Ridgetop Shawnee: Difference between revisions
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The '''Ridgetop Shawnee Tribe of Indians''', known as the Ridgetop Shawnee since 2013, descend from southeastern Kentucky's early multiracial settlers of 1790-1870. Their ancestors migrated to the central [[Appalachia]]n region in the late 18th to mid 19th centuries, with origins likely in colonial Virginia, similar to other migrants on the frontier.<ref name=RTS>[http://www.ridgetopshawnee.org/ Ridgetop Shawnee Tribe of Indians] Website</ref> The Ridgetop Shawnee Tribe of Indians were recognized by name for their civic contributions by a resolution of the [[Kentucky General Assembly]].<!-- The resolution addresses the group by their name; it is not official recognition by the state as to their tribal status, as the state has no such recognition process. --> |
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{{Infobox organization |
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| name = Ridgetop Shawnee<br/>Tribe of Indians, LLC<ref name=open/><br/>Pine Mountain Indian Community<ref name=pine/> |
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| full_name = |
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| logo_alt = Ridgetop Shawnee logo |
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| logo_caption = Seal of the Ridgetop Shawnee Tribe of Indians |
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| abbreviation = |
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| nickname = Ridgetop Shawnee, Ridgetop Band of Shawnee Indians |
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| named_after = [[Shawnee people]] |
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| predecessor = |
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| merged = <!-- any other organization(s) which it was merged into --> |
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| successor = |
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| formation = {{start date and age|2009|01|22}}<ref name=open/> |
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| founder = William Hayes Shackleford<ref name=open/> |
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| founding_location = |
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| dissolved = {{end date and age|2011|09|10}}<ref name=open/> |
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| merger = <!-- other organizations (if any) merged with, to constitute the new organization --> |
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| type = [[limited liability corporation]]<ref name=open/> |
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| tax_id = <!-- or |vat_id = (for European organizations) --> |
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| registration_id = <!-- for non-profits --> |
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| status = inactive<ref name=open/> |
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| purpose = <!-- or |focus = --><!-- humanitarian, activism, peacekeeping, etc. --> |
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| headquarters = |
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| location_city = [[Hazard, Kentucky]]<ref name=open/><ref name=pine/> |
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| coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LON|display=inline,title}} --> |
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| origins = |
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| region_served = <!-- or |area_served = or |region = --> |
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| membership = <!-- number of members --> |
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| membership_year = <!-- year to which membership numbers/data apply --> |
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| language = English |
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| leader_title = <!-- defaults to "Leader" --> |
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| parent_organization = <!-- or |parent_organisation = --> |
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| funding = <!-- source of funding e.g. for "think tanks" --> |
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| website = {{URL|ridgetopshawnee.net}} |
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}} |
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The '''Ridgetop Shawnee Tribe of Indians''' is an inactive [[limited liability company]], [[nonprofit organization]], and [[unrecognized tribe]] in [[Kentucky]]. Founded as an organization in 2009, they identify as being of [[Shawnee]] and [[Cherokee descent]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} |
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== Nonprofit organization == |
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| ⚫ | In June 2013 the Pine Mountain Indian Community |
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William Hayes Shackleford founded the Ridgetop Shawnee Tribe of Indians, LLC, as a [[limited liability company]] and [[nonprofit organization]], based in [[Hazard, Kentucky]], in 2009.<ref name="open">{{cite web |title=Ridgetop Shawnee Tribe of Indians L.L.C. |url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ky/0721940 |website=OpenCorporates |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref> The organization went inactive but became active again in 2021, with Jeffery R. Morgan serving as its [[registered agent]].<ref name=open/> |
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==Historical claims== |
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In the late 18th to mid-19th centuries, many multiracial families migrated to southwestern Virginia; extreme southeastern Kentucky, particularly [[Harlan County, Kentucky|Harlan County]]; and northeastern Tennessee.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} In the 1870 federal census for [[Harlan County, Kentucky]], for instance, numerous families were classified as Indian. Families with the surnames of [[Sizemore]], [[Callahan (surname)|Callahan]], Eldridge, and [[Cole (name)|Cole]] have had a tradition of Native American ancestry, as well as European and African.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Blood Runs in Many Harlan County Families|author=Holly Timm | url= http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~seky/folfoot/023.html | publisher= Harlan Daily Enterprise |date= 3 June 1987}}</ref> Often such families moved to the frontier for less expensive land, as well as to avoid racial caste discrimination in more settled areas of [[slave]] states. Remnant members of tribes intermarried with their neighbors and a multiracial group of settlers formed. |
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Shackleford organized the '''Pine Mountain Indian Community, Kentucky LLC''' in 2013, another nonprofit limited liability company in Hazard, Kentucky.<ref name="pine">{{cite web |title=Pine Mountain Indian Community, Kentucky LLC |url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ky/0860437 |website=OpenCorporates |access-date=8 March 2023}}</ref> This organization dissolved in September 2015.<ref name=pine/> Morgan also served as this organization's registered agent.<ref name=pine/> |
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Beginning in 1913, the [[Pine Mountain Settlement School]] educated some of the local children in Harlan County. For nearly 20 years it operated as a progressive boarding school for elementary age children in the Appalachian region; in the 1930s, it shifted to operate as a boarding high school. |
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| ⚫ | In June 2013, the Pine Mountain Indian Community LLC announced that the Ridgetop group{{clarify |date=October 2024 |reason=What was 'the Ridgetop group'? Was that synonymous with the LLC? Was it part of the LLC?}} would be renamed as the Ridgetop Shawnee, to serve as the heritage arm of this nonprofit organization. Within this new management structure, the Ridgetop Shawnee would concentrate on the preservation and protection of the heritage of the region. The Pine Mountain Indian Community would focus on economic development and community development in Southeastern Kentucky.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} |
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==Modern achievements== |
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Since the late 20th century, the Ridgetop Shawnee Tribe have worked to strengthen and preserve Native American traditions and culture. They contributed to passage of local ordinances that prohibit digging, or [[artifact (archeology)|artifact]] hunting, on county and city lands. One such ordinance was passed by the [[Harlan County, Kentucky]] fiscal court in 2006. The only such ordinance in the [[Commonwealth of Kentucky]], it has decreased illegal artifact hunting and helped preserve prehistoric sites. The Ridgetop Shawnee Tribe of Indians were instrumental in the creation of the Harlan County Native American Site Protection Office.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} |
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== Status, recognition, and identity == |
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The group members work with state, city and county officials to protect Native American cultural resources in Eastern Kentucky. They gained agreement from the city of [[Ashland, Kentucky]], to put a protective fence around prehistoric [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]] in a park; the site is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] as the Indian Mounds in Central Park.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mounds will be fenced off from public|author=Carrie Stambaugh|url= http://dailyindependent.com/local/x1048575768/Mounds-will-be-fenced-off-from-public/print|publisher=Daily Independent (Ashland, KY)| date= 4 July 2009|access-date=15 January 2012}}</ref> |
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In March 2023, the Cultural Preservation Department of the Tribal Historic Preservation Office of the [[Absentee Shawnee Tribe]] described "a concerning phenomenon we are witnessing in our ancestral settlement areas in our ancestral settlement areas including but not limited to Ohio, Kentucky, West Virginia, Indiana, [and] Alabama", commenting that "In these areas, there are a number of people who claim Shawnee ancestry; this is not so much the concern as the fact that {{em|some}} of these individuals or groups use this claim to exploit Shawnee culture as a means of gaining opportunities for themselves from a public that is largely unaware of the vast divide that separates our tribal community politically and culturally from those of alleged Shawnee ancestry", and went on to name the Ridgetop Shawnee as one of the ten similar groups they "have identified that have recently organized as alleged Shawnee bands/tribes and promote themselves as the voice of the Shawnee".<ref>{{cite news |title=Tribal Historic Preservation Office, Cultural Preservation Department |url=https://www.astribe.com/sites/default/files/newsletter/november20101.pdf |access-date=March 8, 2023 |work=The Absentee Shawnee News |publisher=Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma |issue=11, Vol. 25 |date=November 2010}}</ref> |
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While the State of Kentucky has a Native American Heritage Commission,<ref name="hume">{{cite news |last1=Hume |first1=Sarah |title=Written out of existence? Native Americans in Kentucky push for recognition of culture |url=https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/local/2023/11/23/native-americans-kentucky-indigenous-people-history-culture-ky/71381392007/ |access-date=January 15, 2024 |work=Courier Journal |date=November 23, 2023}}</ref> Kentucky has no [[state-recognized tribes]]<ref>{{cite web |title=State Recognition of American Indian Tribes |url=https://www.ncsl.org/quad-caucus/state-recognition-of-american-indian-tribes |website=National Conference of State Legislatures |access-date=January 15, 2024}}</ref> and "the state doesn’t have a process for them to apply for formal recognition."<ref name=hume/> |
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In addition, the tribe has developed a database of persons documented as Native Americans <!-- according to what criteria? -->in southeastern Kentucky, southwestern Virginia and northeastern Tennessee, to make it easier for other persons to trace their ancestry. By December 2011, the Kentucky Native American Databank held basic genealogical data for more than 1,000 names; it is hosted on the free genealogy site, Rootsweb.<ref>[http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=SHOW&db=knadb&recno=0 William Shackleford, "Kentucky Native American Databank"], Rootsweb, accessed 15 January 2012</ref> The tribe is seeking to preserve the [[Shawnee language]], a Central [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian language]] that was traditional for many of its ancestors. Today it is spoken primarily by people of the [[Shawnee Nation]] in Oklahoma. |
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The [[Kentucky House of Representatives]] passed Joint Resolution 15 in 2009 and Joint Resolution 16 in 2010 as [[congratulatory resolutions]] to |
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In 2009 and 2010, the State House of the [[Kentucky General Assembly]] recognized the Ridgetop Shawnee Tribe of Indians by passing, unopposed, House Joint Resolutions 15 or HJR-15 in 2009 and HJR-16 in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kentucky General Assembly 2010 Regular Session HJR-16|url= http://www.lrc.ky.gov/record/10rs/HJ16.htm|publisher=kentucky.gov, updated 9-2-2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kentucky General Assembly 2009 Regular Session HJR-15|url= http://www.lrc.ky.gov/record/09rs/HJ15.htm|publisher=kentucky.gov, updated 5-2-2009}}</ref> These acknowledged civic contributions of the group by this name: their long history in the state, their efforts to preserve Native American heritage, as well as to help its elderly and young people. |
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"Commend the Ridgetop Shawnee Tribe of Indians for their efforts to help their elderly and their youth; recognize their work to preserve their native language and heritage."<ref>{{cite web |title=Kentucky General Assembly 2009 Regular Session HJR-15 |url=http://www.lrc.ky.gov/record/09rs/HJ15.htm |publisher=kentucky.gov, updated February 5, 2009 |access-date=December 22, 2011 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093656/http://www.lrc.ky.gov/record/09rs/HJ15.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kentucky General Assembly 2010 Regular Session HJR-16 |url=http://www.lrc.ky.gov/record/10rs/HJ16.htm |website=kentucky.gov, updated February 9, 2010 |access-date=December 22, 2011 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111735/http://www.lrc.ky.gov/record/10rs/HJ16.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=House Joint Resolution 16 |url=https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/Record/10RS/hjr16.html |website=Kentucky General Assembly |access-date=January 15, 2024}}</ref>{{non-primary source needed |date=October 2024 |reason=It is not really clear that this House puffery is notable. Showing that some independent reliable source thinks it is worth mentioning would be helpful.}} |
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==Membership== |
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The Ridgetop Shawnee require that prospective members prove documented descent from multiracial settlers in the region from 1790–1870<!-- Under what classifications on the censuses? -->, and also have Y-DNA or MtDNA showing direct-line Native American ancestry. Y-DNA and or MtDNA may be used only to show descent from individuals who are documented as eligible for enrollment.<ref name="Ridgetop Shawnee Tribe of Indians">[http://www.ridgetopshawnee.org/ Ridgetop Shawnee Tribe of Indians], Official Website</ref> In 2012 the Ridgetop Shawnee began the Express Enrollment program for descendants of several family lines of mixed-Native American heritage, who have been well-documented as migrating to Southeastern Kentucky, Northeastern Tennessee, and Southwestern Virginia in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. These families and lines are: [[Sizemore]] (KY); [[Fields (surname)|Fields]] (KY, VA); descendants of Hawkins [[Bowman (surname)|Bowman]] (KY, VA); descendants of Ezekiel [[Bennett (name)|Bennett]] (KY, TN); descendants of John [[Cole (name)|Cole]] (KY, VA); and descendants of Porter [[Jackson (name)|Jackson]] (KY, VA).<ref name="Ridgetop Shawnee Tribe of Indians"/> In June 2012, the tribe limited new enrollment to individuals who qualified to use Express Enrollment. |
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==Historical Shawnee people== |
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Europeans reported encountering Shawnee over a widespread geographic area. The earliest mention of the Shawnee may be a 1614 Dutch map showing the ''Sawwanew'' just east of the [[Delaware River]]. Later 17th-century Dutch sources also place them in this general location. Accounts by French [[explorer]]s in the same century usually located the Shawnee along the [[Ohio River]], where they encountered them on forays from Canada and the [[Illinois Country]].<ref>Charles Augustus Hanna (1911) ''The Wilderness Trail'', esp. chap. IV, "The Shawnees", pp. 119–160.</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma]] |
* [[Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma]] |
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* [[Shawnee Tribe]] |
* [[Shawnee Tribe]] |
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* [[Southern Cherokee Nation of Kentucky]] – another non-recognized tribe in Kentucky |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* [http://www.ridgetopshawnee.net/ |
* [http://www.ridgetopshawnee.net/ Ridgetop Shawnee Tribe of Indians] |
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* [https://heritage.ky.gov/aa-na/Pages/na-commission.aspx Kentucky Native American Heritage Commission] |
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* [http://www.sizemorednaproject.com/index.html "Sizemore Surname DNA Project"], Official Website |
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{{Appalachian people}} |
{{Appalachian people}} |
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{{authority control}} |
{{authority control}} |
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[[Category:African–Native American relations]] |
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[[Category:Cultural organizations based in Kentucky]] |
[[Category:Cultural organizations based in Kentucky]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:2009 establishments in Kentucky]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in Kentucky]] |
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[[Category:Unrecognized tribes in the United States]] |
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[[Category:Non-profit organizations based in Kentucky]] |
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[[Category:Harlan County, Kentucky]] |
[[Category:Harlan County, Kentucky]] |
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[[Category:Shawnee heritage groups]] |
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Latest revision as of 02:20, 17 October 2024
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|
 Seal of the Ridgetop Shawnee Tribe of Indians | |
| Nickname | Ridgetop Shawnee, Ridgetop Band of Shawnee Indians |
|---|---|
| Named after | Shawnee people |
| Formation | January 22, 2009[1] |
| Founder | William Hayes Shackleford[1] |
| Dissolved | September 10, 2011[1] |
| Type | limited liability corporation[1] |
| Legal status | inactive[1] |
| Location | |
Official language | English |
| Website | ridgetopshawnee |
The Ridgetop Shawnee Tribe of Indians is an inactive limited liability company, nonprofit organization, and unrecognized tribe in Kentucky. Founded as an organization in 2009, they identify as being of Shawnee and Cherokee descent.[citation needed]
Nonprofit organization
[edit]William Hayes Shackleford founded the Ridgetop Shawnee Tribe of Indians, LLC, as a limited liability company and nonprofit organization, based in Hazard, Kentucky, in 2009.[1] The organization went inactive but became active again in 2021, with Jeffery R. Morgan serving as its registered agent.[1]
Shackleford organized the Pine Mountain Indian Community, Kentucky LLC in 2013, another nonprofit limited liability company in Hazard, Kentucky.[2] This organization dissolved in September 2015.[2] Morgan also served as this organization's registered agent.[2]
In June 2013, the Pine Mountain Indian Community LLC announced that the Ridgetop group[clarification needed] would be renamed as the Ridgetop Shawnee, to serve as the heritage arm of this nonprofit organization. Within this new management structure, the Ridgetop Shawnee would concentrate on the preservation and protection of the heritage of the region. The Pine Mountain Indian Community would focus on economic development and community development in Southeastern Kentucky.[citation needed]
Status, recognition, and identity
[edit]In March 2023, the Cultural Preservation Department of the Tribal Historic Preservation Office of the Absentee Shawnee Tribe described "a concerning phenomenon we are witnessing in our ancestral settlement areas in our ancestral settlement areas including but not limited to Ohio, Kentucky, West Virginia, Indiana, [and] Alabama", commenting that "In these areas, there are a number of people who claim Shawnee ancestry; this is not so much the concern as the fact that some of these individuals or groups use this claim to exploit Shawnee culture as a means of gaining opportunities for themselves from a public that is largely unaware of the vast divide that separates our tribal community politically and culturally from those of alleged Shawnee ancestry", and went on to name the Ridgetop Shawnee as one of the ten similar groups they "have identified that have recently organized as alleged Shawnee bands/tribes and promote themselves as the voice of the Shawnee".[3]
While the State of Kentucky has a Native American Heritage Commission,[4] Kentucky has no state-recognized tribes[5] and "the state doesn’t have a process for them to apply for formal recognition."[4]
The Kentucky House of Representatives passed Joint Resolution 15 in 2009 and Joint Resolution 16 in 2010 as congratulatory resolutions to "Commend the Ridgetop Shawnee Tribe of Indians for their efforts to help their elderly and their youth; recognize their work to preserve their native language and heritage."[6][7][8][non-primary source needed]
See also
[edit]- Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
- Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma
- Shawnee Tribe
- Southern Cherokee Nation of Kentucky – another non-recognized tribe in Kentucky
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Ridgetop Shawnee Tribe of Indians L.L.C." OpenCorporates. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d e "Pine Mountain Indian Community, Kentucky LLC". OpenCorporates. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
- ^ "Tribal Historic Preservation Office, Cultural Preservation Department" (PDF). The Absentee Shawnee News. No. 11, Vol. 25. Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma. November 2010. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
- ^ a b Hume, Sarah (November 23, 2023). "Written out of existence? Native Americans in Kentucky push for recognition of culture". Courier Journal. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
- ^ "State Recognition of American Indian Tribes". National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
- ^ "Kentucky General Assembly 2009 Regular Session HJR-15". kentucky.gov, updated February 5, 2009. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ "Kentucky General Assembly 2010 Regular Session HJR-16". kentucky.gov, updated February 9, 2010. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ "House Joint Resolution 16". Kentucky General Assembly. Retrieved January 15, 2024.