate|url=http://weatherspark.com/averages/33934/4/15/New-Delhi-India|publisher=Weather Spark}}</ref>


Summer starts in early April and peaks in late May or early June, with average temperatures near {{convert|38|C|F}} although occasional heat waves can result in highs close to {{convert|45|C|F}} on some days and therefore higher [[apparent temperature]]. The monsoon starts in late June and lasts until mid-September, with about {{convert|797.3|mm|in|abbr=in}}<ref name=ecosurv1>{{cite web | url = http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/newdelhi1.htm | title = Climatological Table | accessdate = 2009-05-13 | publisher = Indian Meteorological Department | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090521103828/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/newdelhi1.htm | archive-date = 21 May 2009 | url-status = dead }}</ref> of rain. The average temperatures are around {{convert|29|C|F}}, although they can vary from around {{convert|25|C|F}} on rainy days to {{convert|35-40|C|F}} during dry spells. The monsoons recede in late September, and the post-monsoon season continues till late October, with average temperatures sliding from {{convert|29|to|21|C|F}}.
Summer starts in early April and peaks in late May or early June, with average temperatures near {{convert|38|C|F}} although occasional heat waves can result in highs close to {{convert|45|C|F}} on some days and therefore higher [[apparent temperature]]. The monsoon starts in late June and lasts until mid-September, with about {{convert|797.3|mm|in|abbr=in}}<ref name=ecosurv1>{{cite web | url = http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/newdelhi1.htm | title = Climatological Table | accessdate = 2009-05-13 | publisher = Indian Meteorological Department | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090521103828/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/newdelhi1.htm | archive-date = 21 May 2009 | url-status = dead }}</ref> of rain. The average temperatures are around {{convert|29|C|F}}, although they can vary from around {{convert|25|C|F}} on rainy days to {{convert|35-40|C|F}} during dry spells. The monsoons recede in late September, and the post-monsoon season continues till late October, with average temperatures sliding from {{convert|29|to|21|C|F}}.


Winter starts in November and peaks in January, with average temperatures around {{convert|14|C|F}}. Although <ref name=":0" />daytime temperatures are warm, Delhi's proximity to the [[Himalaya]]s results in cold waves leading to lower [[apparent temperature]] due to [[wind chill]]. Delhi is notorious for its heavy fog and haze during the winter season. In December, reduced visibility leads to disruption of road, air and rail traffic.<ref name=Fog>{{cite news
Winter starts in November and peaks in January, with average temperatures around {{convert|14|C|F}}. Although daytime temperatures are warm, Delhi's proximity to the [[Himalaya]]s results in cold waves leading to lower [[apparent temperature]] due to [[wind chill]]. Delhi is notorious for its heavy fog and haze during the winter season. In December, reduced visibility leads to disruption of road, air and rail traffic.<ref name=Fog>{{cite news
| url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/07/stories/2005010719480300.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050113001515/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/07/stories/2005010719480300.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=2005-01-13| title=Fog continues to disrupt flights, trains| date=2006-01-07| accessdate=2006-05-16| newspaper=[[The Hindu]]| location=Chennai, India
| url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/07/stories/2005010719480300.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050113001515/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/07/stories/2005010719480300.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=2005-01-13| title=Fog continues to disrupt flights, trains| date=2006-01-07| accessdate=2006-05-16| newspaper=[[The Hindu]]| location=Chennai, India
}}</ref> Winter ends by the first week of March.
}}</ref> Winter ends by the first week of March.


Extreme temperatures have ranged from {{convert|-2.2|to|49.9|C|F}}.<ref name="Indian Met Department, Pune">{{cite web|title=Ever Recorded Highest Maximum Temperature, Lowest Minimum Temperature and 24 Hours Heaviest Rainfall up to 2010 |url=http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf |publisher=Indian Met Department, Pune |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316064314/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf |archivedate=2014-03-16 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-29 |title=49.9°C: No respite for 2 days, light rain on Friday-Saturday in Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/at-49-9c-delhi-records-its-highest-temperature-ever/articleshow/110516776.cms |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
Extreme temperatures have ranged from {{convert|-2.2|to|49.9|C|F}}.<ref name="Indian Met Department, Pune">{{cite web|title=Ever Recorded Highest Maximum Temperature, Lowest Minimum Temperature and 24 Hours Heaviest Rainfall up to 2010 |url=http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf |publisher=Indian Met Department, Pune |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316064314/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf |archivedate=2014-03-16 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-29 |title=49.9°C: No respite for 2 days, light rain on Friday-Saturday in Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/at-49-9c-delhi-records-its-highest-temperature-ever/articleshow/110516776.cms |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
<references />


== Classifications ==
== Classifications ==
{{Schemebox|city=Delhi|description_t=[[Aw climate|Tropical wet-and-dry]]|initial_t={{TrewarthaClimate|Aw}}|source_t=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu/kkh/climate/trewartha_maps.htm|language=en|access-date=2020-11-30|title=Trewartha Maps}}</ref>|source_s=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c5/16/b8/c516b8c463fa99df0da778f768c85965.jpg|title=World Strahler Climate Map}}</ref>|initial_s={{n/a}}|description_s=Dry tropical semi-arid|description_k=Dry winter humid subtropical|initial_k={{KoppenClimate|Cwa}}|source_k=<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chakraborty|first1=Surya|last2=Kant|first2=Yogesh|last3=Mitra|first3=Debashis|date=22 November 2013|title= Assessment of land surface temperature and heat fluxes over Delhi using remote sensing data|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|language=en|volume=148|pages=143–152|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.11.034|pmid=24360191}}</ref>|source_n=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.geo.tu-freiberg.de/hydro/aral/aral_en/climate.htm|access-date=2020-11-30|language=en|title=The Climate of Lake Aral}}</ref>|initial_n={{n/a}}|description_n=Tropical alternating climate equatorial climate|source_a=<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Eguchi|first=Takashi|date=1986|title=Global Climatic Classification Based on Seasonal Distribution of Non-Precipitation Areas|volume=59|issue=1|pages=43–54|language=en|journal=Geographical Review of Japan|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/grj1984b/59/1/59_1_43/_pdf}}</ref>|initial_a={{n/a}}|description_a=Sub-equatorial climate|source_tw=<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Feddema|first=Johannes J.|date=January 2005|title=A Revised Thornthwaite-Type Global Climate Classification|journal=Physical Geography|language=en|volume=26|issue=6|pages=442–466|doi=10.2747/0272-3646.26.6.442|s2cid=128745497|issn=0272-3646}}</ref>|initial_tw={{center|DA'd}}|description_tw=[[Semi-arid climate|Semi-arid]] and [[megathermal]]}}
{{Schemebox|city=Delhi|description_t=[[Aw climate|Tropical wet-and-dry]]|initial_t={{TrewarthaClimate|Aw}}|source_t=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu/kkh/climate/trewartha_maps.htm|language=en|access-date=2020-11-30|title=Trewartha Maps}}</ref>|source_s=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c5/16/b8/c516b8c463fa99df0da778f768c85965.jpg|title=World Strahler Climate Map}}</ref>|initial_s={{n/a}}|description_s=Dry tropical semi-arid|description_k=Dry winter (monsoon-influenced) humid subtropical|initial_k={{KoppenClimate|Cwa}}|source_k=<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chakraborty|first1=Surya|last2=Kant|first2=Yogesh|last3=Mitra|first3=Debashis|date=22 November 2013|title= Assessment of land surface temperature and heat fluxes over Delhi using remote sensing data|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|language=en|volume=148|pages=143–152|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.11.034|pmid=24360191}}</ref>|source_n=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.geo.tu-freiberg.de/hydro/aral/aral_en/climate.htm|access-date=2020-11-30|language=en|title=The Climate of Lake Aral}}</ref>|initial_n={{n/a}}|description_n=Tropical alternating climate equatorial climate|source_a=<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Eguchi|first=Takashi|date=1986|title=Global Climatic Classification Based on Seasonal Distribution of Non-Precipitation Areas|volume=59|issue=1|pages=43–54|language=en|journal=Geographical Review of Japan|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/grj1984b/59/1/59_1_43/_pdf}}</ref>|initial_a={{n/a}}|description_a=Sub-equatorial climate|source_tw=<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Feddema|first=Johannes J.|date=January 2005|title=A Revised Thornthwaite-Type Global Climate Classification|journal=Physical Geography|language=en|volume=26|issue=6|pages=442–466|doi=10.2747/0272-3646.26.6.442|s2cid=128745497|issn=0272-3646}}</ref>|initial_tw={{center|DA'd}}|description_tw=[[Semi-arid climate|Semi-arid]] and [[megathermal]]}}


==Overview of seasonal distribution==
==Overview of seasonal distribution==
* Spring: February, March; warm days, cool nights, pleasant; low to moderate humidity; moderate precipitation
* Spring: February, March; warm days, cool nights, pleasant; low to moderate humidity; moderate precipitation
* Summer: April, May, June; hot to very hot; very low to moderate humidity; low precipitation
* Summer: April, May, June; hot to very hot; very low to moderate humidity; low precipitation
* Monsoon (Rainy): July, August, September; hot, pleasant during rains; high to very high humidity; heavy precipitation
* Monsoon: July, August, September; hot, pleasant during rains; high to very high humidity; heavy precipitation
* Autumn: October, November; warm days, cool nights, pleasant; low humidity; low precipitation
* Autumn: October, November; warm days, cool nights, pleasant; low humidity; low precipitation
* Winter: December, January; cool days, cold nights; moderate humidity; medium precipitation
* Winter: December, January; cool days, cold nights; moderate humidity; medium precipitation


==Seasons==
==Seasons==
Delhi lies in the landlocked [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Northern Plains]] of the [[Indian Subcontinent]]. Its climate is greatly influenced by its proximity to the [[Himalayas]] and the [[Thar Desert]], causing it to experience both weather extremes. Delhi has 5 distinct seasons, viz. Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winter and Spring.<ref name="Seasons of Delhi">{{cite web | url=http://www.delhitourism.gov.in/delhitourism/aboutus/seasons_of_delhi.jsp | title=Seasons of Delhi | publisher=Delhi Tourism | accessdate=17 June 2018 }}</ref> Broadly speaking, Delhi has long and scorching summers- sub-divided into dry summer and humid monsoon seasons, short and mildly cold winters, and two bouts of pleasant transition seasons. The two most important wind patterns influencing Delhi's climate are the [[Western Disturbance]] and the [[Monsoon of Indian subcontinent|South-West Winds]].
Delhi lies in the landlocked [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Northern Plains]] of the [[Indian Subcontinent]]. Its climate is greatly influenced by its proximity to the [[Himalayas]] and the [[Thar Desert]], causing it to experience both weather extremes. Delhi has 5 distinct seasons, Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winter and Spring.<ref name="Seasons of Delhi">{{cite web | url=http://www.delhitourism.gov.in/delhitourism/aboutus/seasons_of_delhi.jsp | title=Seasons of Delhi | publisher=Delhi Tourism | accessdate=17 June 2018 }}</ref> Broadly speaking, Delhi has long and scorching summers, sub-divided into dry summer and humid monsoon seasons, short and mildly cold winters, and two bouts of pleasant transition seasons. The two most important wind patterns influencing Delhi's climate are the [[Western Disturbance]] and the [[Monsoon of Indian subcontinent|South-West Winds]].


===Summer===
===Summer===
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===Autumn===
===Autumn===
The end of the monsoon marks the arrival of a transition season. Autumn arrives by early or mid-October and is marked by a very dry ambience, warm days and pleasant nights. Maximum temperatures drop below {{convert|30|C|F}} by late October and there is a gradual fall in average temperature. The minimum temperature drops below {{convert|20|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite web|title= Weather in Delhi in November|url=http://weatherspark.com/averages/33934/11/New-Delhi-India}}</ref> During Autumn, the wind direction begins changing from South-Westerly to North-Westerly. In recent decades, Delhi has seen a hazardous increase in [[air pollution]] levels and toxic [[smog]] for several weeks between late October and the end of November caused by [[stubble burning]] by farmers in the Indian states lying north of [[Delhi]] for fresh sowing at this time of the year, which is exacerbated by the usually almost still air around this time that causes the pollutants to hang in [[Delhi]]'s air for many days. Around late autumn, the variation between morning and afternoon temperatures in a day becomes considerable, and can often be more than 20°C (36°F), with minimum dropping to under {{convert|10|C|F}} and maximum still hovering slightly under {{convert|30|C|F}}. This season ends in early December.
The end of the monsoon marks the arrival of a transition season. Autumn arrives by early or mid-October and is marked by a very dry ambience, warm days and pleasant nights. Maximum temperatures drop below {{convert|30|C|F}} by late October and there is a gradual fall in average temperature. The minimum temperature drops below {{convert|20|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite web|title= Weather in Delhi in November|url=http://weatherspark.com/averages/33934/11/New-Delhi-India}}</ref> During Autumn, the wind direction begins changing from South-Westerly to North-Westerly. In recent decades, Delhi has seen a hazardous increase in [[air pollution]] levels and toxic [[smog]] for several weeks between late October and the end of November caused by [[stubble burning]] by farmers in the Indian states lying north of [[Delhi]] for fresh sowing at this time of the year, which is exacerbated by the usually almost still air around this time that causes the pollutants to hang in [[Delhi]]'s air for many days. Around late autumn, the variation between morning and afternoon temperatures in a day becomes considerable, and can often be more than 20&nbsp;°C (36&nbsp;°F), with minimum dropping to under {{convert|10|C|F}} and maximum still hovering slightly under {{convert|30|C|F}}. This season ends in early December.


===Winter===
===Winter===
Winter arrives in Delhi by early December. Minimum temperatures gradually enter single digits by this time of the year, while days are cool. Though usually not cold initially, December suddenly becomes cold in the latter half, as chilly north-western winds from the [[Himalayas]] begin sweeping the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Northern Plains]]. These cold waves are caused by a depression created by [[Western Disturbance]], which bring cloud cover and winter rains to the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Plains]], and add to snowfall in the North-Western [[Indian Subcontinent]]. By early January, when winter peaks in Delhi, the minimum temperatures plunge to the vicinity of {{convert|0|C|F}},<ref>{{Cite web |date= 8 January 2006|title=At 0.2?C, Delhi gets coldest day in 70 yrs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/at-0-2-c-delhi-gets-coldest-day-in-70-yrs/story-MFFe4zoHKT1NrMdimBWCIO.html |access-date=2006-01-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="1.9°C on a day in 2013">{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/delhi-shivers-at-19-degrees-celsius/article4281551.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Delhi shivers at 1.9 degrees Celsius | date=2013-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=At 1.1 Degrees, Delhi Records Coldest New Year's Day In 15 Years |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-weather-at-1-1-degrees-delhi-records-coldest-new-years-day-morning-in-15-years-2346345 |access-date=2021-01-01 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> though very rarely entering the negative scale. Maximum temperatures, too may drop down into single digits<ref name="Maximum temperature was 9.8°C on January 2, 2013">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/at-9-8-degrees-celsius-wednesday-was-delhi-s-coldest-day-in-44-years-312479|title = At 9.8 degrees Celsius, Wednesday was Delhi's coldest day in 44 years}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |last3= |last4= |first4= |title=With max temperature at 9.4°C, Delhi gets its coldest day in 119 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/records-swept-away-highest-jan-rainfall-in-delhi-since-1901/articleshow/89080718.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231093021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-max-temperature-at-9-4c-delhi-gets-its-coldest-day-in-119-years/articleshow/73038388.cms |archive-date=2019-12-31 |access-date=2019-12-31 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and always stay under {{convert|15|C|F}}. When the minimum temperature ventures very close to the {{convert|0|C|F}} mark, Delhi witnesses [[frost]].<ref name="News on frost in Delhi in 2006">{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-01-09/delhi/27791060_1_snow-cold-waves-chilly-morning | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109074912/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-01-09/delhi/27791060_1_snow-cold-waves-chilly-morning | url-status=dead | archive-date=2014-01-09 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=When Delhi woke up to 'snow' | date=2006-01-09}}</ref> [[Snow]] is a practical impossibility for Delhi (and the rest of [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Northern Plains]]) due to very dry nature of its winter- the coldest conditions happen under clear skies when icy winds rush in from the Himalayas, and a cloud cover (which is necessary for causing snowfall) rather warms the city by trapping heat, thereby junking any possibility of snow. Delhi's winter is marked by very dense [[fog]] (not to be confused with [[smog]] that occurs in the month of November), which dramatically reduces visibility<ref>{{cite web|title= An instance of dense fog in Delhi|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/dense-fog-shuts-delhi-airport-affects-86-flights-324996}}</ref> and makes days colder by cutting off sunlight. In the opposite scenario, cold north-westerly winds from the upper reaches of [[Himalayas]] blowing across the city make the days feel colder, despite any sunshine and the nights further cold.<ref>{{cite web|title= Cold wave forces schools shut in Delhi|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/delhi-schools-to-be-closed-till-january-12-due-to-cold-wave-312966}}</ref> Post-mid-January, average temperatures begin to rise very gradually, though the rise is almost contained by the cold north-western winds which result due to very heavy snowfall that occurs in the Himalayas during this part of the month.<ref>{{cite web|title= Cold wave, slight rise in temperature on January 20, 2011|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Chilly-winds-continue-to-sweep-Delhi/Article1-652545.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205194008/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/Chilly-winds-continue-to-sweep-Delhi/Article1-652545.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> It may rain towards the end of January and the precipitation is usually accompanied by hail,<ref>{{cite web|title= Hailstorm in Delhi|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/overnight-rain-hailstorm-lash-delhi-temperature-dips-319026}}</ref> resulting in slight increase in minimum temperatures due to cloud cover. Maximum temperatures again cross {{convert|20|C|F}} and days become pleasant.
Winter arrives in Delhi by early December. Minimum temperatures gradually enter single digits by this time of the year, while days are cool. Though usually not cold initially, December suddenly becomes cold in the latter half, as chilly north-western winds from the [[Himalayas]] begin sweeping the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Northern Plains]]. These cold waves are caused by a depression created by [[Western Disturbance]], which bring cloud cover and winter rains to the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Plains]], and add to snowfall in the North-Western [[Indian Subcontinent]]. By early January, when winter peaks in Delhi, the minimum temperatures plunge to the vicinity of {{convert|0|C|F}},<ref>{{Cite web |date= 8 January 2006|title=At 0.2?C, Delhi gets coldest day in 70 yrs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/at-0-2-c-delhi-gets-coldest-day-in-70-yrs/story-MFFe4zoHKT1NrMdimBWCIO.html |access-date=2006-01-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="1.9°C on a day in 2013">{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/delhi-shivers-at-19-degrees-celsius/article4281551.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Delhi shivers at 1.9 degrees Celsius | date=2013-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=At 1.1 Degrees, Delhi Records Coldest New Year's Day In 15 Years |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-weather-at-1-1-degrees-delhi-records-coldest-new-years-day-morning-in-15-years-2346345 |access-date=2021-01-01 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> though very rarely entering the negative scale. Maximum temperatures, too may drop down into single digits<ref name="Maximum temperature was 9.8°C on January 2, 2013">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/at-9-8-degrees-celsius-wednesday-was-delhi-s-coldest-day-in-44-years-312479|title = At 9.8 degrees Celsius, Wednesday was Delhi's coldest day in 44 years}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |last3= |last4= |first4= |title=With max temperature at 9.4°C, Delhi gets its coldest day in 119 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/records-swept-away-highest-jan-rainfall-in-delhi-since-1901/articleshow/89080718.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231093021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-max-temperature-at-9-4c-delhi-gets-its-coldest-day-in-119-years/articleshow/73038388.cms |archive-date=2019-12-31 |access-date=2019-12-31 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and always stay under {{convert|15|C|F}}. When the minimum temperature ventures very close to the {{convert|0|C|F}} mark, Delhi witnesses [[frost]].<ref name="News on frost in Delhi in 2006">{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/When-Delhi-woke-up-to-snow/articleshow/1363813.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109074912/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-01-09/delhi/27791060_1_snow-cold-waves-chilly-morning | url-status=live | archive-date=2014-01-09 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=When Delhi woke up to 'snow' | date=2006-01-09}}</ref> [[Snow]] is a practical impossibility for Delhi (and the rest of [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Northern Plains]]) due to very dry nature of its winter- the coldest conditions happen under clear skies when icy winds rush in from the Himalayas, and a cloud cover (which is necessary for causing snowfall) rather warms the city by trapping heat, thereby junking any possibility of snow. Delhi's winter is marked by very dense [[fog]] (not to be confused with [[smog]] that occurs in the month of November), which dramatically reduces visibility<ref>{{cite web|title= An instance of dense fog in Delhi|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/dense-fog-shuts-delhi-airport-affects-86-flights-324996}}</ref> and makes days colder by cutting off sunlight. In the opposite scenario, cold north-westerly winds from the upper reaches of [[Himalayas]] blowing across the city make the days feel colder, despite any sunshine and the nights further cold.<ref>{{cite web|title= Cold wave forces schools shut in Delhi|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/delhi-schools-to-be-closed-till-january-12-due-to-cold-wave-312966}}</ref> Post-mid-January, average temperatures begin to rise very gradually, though the rise is almost contained by the cold north-western winds which result due to very heavy snowfall that occurs in the Himalayas during this part of the month.<ref>{{cite web|title= Cold wave, slight rise in temperature on January 20, 2011|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Chilly-winds-continue-to-sweep-Delhi/Article1-652545.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205194008/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/Chilly-winds-continue-to-sweep-Delhi/Article1-652545.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> It may rain towards the end of January and the precipitation is usually accompanied by hail,<ref>{{cite web|title= Hailstorm in Delhi|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/overnight-rain-hailstorm-lash-delhi-temperature-dips-319026}}</ref> resulting in slight increase in minimum temperatures due to cloud cover. Maximum temperatures again cross {{convert|20|C|F}} and days become pleasant.
By mid-February or somewhat beyond, minimum temperatures cross the {{convert|10|C|F}} mark and days start getting warmer gradually, marking the end of winter.
By mid-February or somewhat beyond, minimum temperatures cross the {{convert|10|C|F}} mark and days start getting warmer gradually, marking the end of winter.
Delhi can sometimes have a prolonged season of chill, extending into March.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article2981071.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Cool March weather surprises Delhi | date=2012-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Coldest April in 30 years|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-02/delhi/31537401_1_degrees-maximum-temperature-wds|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224025651/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-02/delhi/31537401_1_degrees-maximum-temperature-wds|url-status=dead|work= [[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= 2 March 2019|title=Delhi experiences coldest March night in 40 years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-experiences-coldest-march-night-in-40-years/story-uNE3mG3IvxWUzEnIPonelI.html |access-date=2019-03-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
Delhi can sometimes have a prolonged season of chill, extending into March.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article2981071.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Cool March weather surprises Delhi | date=2012-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Coldest April in 30 years|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/This-was-the-coolest-April-in-Delhi-in-30-years/articleshow/12956395.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224025651/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-02/delhi/31537401_1_degrees-maximum-temperature-wds|url-status=live|work= [[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= 2 March 2019|title=Delhi experiences coldest March night in 40 years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-experiences-coldest-march-night-in-40-years/story-uNE3mG3IvxWUzEnIPonelI.html |access-date=2019-03-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>


===Spring===
===Spring===
Line 64: Line 63:
==Rainfall==
==Rainfall==


Delhi receives an average annual precipitation of 774.4 mm.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-31 |title=Temp & Rainfall |url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/newdelhi/mcdata/Observational_table.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231132430/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/newdelhi/mcdata/Observational_table.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-31 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=Indian Meteorological Department}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/4-mths-left-city-crosses-annual-rain-quota/articleshow/102865895.cms|title=4 months left, Delhi crosses annual rain quota|newspaper=Times of India|date=20 August 2023}}</ref>
Delhi receives an average annual precipitation of 774.4&nbsp;mm.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-31 |title=Temp & Rainfall |url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/newdelhi/mcdata/Observational_table.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231132430/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/newdelhi/mcdata/Observational_table.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-31 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=Indian Meteorological Department}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/4-mths-left-city-crosses-annual-rain-quota/articleshow/102865895.cms|title=4 months left, Delhi crosses annual rain quota|newspaper=Times of India|date=20 August 2023}}</ref>


==Climate data==
==Climate data==
Temperature records for Delhi exist for a period of a little over 100 years. The lowest ever temperature reading during this period is {{convert|-2.2|C|F}}, recorded on 11 January 1967 at [[India Meteorological Department|Met]] Delhi Palam. The highest ever temperature reading during the same period is {{convert|49.9|C|F}} recorded on 28 & 29 May 2024, at [[India Meteorological Department|IMD]] Delhi Mungeshpur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-29 |title=Delhi's Mungeshpur records 52.3°C, city's highest-ever temperature |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/delhi/video/delhis-mungeshpur-records-523degc-highest-ever-temperature-for-city-2545345-2024-05-29 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The highest temperature ever recorded in June is {{convert|48.0|C|F}} on 10 June 2019 at Met [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], [[Palam, Delhi|Palam]]. The highest & lowest ever temperature recorded at Safdarjung are {{convert|47.2|C|F}} on 29 May 1944 & {{convert|-0.6|C|F}} on 16 January 1935. The highest & lowest ever temperature recorded at Palam are {{convert|48.4|C|F}} on 26 May 1998 & {{convert|-2.2|C|F}} on 11 January 1967. The highest & lowest ever temperature recorded at Ayanagar are {{convert|47.6|C|F}} on 28 May 2024 & {{convert|-1.3|C|F}} on 22 January 1977. The highest & lowest ever temperature recorded at Delhi Ridge are {{convert|47.9|C|F}} on 10 June 2019 & {{convert|1.5|C|F}} on 7 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Delhi Ridge's minimum temperature dips to 1.5 degrees; multiple flights delayed |work=Hindustan Times |publisher=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-ridge-s-minimum-temperature-dips-to-1-5-degrees-multiple-flights-delayed-101673067328610.html |access-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107054023/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-ridge-s-minimum-temperature-dips-to-1-5-degrees-multiple-flights-delayed-101673067328610.html |archive-date=7 January 2023}}</ref>
Temperature records for Delhi exist for a period of a little over 100 years. The lowest ever temperature reading during this period is {{convert|-2.2|C|F}}, recorded on 11 January 1967 at [[India Meteorological Department|Met]] Delhi Palam. The highest ever temperature reading during the same period is {{convert|49.9|C|F}} recorded on 28 and 29 May 2024, at [[India Meteorological Department|IMD]] Delhi Mungeshpur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mufti |first=Ifrah |date=2024-05-29 |title=Delhi records highest-ever temperature of 49.9 Celsius, IMD issues red alert for Wednesday |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2024/May/29/delhi-records-highest-ever-temperature-of-499-celsius |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The highest temperature ever recorded in June is {{convert|48.0|C|F}} on 10 June 2019 at Met [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], [[Palam, Delhi|Palam]]. The highest & lowest ever temperature recorded at Safdarjung are {{convert|47.2|C|F}} on 29 May 1944 & {{convert|-0.6|C|F}} on 16 January 1935. The highest & lowest ever temperature recorded at Palam are {{convert|48.4|C|F}} on 26 May 1998 & {{convert|-2.2|C|F}} on 11 January 1967. The highest & lowest ever temperature recorded at Ayanagar are {{convert|47.6|C|F}} on 28 May 2024 & {{convert|-1.3|C|F}} on 22 January 1977. The highest & lowest ever temperature recorded at Delhi Ridge are {{convert|47.9|C|F}} on 10 June 2019 & {{convert|1.5|C|F}} on 7 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Delhi Ridge's minimum temperature dips to 1.5 degrees; multiple flights delayed |work=Hindustan Times |publisher=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-ridge-s-minimum-temperature-dips-to-1-5-degrees-multiple-flights-delayed-101673067328610.html |access-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107054023/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-ridge-s-minimum-temperature-dips-to-1-5-degrees-multiple-flights-delayed-101673067328610.html |archive-date=7 January 2023}}</ref>
<div class="center">{{Delhi weatherbox}}
<div class="center">{{Delhi weatherbox}}


Line 266: Line 265:
| title = Press Bulletin of Delhi for 20 February 2023
| title = Press Bulletin of Delhi for 20 February 2023
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 20 February 2023}}</ref>May record high<ref>
| access-date = 20 February 2023}}</ref> May record high<ref>
{{cite web
{{cite web
| url = https://rmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/press/press.php
| url = https://rmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/press/press.php
Line 350: Line 349:
| May record low C = 14.2
| May record low C = 14.2
| Jun record low C = 16.7
| Jun record low C = 16.7
| Jul record low C = 21.0
| Jul record low C = 20.4
| Aug record low C = 21.6
| Aug record low C = 19.4
| Sep record low C = 19.0
| Sep record low C = 19.0
| Oct record low C = 12.4
| Oct record low C = 12.4
Line 428: Line 427:
| title = Observational data of Delhi
| title = Observational data of Delhi
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 4 May 2023}}</ref>May record high<ref>
| access-date = 4 May 2023}}</ref> May record high<ref>
{{cite web
{{cite web
| url = https://rmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/press/press.php
| url = https://rmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/press/press.php
Line 461: Line 460:
| Apr record low C = 8.4
| Apr record low C = 8.4
| May record low C = 13.8
| May record low C = 13.8
| Jun record low C = 17.6
| Jun record low C = 16.7
| Jul record low C = 17.8
| Jul record low C = 17.8
| Aug record low C = 20.2
| Aug record low C = 20.2

Latest revision as of 15:45, 16 October 2024

New Delhi, Safdarjung (1991-2020)
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
19
 
 
20
8
 
 
22
 
 
24
11
 
 
19
 
 
30
16
 
 
13
 
 
37
21
 
 
29
 
 
40
26
 
 
81
 
 
40
28
 
 
196
 
 
36
28
 
 
227
 
 
34
27
 
 
128
 
 
34
25
 
 
14
 
 
33
20
 
 
4.1
 
 
28
13
 
 
8
 
 
23
8
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: IMD
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.8
 
 
68
46
 
 
0.8
 
 
76
51
 
 
0.8
 
 
86
60
 
 
0.5
 
 
98
70
 
 
1.2
 
 
104
78
 
 
3.2
 
 
104
82
 
 
7.7
 
 
96
82
 
 
8.9
 
 
94
80
 
 
5
 
 
93
77
 
 
0.6
 
 
91
67
 
 
0.2
 
 
83
55
 
 
0.3
 
 
73
47
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Delhi features a monsoon influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) bordering a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh), with high variation between summer and winter temperatures and precipitation. Delhi's version of a humid subtropical climate is markedly different from many other humid subtropical cities such as São Paulo, Houston, and Brisbane in that the city features dust storms (something more commonly seen in a desert climate) and wildfire haze (something seen in a Mediterranean climate) due to its semi-arid climate.[1]

Summer starts in early April and peaks in late May or early June, with average temperatures near 38 °C (100 °F) although occasional heat waves can result in highs close to 45 °C (113 °F) on some days and therefore higher apparent temperature. The monsoon starts in late June and lasts until mid-September, with about 797.3 mm (31.39 inches)[2] of rain. The average temperatures are around 29 °C (84 °F), although they can vary from around 25 °C (77 °F) on rainy days to 35–40 °C (95–104 °F) during dry spells. The monsoons recede in late September, and the post-monsoon season continues till late October, with average temperatures sliding from 29 to 21 °C (84 to 70 °F).

Winter starts in November and peaks in January, with average temperatures around 14 °C (57 °F). Although daytime temperatures are warm, Delhi's proximity to the Himalayas results in cold waves leading to lower apparent temperature due to wind chill. Delhi is notorious for its heavy fog and haze during the winter season. In December, reduced visibility leads to disruption of road, air and rail traffic.[3] Winter ends by the first week of March.

Extreme temperatures have ranged from −2.2 to 49.9 °C (28.0 to 121.8 °F).[4][5]

Classifications

[edit]
Delhi Climate according to major climate systems
Climatic scheme Initials Description
Köppen system[6] Cwa Dry winter (monsoon-influenced) humid subtropical
Trewartha system[7] Aw Tropical wet-and-dry
Alisov system[8] — Sub-equatorial climate
Strahler system[9] — Dry tropical semi-arid
Thornthwaite system[10]
DA'd
 Semi-arid and megathermal
Neef system[11] — Tropical alternating climate equatorial climate

Overview of seasonal distribution

[edit]
  • Spring: February, March; warm days, cool nights, pleasant; low to moderate humidity; moderate precipitation
  • Summer: April, May, June; hot to very hot; very low to moderate humidity; low precipitation
  • Monsoon: July, August, September; hot, pleasant during rains; high to very high humidity; heavy precipitation
  • Autumn: October, November; warm days, cool nights, pleasant; low humidity; low precipitation
  • Winter: December, January; cool days, cold nights; moderate humidity; medium precipitation

Seasons

[edit]

Delhi lies in the landlocked Northern Plains of the Indian Subcontinent. Its climate is greatly influenced by its proximity to the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, causing it to experience both weather extremes. Delhi has 5 distinct seasons, Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winter and Spring.[12] Broadly speaking, Delhi has long and scorching summers, sub-divided into dry summer and humid monsoon seasons, short and mildly cold winters, and two bouts of pleasant transition seasons. The two most important wind patterns influencing Delhi's climate are the Western Disturbance and the South-West Winds.

Summer

[edit]

Summer begins in early April and continues till the middle of June, with the heat peaking in late May and early June. It is characterized by extreme heat, low humidity, very hot winds and thunderstorms. Delhi's proximity to the Thar Desert results in hot, dry continental winds, called loo, at times blowing all across from the West Asian mainland, making the days feel hotter. These winds, blowing over from vast land stretches, are very hot and dry. Since the Western Disturbance depression moves eastward (and is the reason for cyclonic occurrences in Eastern Coastal areas) by this time of the year, there is no moisture-laden wind to increase humidity. The air therefore remains dry or very dry during the day. For most of its summer season, Delhi has a semi-arid climate.[1] Coming from Spring, the city witnesses a spurt in day temperature around early April, whereas nights still remain pleasant. By the latter part of April or during early May, maximum temperatures exceed 40 °C (104 °F) while the ambience remains very dry. Night temperatures cross the 20 °C (68 °F) mark towards the latter part of April. May is Delhi's hottest month during which temperatures may reach 45 °C (113 °F) or higher.[13] This month is characterized by frequent thunderstorms.[14] Dust storms are another feature of Delhi's summer,[15][16] and can be severe and destructive when accompanied by strong winds, particularly under cumulonimbus formation.[17] These are caused due to fine dust brought along by the hot winds arriving from the desert. They make the surroundings appear pale yellow, bring temperatures slightly down and are usually followed by thunderstorms. Post mid-June, temperatures start falling slowly, while humidity shows a gradual rise. A visual characteristic of summer in Delhi is the summer bloom, particularly the blooming Bougainvillea, Amaltas, Gulmohar, Shireesh and Jacaranda trees, which look spectacular when fully flowering during peak summer in May.[18]

Monsoon

[edit]

Monsoon winds arrive in Delhi by either the end of June or the first week of July.[12] The arrival of moisture-laden South-Western winds, travelling from the Arabian Sea marks the onset of the humid season in Delhi. This season is marked by high levels of humidity and high heat. Day temperatures drop below 40 °C (104 °F) as humidity suddenly soars.[19] July is marked by high heat and relatively less precipitation (as compared to August). This transition from scorching to sweltering heat between June and July makes the latter feel very uncomfortable. August is Delhi's wettest month. The heat is considerably reduced and it is relatively cooler for most of the month. There is dense cloud formation in the sky and at least a week of distinct, heavy rainfall.[20] By September, the amount and frequency of precipitation drops, though humidity remains high.[21] Towards the end of September, the moisture content in the air begins to fall and monsoon ends by early October. In India, the Rainy season is referred to as "Rituraani", meaning the Queen of Seasons.

Autumn

[edit]

The end of the monsoon marks the arrival of a transition season. Autumn arrives by early or mid-October and is marked by a very dry ambience, warm days and pleasant nights. Maximum temperatures drop below 30 °C (86 °F) by late October and there is a gradual fall in average temperature. The minimum temperature drops below 20 °C (68 °F).[22] During Autumn, the wind direction begins changing from South-Westerly to North-Westerly. In recent decades, Delhi has seen a hazardous increase in air pollution levels and toxic smog for several weeks between late October and the end of November caused by stubble burning by farmers in the Indian states lying north of Delhi for fresh sowing at this time of the year, which is exacerbated by the usually almost still air around this time that causes the pollutants to hang in Delhi's air for many days. Around late autumn, the variation between morning and afternoon temperatures in a day becomes considerable, and can often be more than 20 °C (36 °F), with minimum dropping to under 10 °C (50 °F) and maximum still hovering slightly under 30 °C (86 °F). This season ends in early December.

Winter

[edit]

Winter arrives in Delhi by early December. Minimum temperatures gradually enter single digits by this time of the year, while days are cool. Though usually not cold initially, December suddenly becomes cold in the latter half, as chilly north-western winds from the Himalayas begin sweeping the Northern Plains. These cold waves are caused by a depression created by Western Disturbance, which bring cloud cover and winter rains to the Plains, and add to snowfall in the North-Western Indian Subcontinent. By early January, when winter peaks in Delhi, the minimum temperatures plunge to the vicinity of 0 °C (32 °F),[23][24][25] though very rarely entering the negative scale. Maximum temperatures, too may drop down into single digits[26][27] and always stay under 15 °C (59 °F). When the minimum temperature ventures very close to the 0 °C (32 °F) mark, Delhi witnesses frost.[28] Snow is a practical impossibility for Delhi (and the rest of Northern Plains) due to very dry nature of its winter- the coldest conditions happen under clear skies when icy winds rush in from the Himalayas, and a cloud cover (which is necessary for causing snowfall) rather warms the city by trapping heat, thereby junking any possibility of snow. Delhi's winter is marked by very dense fog (not to be confused with smog that occurs in the month of November), which dramatically reduces visibility[29] and makes days colder by cutting off sunlight. In the opposite scenario, cold north-westerly winds from the upper reaches of Himalayas blowing across the city make the days feel colder, despite any sunshine and the nights further cold.[30] Post-mid-January, average temperatures begin to rise very gradually, though the rise is almost contained by the cold north-western winds which result due to very heavy snowfall that occurs in the Himalayas during this part of the month.[31] It may rain towards the end of January and the precipitation is usually accompanied by hail,[32] resulting in slight increase in minimum temperatures due to cloud cover. Maximum temperatures again cross 20 °C (68 °F) and days become pleasant. By mid-February or somewhat beyond, minimum temperatures cross the 10 °C (50 °F) mark and days start getting warmer gradually, marking the end of winter. Delhi can sometimes have a prolonged season of chill, extending into March.[33][34][35]

Spring

[edit]

Around the middle of February, Delhi's climate sees another transition, this time from Winter to Summer. The transition weather is known as Spring and is characterized by warm days, cool nights, dry ambience and lively natural surroundings.[36] The weather is pleasant and there is warm, brilliant sunshine during the day. For all its characteristics, in India it is referred to as "Rituraaj", meaning the King of Seasons.[37] Spring rains[38] are a characteristic of this season. These rains may be accompanied by hail and can be heavy. Average temperatures show a slow, gradual rise as the wind direction shift from North-West to South-West, thereby getting warmer. Around late spring/ early summer, the variation between morning and afternoon temperatures in a day becomes considerable, and can often be more than 20 °C (68 °F), with maximum rising to mid 30s °C (93–97 °F) and minimum in the mid 10s °C (57–61 °F). Spring ends by the latter half of March and the day temperatures exceed 30 °C (86 °F) by then,[39] marking the onset of the next summer.

Rainfall

[edit]

Delhi receives an average annual precipitation of 774.4 mm.[40][41]

Climate data

[edit]

Temperature records for Delhi exist for a period of a little over 100 years. The lowest ever temperature reading during this period is −2.2 °C (28.0 °F), recorded on 11 January 1967 at Met Delhi Palam. The highest ever temperature reading during the same period is 49.9 °C (121.8 °F) recorded on 28 and 29 May 2024, at IMD Delhi Mungeshpur.[42] The highest temperature ever recorded in June is 48.0 °C (118.4 °F) on 10 June 2019 at Met Indira Gandhi International Airport, Palam. The highest & lowest ever temperature recorded at Safdarjung are 47.2 °C (117.0 °F) on 29 May 1944 & −0.6 °C (30.9 °F) on 16 January 1935. The highest & lowest ever temperature recorded at Palam are 48.4 °C (119.1 °F) on 26 May 1998 & −2.2 °C (28.0 °F) on 11 January 1967. The highest & lowest ever temperature recorded at Ayanagar are 47.6 °C (117.7 °F) on 28 May 2024 & −1.3 °C (29.7 °F) on 22 January 1977. The highest & lowest ever temperature recorded at Delhi Ridge are 47.9 °C (118.2 °F) on 10 June 2019 & 1.5 °C (34.7 °F) on 7 January 2023.[43]

Climate data for New Delhi (Safdarjung) 1991–2020, extremes 1901–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.5
(90.5) 		34.1
(93.4) 		40.6
(105.1) 		45.6
(114.1) 		47.2
(117.0) 		46.7
(116.1) 		45.0
(113.0) 		42.0
(107.6) 		40.6
(105.1) 		39.4
(102.9) 		36.1
(97.0) 		30.0
(86.0) 		47.2
(117.0)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 25.8
(78.4) 		29.5
(85.1) 		35.8
(96.4) 		41.4
(106.5) 		44.3
(111.7) 		43.7
(110.7) 		40.1
(104.2) 		37.4
(99.3) 		37.1
(98.8) 		36.1
(97.0) 		32.2
(90.0) 		27.3
(81.1) 		44.8
(112.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 20.1
(68.2) 		24.2
(75.6) 		29.9
(85.8) 		36.5
(97.7) 		39.9
(103.8) 		39.0
(102.2) 		35.6
(96.1) 		34.2
(93.6) 		34.1
(93.4) 		33.0
(91.4) 		28.4
(83.1) 		22.8
(73.0) 		31.4
(88.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.9
(57.0) 		17.6
(63.7) 		22.9
(73.2) 		29.1
(84.4) 		32.7
(90.9) 		33.3
(91.9) 		31.5
(88.7) 		30.4
(86.7) 		29.6
(85.3) 		26.2
(79.2) 		20.5
(68.9) 		15.6
(60.1) 		25.3
(77.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.5
(45.5) 		10.6
(51.1) 		15.6
(60.1) 		21.3
(70.3) 		25.8
(78.4) 		27.7
(81.9) 		27.5
(81.5) 		26.7
(80.1) 		25.0
(77.0) 		19.5
(67.1) 		13.0
(55.4) 		8.4
(47.1) 		18.9
(66.0)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 3.5
(38.3) 		6.0
(42.8) 		10.7
(51.3) 		16.3
(61.3) 		20.5
(68.9) 		22.2
(72.0) 		24.3
(75.7) 		23.7
(74.7) 		21.9
(71.4) 		15.0
(59.0) 		8.8
(47.8) 		4.5
(40.1) 		3.1
(37.6)
Record low °C (°F) −0.6
(30.9) 		1.6
(34.9) 		4.4
(39.9) 		10.7
(51.3) 		15.1
(59.2) 		17.6
(63.7) 		20.3
(68.5) 		20.7
(69.3) 		16.1
(61.0) 		9.4
(48.9) 		3.9
(39.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−0.6
(30.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 19.1
(0.75) 		21.3
(0.84) 		17.4
(0.69) 		16.3
(0.64) 		30.7
(1.21) 		74.1
(2.92) 		209.7
(8.26) 		233.1
(9.18) 		123.5
(4.86) 		15.1
(0.59) 		6.0
(0.24) 		8.1
(0.32) 		774.4
(30.5)
Average rainy days 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.0 2.7 4.8 9.7 10.2 5.5 0.8 0.4 0.6 40.6
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 57 46 37 25 28 43 63 68 60 47 52 59 49
Average dew point °C (°F) 8
(46) 		11
(52) 		14
(57) 		14
(57) 		18
(64) 		22
(72) 		26
(79) 		25
(77) 		23
(73) 		18
(64) 		14
(57) 		10
(50) 		17
(62)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 220.1 223.2 248.0 276.0 285.2 219.0 179.8 176.7 219.0 260.4 246.0 220.1 2,773.5
Mean daily sunshine hours 7.1 7.9 8.0 9.2 9.2 7.3 5.8 5.7 7.3 8.4 8.2 7.1 7.6
Mean daily daylight hours 10.6 11.2 12.0 12.9 13.6 13.9 13.8 13.1 12.3 11.5 10.7 10.3 12.2
Percent possible sunshine 67 71 67 71 68 53 42 44 59 73 77 69 63
Average ultraviolet index 3 5 6 7 9 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 6
Source 1: India Meteorological Department (sun 1971–2000);[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005–2015)[58] Revised Rainfall data[59]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)[60] Weather Atlas (UV Index)[61](Daylight)[62]


Average Barometric Pressure & Wind Speed of Delhi
Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Year
Average Atmospheric pressure milibars (inHg)[63] 1,017.0 millibars (30.03 inHg) 1,014.5 millibars (29.96 inHg) 1,010.6 millibars (29.84 inHg) 1,005.4 millibars (29.69 inHg) 1,000.5 millibars (29.54 inHg) 996.7 millibars (29.43 inHg) 996.9 millibars (29.44 inHg) 999.4 millibars (29.51 inHg) 1,003.4 millibars (29.63 inHg) 1,009.6 millibars (29.81 inHg) 1,013.6 millibars (29.93 inHg) 1,016.1 millibars (30.01 inHg) 1,007.0 millibars (29.74 inHg)
Average Wind Speed kilometres per hour (mph)[64] 8.3 kilometres per hour (5.2 mph) 9.4 kilometres per hour (5.8 mph) 9.5 kilometres per hour (5.9 mph) 10.0 kilometres per hour (6.2 mph) 10.2 kilometres per hour (6.3 mph) 10.6 kilometres per hour (6.6 mph) 9.5 kilometres per hour (5.9 mph) 8.8 kilometres per hour (5.5 mph) 8.3 kilometres per hour (5.2 mph) 6.7 kilometres per hour (4.2 mph) 7.6 kilometres per hour (4.7 mph) 7.7 kilometres per hour (4.8 mph) 8.9 kilometres per hour (5.5 mph)
Climate data for Delhi (Palam) 1971–2020, extremes 1952–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 31.0
(87.8) 		35.7
(96.3) 		41.3
(106.3) 		45.3
(113.5) 		48.4
(119.1) 		48.0
(118.4) 		45.7
(114.3) 		43.2
(109.8) 		40.8
(105.4) 		40.7
(105.3) 		36.4
(97.5) 		30.4
(86.7) 		48.4
(119.1)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 26.1
(79.0) 		29.5
(85.1) 		36.4
(97.5) 		42.6
(108.7) 		45.3
(113.5) 		44.9
(112.8) 		40.9
(105.6) 		38.2
(100.8) 		37.8
(100.0) 		36.8
(98.2) 		32.7
(90.9) 		27.4
(81.3) 		45.3
(113.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 19.9
(67.8) 		24.1
(75.4) 		30.0
(86.0) 		37.1
(98.8) 		40.7
(105.3) 		39.6
(103.3) 		36.0
(96.8) 		34.5
(94.1) 		34.4
(93.9) 		33.3
(91.9) 		28.3
(82.9) 		22.7
(72.9) 		31.7
(89.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.3
(55.9) 		17.6
(63.7) 		23.4
(74.1) 		29.8
(85.6) 		33.6
(92.5) 		33.5
(92.3) 		31.2
(88.2) 		30.2
(86.4) 		29.8
(85.6) 		26.6
(79.9) 		20.7
(69.3) 		14.8
(58.6) 		25.4
(77.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.3
(45.1) 		10.6
(51.1) 		15.4
(59.7) 		21.7
(71.1) 		26.4
(79.5) 		27.9
(82.2) 		27.4
(81.3) 		26.4
(79.5) 		24.9
(76.8) 		19.9
(67.8) 		13.7
(56.7) 		9.0
(48.2) 		19.2
(66.6)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 3.6
(38.5) 		6.2
(43.2) 		9.7
(49.5) 		15.3
(59.5) 		20.8
(69.4) 		22.3
(72.1) 		24.1
(75.4) 		23.3
(73.9) 		21.7
(71.1) 		15.6
(60.1) 		9.0
(48.2) 		4.6
(40.3) 		3.3
(37.9)
Record low °C (°F) −2.2
(28.0) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		3.4
(38.1) 		8.6
(47.5) 		14.6
(58.3) 		19.8
(67.6) 		17.8
(64.0) 		20.2
(68.4) 		13.6
(56.5) 		9.9
(49.8) 		2.1
(35.8) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		−2.2
(28.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 18.1
(0.71) 		19.3
(0.76) 		15.2
(0.60) 		13.6
(0.54) 		30.2
(1.19) 		68.8
(2.71) 		205.7
(8.10) 		214.2
(8.43) 		109.5
(4.31) 		12.7
(0.50) 		5.5
(0.22) 		6.4
(0.25) 		719.2
(28.32)
Average rainy days 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.2 2.7 4.0 8.9 9.4 5.0 0.8 0.4 0.4 37.2
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 56 48 36 24 25 42 62 67 59 43 44 54 47
Source 1: India Meteorological Department[65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020);[75]
Climate data for Delhi (Ayanagar) 1971–2020, extremes 1967–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 29.7
(85.5) 		33.2
(91.8) 		40.6
(105.1) 		45.0
(113.0) 		47.6
(117.7) 		47.0
(116.6) 		44.8
(112.6) 		42.7
(108.9) 		41.0
(105.8) 		39.4
(102.9) 		36.4
(97.5) 		30.2
(86.4) 		47.6
(117.7)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 25.2
(77.4) 		29.4
(84.9) 		36.2
(97.2) 		42.8
(109.0) 		45.9
(114.6) 		45.6
(114.1) 		41.5
(106.7) 		38.3
(100.9) 		37.2
(99.0) 		36.2
(97.2) 		32.2
(90.0) 		27.7
(81.9) 		46.2
(115.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 19.2
(66.6) 		24.3
(75.7) 		30.7
(87.3) 		36.8
(98.2) 		41.2
(106.2) 		40.5
(104.9) 		35.7
(96.3) 		34.3
(93.7) 		34.2
(93.6) 		33.4
(92.1) 		28.3
(82.9) 		22.2
(72.0) 		31.7
(89.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.7
(45.9) 		11.0
(51.8) 		15.4
(59.7) 		21.0
(69.8) 		25.5
(77.9) 		27.1
(80.8) 		26.5
(79.7) 		25.8
(78.4) 		24.2
(75.6) 		19.5
(67.1) 		14.2
(57.6) 		8.3
(46.9) 		18.9
(66.0)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 3.6
(38.5) 		6.8
(44.2) 		10.5
(50.9) 		16.3
(61.3) 		19.7
(67.5) 		20.6
(69.1) 		22.8
(73.0) 		23.1
(73.6) 		21.5
(70.7) 		14.5
(58.1) 		9.8
(49.6) 		3.2
(37.8) 		2.9
(37.2)
Record low °C (°F) −1.3
(29.7) 		0.0
(32.0) 		3.8
(38.8) 		8.4
(47.1) 		13.8
(56.8) 		18.0
(64.4) 		19.8
(67.6) 		21.3
(70.3) 		14.0
(57.2) 		9.4
(48.9) 		3.2
(37.8) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		−1.3
(29.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 18.0
(0.71) 		19.8
(0.78) 		21.6
(0.85) 		10.7
(0.42) 		31.1
(1.22) 		69.9
(2.75) 		182.2
(7.17) 		188.4
(7.42) 		106.1
(4.18) 		13.8
(0.54) 		2.1
(0.08) 		5.4
(0.21) 		669.1
(26.33)
Average rainy days 1.6 1.6 2.1 1.0 2.8 4.5 8.5 8.6 4.7 0.6 0.3 0.4 36.7
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 64 52 40 26 24 37 64 68 63 50 52 58 51
Source: India Meteorological Department[76][77] February record high[78] May record high[79]
Climate data for New Delhi (Delhi Ridge) 1971–2020, extremes 1971–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 27.5
(81.5) 		34.2
(93.6) 		40.9
(105.6) 		45.7
(114.3) 		47.5
(117.5) 		47.9
(118.2) 		42.5
(108.5) 		40.4
(104.7) 		38.4
(101.1) 		38.4
(101.1) 		34.2
(93.6) 		29.8
(85.6) 		47.9
(118.2)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 24.4
(75.9) 		29.6
(85.3) 		36.4
(97.5) 		42.8
(109.0) 		45.7
(114.3) 		44.8
(112.6) 		40.4
(104.7) 		37.7
(99.9) 		36.8
(98.2) 		36.4
(97.5) 		32.5
(90.5) 		27.2
(81.0) 		45.9
(114.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 19.0
(66.2) 		24.4
(75.9) 		31.0
(87.8) 		37.0
(98.6) 		40.7
(105.3) 		39.8
(103.6) 		35.1
(95.2) 		33.9
(93.0) 		34.0
(93.2) 		33.4
(92.1) 		28.0
(82.4) 		22.5
(72.5) 		31.4
(88.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.7
(47.7) 		12.1
(53.8) 		16.8
(62.2) 		22.0
(71.6) 		25.9
(78.6) 		27.0
(80.6) 		26.1
(79.0) 		25.5
(77.9) 		24.1
(75.4) 		20.3
(68.5) 		15.1
(59.2) 		9.9
(49.8) 		19.2
(66.6)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 5.4
(41.7) 		9.0
(48.2) 		12.0
(53.6) 		17.4
(63.3) 		20.7
(69.3) 		21.3
(70.3) 		22.7
(72.9) 		23.2
(73.8) 		21.5
(70.7) 		17.0
(62.6) 		11.5
(52.7) 		5.3
(41.5) 		4.7
(40.5)
Record low °C (°F) 1.5
(34.7) 		7.0
(44.6) 		10.2
(50.4) 		11.6
(52.9) 		14.2
(57.6) 		16.7
(62.1) 		20.4
(68.7) 		19.4
(66.9) 		19.0
(66.2) 		12.4
(54.3) 		9.7
(49.5) 		3.0
(37.4) 		1.5
(34.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 20.1
(0.79) 		19.5
(0.77) 		17.8
(0.70) 		7.6
(0.30) 		34.0
(1.34) 		60.7
(2.39) 		190.1
(7.48) 		190.2
(7.49) 		119.3
(4.70) 		26.5
(1.04) 		2.1
(0.08) 		6.1
(0.24) 		694
(27.32)
Average rainy days 1.9 1.5 1.3 1.1 2.4 3.9 8.3 9.4 5.2 0.5 0.3 0.5 36.3
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 66 54 41 29 31 44 71 76 68 55 54 62 55
Source: India Meteorological Department[80][81] February record high[82] May record low[83] May record high[84]
Climate data for Delhi extremes 1901–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.5
(90.5) 		35.7
(96.3) 		42.0
(107.6) 		47.1
(116.8) 		49.9
(121.8) 		48.0
(118.4) 		45.7
(114.3) 		43.2
(109.8) 		41.0
(105.8) 		39.6
(103.3) 		36.4
(97.5) 		30.4
(86.7) 		49.9
(121.8)
Record low °C (°F) −2.2
(28.0) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		3.4
(38.1) 		8.4
(47.1) 		13.8
(56.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		17.8
(64.0) 		20.2
(68.4) 		13.6
(56.5) 		9.4
(48.9) 		2.1
(35.8) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		−2.2
(28.0)
[citation needed]

Weather monitoring stations

[edit]

As of January 2024, the India Meteorological Department website lists 20 weather monitoring stations in Delhi. The readings at Safdarjung station, located in the central part of the city are taken as those for the city, whereas the readings at Palam station, located in the city's south-western part, are taken as those for the Airport.

Day-length variation

[edit]

Located at 28°36′36″N latitude, Delhi lies in the sub-tropical belt of Earth's North Temperate geographical region, a few latitudes north of the Tropic of Cancer. As such the rotation of Earth has its effect on the city's day-length, which shortens during winters and lengthens during summers. Between the two solstices, Delhi's day-length changes by about 4 hours, offset by some 2 hours each at sunrise and sunset.[85][86]

References

[edit]
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