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{{Short description|National historic site and fort in Kingston, Ontario}} |
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[[Image:FortHenryOntario1920.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Fort Henry aerial photo, 1920]] |
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{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}} |
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{{Infobox park |
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| name = Fort Henry National Historic Site |
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| partof = |
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| location = Point Henry, [[Kingston, Ontario]], Canada |
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| coordinates = |
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| area = |
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| established = First fort: 1812–1814<br>Second fort: 1832–1836 |
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| owner = Government of Canada (Parks Canada), Operated by Ontario Ministry of Heritage, Sport, Tourism and Culture Industries (St Lawrence Parks Commission) |
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| administrator = |
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| manager = Kathryn Lowe |
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| operator = Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport (St Lawrence Parks Commission) |
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| image = Fort_Henry_Logo.png |
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| photo = |
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| type = |
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| built = |
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| used = |
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| materials = |
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| height = |
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| demolished = |
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| condition = |
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| garrison = |
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| battles = |
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| events = |
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| designation = National Historic Site of Canada |
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| budget = |
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| website = http://www.forthenry.com |
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| embedded = {{designation list|embed=yes|designation1=Canada|designation1_date=1936}} |
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}} |
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[[File:Fort Henry Kingston Ontario 3.jpg|thumb|A [[Martello tower]] at the water's edge below the fort. A removable roof to protect against snow is characteristic of Canadian Martello towers.]] |
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'''Fort Henry National Historic Site''' is located in [[Kingston, Ontario]], Canada on Point Henry, a strategic, elevated point near the mouth of the [[Cataraqui River]] where it flows into the [[St. Lawrence River]] at the east end of [[Lake Ontario]]. The fort and the point on which the fort was built were named after [[Henry Hamilton (governor)|Henry Hamilton]], former Lieutenant-Governor of the [[Province of Quebec (1763–91)|Province of Quebec]].{{sfn|Mecredy|2000|p=88}} |
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A fortification was constructed during the [[War of 1812]] to protect the [[Kingston Royal Naval Dockyard]] (the site of the present-day [[Royal Military College of Canada]]) on Point Frederick from a possible American attack during the war and to monitor maritime traffic on the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario.{{sfn|Cary|2003}}{{page number needed|date=January 2023}} A much larger fort replaced this construction in the 1830s to maintain protection of the naval dockyard and protect the southern entrance to the [[Rideau Canal]]. The fort was restored in the 1930s and is a significant tourist attraction. |
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'''Fort Henry''' is located in [[Kingston, Ontario]], [[Canada]] on a point of land near the mouth of the [[Cataraqui River]] where it flows into the [[Saint Lawrence River|St. Lawrence River]] at the upper end of the [[Thousand Islands]]. The original fort was constructed during the [[War of 1812]]. The British anticipated an attack on Point Henry due to its proximity to the Royal Navy Dockyards at the site of the present-day [[Royal Military College of Canada]] at the eastern end of [[Lake Ontario]] just outside [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]], [[Ontario]]. The loss of this vital shipping route would have cut off Kingston and the rest of [[Upper Canada]] from supplies being brought from [[Great Britain]]. |
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==History== |
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===Background=== |
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Interest in Point Henry as a defensible strategic location was first noted by the British in 1783. At that time, the British military established a post in what is now Kingston by partly refurbishing and garrisoning the ruined French fort ([[Fort Frontenac]]). The garrison and the developing townsite near the fort were deemed difficult to defend and so [[John Ross (1744–1809)|Captain John Ross]], the British officer in charge of settling [[United Empire Loyalist|Loyalist]] refugees in the area following the [[American Revolutionary War]], proposed moving the stronghold along with the townsite to the more defensible Point Henry. British-American hostilities still concerned the British, and the high promontory of Point Henry was considered to be a good location for a defensive fortification. {{sfn|Mika|Mika|1987|p=180}}{{sfn|Osborne|Swainson|2011|p=48}} |
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In 1794, [[Lord Dorchester]] ordered the survey of Point Henry, Point Frederick, and "the adjacent Country and Coves taking in whatever may lye near enough to affect the Security or convenience of the Port" to investigate the location of a navy base. [[Alexander Bryce (British Army officer)|Lt. Alexander Bryce]] of the [[Royal Engineers]] preferred Haldimand Cove (now Navy Bay) as a navy base and recommended a fortification on Point Henry to defend it. However, a fortification was not built on the hill until the beginning of the [[War of 1812]].{{sfn|Osborne|Swainson|2011|p=48, 50}} |
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The present Fort Henry was constructed between [[1832]] and [[1837]]. It was constructed to protect the Lake Ontario end of the [[Rideau Canal]], which was constructed as an alternative route to the Saint Lawrence. A system of defensive works was planned but cost overruns in the construction of canal limited the fortifications to four [[Martello tower]]s and the [[Fortification|fort]]. Among the Historic regiments that garrisoned the Fort were the [[Black Watch]], the [[Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders]]and the [[Royal Welch Fusiliers]]. |
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===Early fortification=== |
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The British Army withdrew in 1870, shortly after [[Canadian Confederation]]. It was then garrisoned by Canadian troops until [[1891]].The fort witnessed the founding of the [[Royal Canadian Horse Artillery]],the first regiment in the [[Canadian army]] whose B battery was based at the fort. The fort was then abandoned and fell into disrepair. Under the leadership of Ronald L. Way, restorations took place and the fort was reopened as a living history museum on the 1st of August [[1938]]. |
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[[File:Royal George Kingston Harbour.jpg|thumb|In November 1812, batteries from the Point Henry helped repel American warships pursuing HMS {{HMS|Royal George|1809|2}}.]] |
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At the beginning of the War of 1812, local militia erected a [[blockhouse]] and battery on Point Henry to defend the important naval base on Point Frederick, located across Haldimand Cove to the west, and to monitor maritime traffic on the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario.{{sfn|Cary|2003}}{{page number needed|date=January 2023}} On November 10, 1812, this battery was involved in repelling several American warships that were attacking the [[Provincial Marine]] sloop [[HMS Royal George (1809)|''Royal George'']] as the ship was taking refuge in Kingston Harbour.{{sfn|Cary|2003}}{{page number needed|date=January 2023}}<ref>[http://www.warof1812.ca/kingstonharbour1812.htm The Discriminating General - The War of 1812] Retrieved March 19, 2015</ref> This naval action strengthened the view that a stronger fortification was needed and so the militia and regular army began building batteries and barracks in 1813.{{sfn|Cary|2003}}{{page number needed|date=January 2023}} The fort was one of several defensive structures built in and around Kingston during the war. |
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By 1820 the fort consisted of earth and stone ramparts, [[star fort|demi-bastions]], [[redans]], ditches, magazines, barracks, signal towers and support batteries.{{sfn|Cary|2003}}{{page number needed|date=January 2023}}{{sfn|Osborne|Swainson|2011|p=50}}<ref>Tanya Grodzinski, The Vigilant Superintedance of the Entire District: The War of 1812 on the Upper St Lawrence River. Master of Arts Thesis, Royal Military College of Canada, July 2002, p. 82.</ref> |
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The Fort was also used as a [[Prisoner of War]] camp during the First and Second World Wars, holding [[Ukrainian]] detainees during World War One and [[Luftwaffe]] and [[Kriegsmarine]] personel during the Second. |
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=== |
===Second fort=== |
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Distrust between the Americans and British continued after the War of 1812. This led to the original fort being demolished to make way for a more extensive fort, which was constructed between 1832 and 1836{{sfn|Mika|Mika|1987|p=68}}<ref>[https://www.heritagetrust.on.ca/en/plaques/fort-henry Ontario Heritage Plaque - Fort Henry] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924030737/http://www.heritagetrust.on.ca/Resources-and-Learning/Online-Plaque-Guide/Plaque-information.aspx?searchtext=113 |date=2015-09-24 }} Retrieved September 02, 2015</ref> to defend the Lake Ontario end of the strategic [[Rideau Canal]], the harbour, and the naval dockyard. In 1843, the advanced battery overlooking the lake to the south was completed when the [[casemate]]d commissariat stores and magazines were built. These stone buildings connected the advanced battery to the main [[redoubt]]. A system of more elaborate defensive works was planned but cost overruns in the construction of the canal limited the fortifications to four [[Martello tower]]s and the fort itself. At the time, these fortifications were the strongest defences in Canada west of [[Quebec City]]. Neither the original nor the second Fort Henry was ever attacked. The fort was once referred to as the "Citadel of [[Upper Canada]]". |
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[[File:Fort Henry, Kingston.jpg|thumb|left|Completed in 1836, the second Fort was used by the [[British Army]] until 1871, and the [[Canadian Militia]] until 1891.]] |
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Imperial (British) troops were deployed at the site of Fort Henry from 1813 to 1870. The [[Canadian Militia]] then garrisoned the fort until 1891. British garrisons included the [[Royal Artillery|Royal Regiment of Artillery]], [[South Wales Borderers#24th Regiment of Foot|24th Regiment of Foot]], [[Black Watch]], the [[Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders]], the [[Royal Welch Fusiliers]] and the [[Royal Canadian Rifle Regiment]]. Canadian units who used the fort include "A" and "B' Batteries of Garrison Artillery, and the [[Princess of Wales Own Regiment|14th Battalion, Princess of Wales' Own Rifles]]. As relations with the United States continued to improve, the need for defences along the border ceased. Abandoned by the military, the fort fell into disrepair. |
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{{main|Fort Henry Guard }} |
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Fort Henry temporarily held prisoners of the [[Rebellions of 1837|1837–38 Rebellions]]. German, Austrian and Turkish prisoners of war and some civilians, including Ukrainian immigrants described as "enemy aliens" during Canada's first national internment operations of 1914–1920 were also held at the fort. During the [[Second World War]], the fort served as a prisoner of war camp for German [[Luftwaffe]] and [[Kriegsmarine]] personnel. |
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Today the fort is a major tourist attraction in the Kingston area. Tours of the fort can be taken in group settings or as self-guided adventures. The fort is staffed by the Fort Henry Guard, costumed military intrepters who are ready to assist the visitor. Throughout the day there are various activities including [[historical reenactment]] of drills and battle tactics, the Garrison Parade, the Victorian School Room, and the Muster Parade, where visitors are dressed in period costume and taught to march by a qualified member of the Guard. There is also a Sunset Ceremony every Wednesday in July and August, where a full program of historic drill, music and artillery is presented.Fort Henry has been designated as a [[National Historic Site]] of Canada. |
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==Present use== |
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''See also:'' [[List of forts]] |
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[[File:Guards at Fort Henry, Kingston (I0005501).tif|thumb|Guards at Fort Henry, Kingston, 1951]] |
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[[File:Fort Henry Guard, the Goat Boy, and women in period costume at Fort Henry (I0005568).tif|thumb|Fort Henry Guard, the Goat Boy, and women in period costume at Fort Henry, 1957]] |
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In the 1930s, under the leadership of Ronald L. Way, restorations took place as part of a government work program during the [[Great Depression]]. "Old Fort Henry" became a [[living museum]] with the introduction of the [[Fort Henry Guard]], and was opened on August 1, 1938. |
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Fort Henry is administered by [[Parks Canada]] and operated by the [[St. Lawrence Parks Commission]]. Uniformed military interpreters known as the [[Fort Henry Guard]] conduct demonstrations of British military life and tours for visitors. The Fort Henry Guard has a long history in itself. The Guard, founded in 1938 has been integral to the Fort's ability to maintain the spirit of 1867 life and the preservation of the fort. The Guard is not exclusive to military interpreters but includes domestic interpreters as well. Self-guided tours are also available. Other activities and demonstrations include [[historical reenactment]]s of drills and battle tactics, the Garrison Parade, the Victorian School Room, and the Muster Parade, where young visitors are dressed in period uniforms and taught to march by a qualified member of the Guard. A Sunset Ceremony is held every Wednesday in July and August, where a full program of historic drill, music and artillery is presented. During evenings year-round a tour company conducts tours of the fort that highlight the fort's supposedly haunted past. |
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Fort Henry has been designated as a [[National Historic Site of Canada]], and in 2007 was included in the designation of the Rideau Canal as a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. |
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==Legacy== |
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On 30 June 1983 Canada Post issued 'Fort Henry, Ont.' in the "Forts Across Canada Series" (1983 and 1985). The stamps are based on the designs by Rolf P. Harder.<ref>[https://www.canadianpostagestamps.ca/stamps/16245/fort-henry-ont Canadian Postage Stamps - Fort Henry] Retrieved December 19, 2017</ref> |
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==See also== |
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* [[Battle of Kingston Harbour]] |
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* [[Fort Frederick (Kingston, Ontario)|Fort Frederick]] |
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* [[List of forts]] |
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==References== |
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===Citations=== |
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{{reflist}} |
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===Sources=== |
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{{refbegin}} |
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* {{cite journal |
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|last=Cary |
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|first=Henry |
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|year=2003 |
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|title=Early Works: Preliminary Glimpses of the First Military Complex at Point Henry, Kingston, Ontario, 1812–1827 |
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|journal=[[Ontario Archaeology]] |
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|publisher=Ontario Archaeological Society |
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|volume=76 |
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|pages=4–22 |
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|url=https://ontarioarchaeology.org/wp-content/uploads/oa076_part_03.pdf |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827162439/https://ontarioarchaeology.org/wp-content/uploads/oa076_part_03.pdf |
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|archive-date=27 August 2022}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last=Mecredy |
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|first=Stephen D. |
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|date=2000 |
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|title=Fort Henry: An Illustrated History |
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|publisher=James Lorimer and Company |
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|isbn=978-1550286311 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last1=Mika |
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|first1=Nick |
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|last2=Mika |
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|first2=Helma |
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|date=1987 |
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|title=Kingston: Historic City |
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|location=Belleville, Ontario |
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|publisher=Mika Publishing Company |
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|isbn=0-921341-06-7 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last1=Osborne |
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|first1=Brian S. |
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|last2=Swainson |
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|first2=Donald |
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|date=2011 |
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|title=Kingston: Building on the Past for the Future |
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|publisher=Quarry Heritage Books |
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|isbn=1-55082-351-5 |
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}} |
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{{refend}} |
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==Further reading== |
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* [http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=7869&pid=0 Fort Henry National Historic Site of Canada]. Retrieved September 16, 2014. |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110605032733/http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/on/plan/pd-mp_KingFortifications_e.pdf Kingston Fortifications national historic site of canada Management Plan (Ottawa: Parks Canada, 2006)] |
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* St. Lawrence Parks Commission, Le Fort Henry: La Citadelle du Haut-Canada, 1980, Kingston, Ontario. |
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* Mika, Nick and Helma ``Kingston Heritage, Buildings, Monuments, Plaques`` Mika Publishing, 1983. |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140325041404/http://www.internmentcanada.ca/ Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund] |
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* [http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/the-public/005-1142.27-e.html Library and Archives Canada - Internment Camps in Canada during the First and Second World]. Retrieved 13 September 2014. |
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* [http://heritagekingston.com/site/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/11/Fort-Henry-Intenrment-Centre-FHF-112012.pdf Fort Henry Internment Camps] |
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*[http://www.whitehern.ca/result.php?doc_id=W8704b Letter to Thomas Baker McQueston: History of Fort Henry, Kingston, from Ronald L. Way, Jan 1, 1938]. Retrieved August 18, 2015 |
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*[http://www.infogo.gov.on.ca/infogo/home.html#orgProfile/3398/en Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport] (see St Lawrence Parks Commission under Agencies) |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://www.forthenry.com Fort Henry] |
* [http://www.forthenry.com Fort Henry] |
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{{coord|44|13|48.95|N|76|27|34.85|W|type:landmark_region:CA|display=title}} |
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*[http://www.virtualkingston.ca/gallery.htm Virtual Kingston - Zoomable Aerial view of Fort Henry] |
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{{NHSC}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:History museums in Ontario]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Museums in Kingston, Ontario]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Military and war museums in Canada]] |
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[[Category:Forts in Ontario|Henry]] |
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[[Category:Military forts in Ontario]] |
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[[Category:Historic buildings and structures in Ontario]] |
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[[Category:National Historic Sites in Ontario]] |
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[[Category:Living museums in Canada]] |
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[[Category:St. Lawrence Parks Commission]] |
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[[Category:Internment camps in Canada]] |
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[[Category:World War II prisoner-of-war camps in Canada]] |
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[[Category:British forts|British Forts]] |
Latest revision as of 18:05, 16 October 2024
Fort Henry National Historic Site | |
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Location | Point Henry, Kingston, Ontario, Canada |
Established | First fort: 1812–1814 Second fort: 1832–1836 |
Owned by | Government of Canada (Parks Canada), Operated by Ontario Ministry of Heritage, Sport, Tourism and Culture Industries (St Lawrence Parks Commission) |
Managed by | Kathryn Lowe |
Designation | National Historic Site of Canada |
Website | http://www.forthenry.com |
Designated | 1936 |
Fort Henry National Historic Site is located in Kingston, Ontario, Canada on Point Henry, a strategic, elevated point near the mouth of the Cataraqui River where it flows into the St. Lawrence River at the east end of Lake Ontario. The fort and the point on which the fort was built were named after Henry Hamilton, former Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Quebec.[1]
A fortification was constructed during the War of 1812 to protect the Kingston Royal Naval Dockyard (the site of the present-day Royal Military College of Canada) on Point Frederick from a possible American attack during the war and to monitor maritime traffic on the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario.[2][page needed] A much larger fort replaced this construction in the 1830s to maintain protection of the naval dockyard and protect the southern entrance to the Rideau Canal. The fort was restored in the 1930s and is a significant tourist attraction.
History
[edit]Background
[edit]Interest in Point Henry as a defensible strategic location was first noted by the British in 1783. At that time, the British military established a post in what is now Kingston by partly refurbishing and garrisoning the ruined French fort (Fort Frontenac). The garrison and the developing townsite near the fort were deemed difficult to defend and so Captain John Ross, the British officer in charge of settling Loyalist refugees in the area following the American Revolutionary War, proposed moving the stronghold along with the townsite to the more defensible Point Henry. British-American hostilities still concerned the British, and the high promontory of Point Henry was considered to be a good location for a defensive fortification. [3][4]
In 1794, Lord Dorchester ordered the survey of Point Henry, Point Frederick, and "the adjacent Country and Coves taking in whatever may lye near enough to affect the Security or convenience of the Port" to investigate the location of a navy base. Lt. Alexander Bryce of the Royal Engineers preferred Haldimand Cove (now Navy Bay) as a navy base and recommended a fortification on Point Henry to defend it. However, a fortification was not built on the hill until the beginning of the War of 1812.[5]
Early fortification
[edit]At the beginning of the War of 1812, local militia erected a blockhouse and battery on Point Henry to defend the important naval base on Point Frederick, located across Haldimand Cove to the west, and to monitor maritime traffic on the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario.[2][page needed] On November 10, 1812, this battery was involved in repelling several American warships that were attacking the Provincial Marine sloop Royal George as the ship was taking refuge in Kingston Harbour.[2][page needed][6] This naval action strengthened the view that a stronger fortification was needed and so the militia and regular army began building batteries and barracks in 1813.[2][page needed] The fort was one of several defensive structures built in and around Kingston during the war.
By 1820 the fort consisted of earth and stone ramparts, demi-bastions, redans, ditches, magazines, barracks, signal towers and support batteries.[2][page needed][7][8]
Second fort
[edit]Distrust between the Americans and British continued after the War of 1812. This led to the original fort being demolished to make way for a more extensive fort, which was constructed between 1832 and 1836[9][10] to defend the Lake Ontario end of the strategic Rideau Canal, the harbour, and the naval dockyard. In 1843, the advanced battery overlooking the lake to the south was completed when the casemated commissariat stores and magazines were built. These stone buildings connected the advanced battery to the main redoubt. A system of more elaborate defensive works was planned but cost overruns in the construction of the canal limited the fortifications to four Martello towers and the fort itself. At the time, these fortifications were the strongest defences in Canada west of Quebec City. Neither the original nor the second Fort Henry was ever attacked. The fort was once referred to as the "Citadel of Upper Canada".
Imperial (British) troops were deployed at the site of Fort Henry from 1813 to 1870. The Canadian Militia then garrisoned the fort until 1891. British garrisons included the Royal Regiment of Artillery, 24th Regiment of Foot, Black Watch, the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, the Royal Welch Fusiliers and the Royal Canadian Rifle Regiment. Canadian units who used the fort include "A" and "B' Batteries of Garrison Artillery, and the 14th Battalion, Princess of Wales' Own Rifles. As relations with the United States continued to improve, the need for defences along the border ceased. Abandoned by the military, the fort fell into disrepair.
Fort Henry temporarily held prisoners of the 1837–38 Rebellions. German, Austrian and Turkish prisoners of war and some civilians, including Ukrainian immigrants described as "enemy aliens" during Canada's first national internment operations of 1914–1920 were also held at the fort. During the Second World War, the fort served as a prisoner of war camp for German Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine personnel.
Present use
[edit]In the 1930s, under the leadership of Ronald L. Way, restorations took place as part of a government work program during the Great Depression. "Old Fort Henry" became a living museum with the introduction of the Fort Henry Guard, and was opened on August 1, 1938.
Fort Henry is administered by Parks Canada and operated by the St. Lawrence Parks Commission. Uniformed military interpreters known as the Fort Henry Guard conduct demonstrations of British military life and tours for visitors. The Fort Henry Guard has a long history in itself. The Guard, founded in 1938 has been integral to the Fort's ability to maintain the spirit of 1867 life and the preservation of the fort. The Guard is not exclusive to military interpreters but includes domestic interpreters as well. Self-guided tours are also available. Other activities and demonstrations include historical reenactments of drills and battle tactics, the Garrison Parade, the Victorian School Room, and the Muster Parade, where young visitors are dressed in period uniforms and taught to march by a qualified member of the Guard. A Sunset Ceremony is held every Wednesday in July and August, where a full program of historic drill, music and artillery is presented. During evenings year-round a tour company conducts tours of the fort that highlight the fort's supposedly haunted past.
Fort Henry has been designated as a National Historic Site of Canada, and in 2007 was included in the designation of the Rideau Canal as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Legacy
[edit]On 30 June 1983 Canada Post issued 'Fort Henry, Ont.' in the "Forts Across Canada Series" (1983 and 1985). The stamps are based on the designs by Rolf P. Harder.[11]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Mecredy 2000, p. 88.
- ^ a b c d e Cary 2003.
- ^ Mika & Mika 1987, p. 180.
- ^ Osborne & Swainson 2011, p. 48.
- ^ Osborne & Swainson 2011, p. 48, 50.
- ^ The Discriminating General - The War of 1812 Retrieved March 19, 2015
- ^ Osborne & Swainson 2011, p. 50.
- ^ Tanya Grodzinski, The Vigilant Superintedance of the Entire District: The War of 1812 on the Upper St Lawrence River. Master of Arts Thesis, Royal Military College of Canada, July 2002, p. 82.
- ^ Mika & Mika 1987, p. 68.
- ^ Ontario Heritage Plaque - Fort Henry Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved September 02, 2015
- ^ Canadian Postage Stamps - Fort Henry Retrieved December 19, 2017
Sources
[edit]- Cary, Henry (2003). "Early Works: Preliminary Glimpses of the First Military Complex at Point Henry, Kingston, Ontario, 1812–1827" (PDF). Ontario Archaeology. 76. Ontario Archaeological Society: 4–22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2022.
- Mecredy, Stephen D. (2000). Fort Henry: An Illustrated History. James Lorimer and Company. ISBN 978-1550286311.
- Mika, Nick; Mika, Helma (1987). Kingston: Historic City. Belleville, Ontario: Mika Publishing Company. ISBN 0-921341-06-7.
- Osborne, Brian S.; Swainson, Donald (2011). Kingston: Building on the Past for the Future. Quarry Heritage Books. ISBN 1-55082-351-5.
Further reading
[edit]- Fort Henry National Historic Site of Canada. Retrieved September 16, 2014.
- Kingston Fortifications national historic site of canada Management Plan (Ottawa: Parks Canada, 2006)
- St. Lawrence Parks Commission, Le Fort Henry: La Citadelle du Haut-Canada, 1980, Kingston, Ontario.
- Mika, Nick and Helma ``Kingston Heritage, Buildings, Monuments, Plaques`` Mika Publishing, 1983.
- Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund
- Library and Archives Canada - Internment Camps in Canada during the First and Second World. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
- Fort Henry Internment Camps
- Letter to Thomas Baker McQueston: History of Fort Henry, Kingston, from Ronald L. Way, Jan 1, 1938. Retrieved August 18, 2015
- Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport (see St Lawrence Parks Commission under Agencies)
External links
[edit]- History museums in Ontario
- Museums in Kingston, Ontario
- Military and war museums in Canada
- Forts in Ontario
- Military forts in Ontario
- Historic buildings and structures in Ontario
- National Historic Sites in Ontario
- Living museums in Canada
- St. Lawrence Parks Commission
- Internment camps in Canada
- World War II prisoner-of-war camps in Canada
- British forts