Gray-bellied caenolestid: Difference between revisions

Gray-bellied caenolestid
	Caenolestes caniventer in El Oro Province, Ecuador
Conservation status
	; Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Infraclass:	Marsupialia
Order:	Paucituberculata
Family:	Caenolestidae
Genus:	Caenolestes
Species:	C. caniventer
Binomial name
	Caenolestes caniventer; Anthony, 1921
	Range of the gray-bellied caenolestid

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The gray-bellied caenolestid (Caenolestes caniventer), or grey-bellied shrew opossum, is a shrew opossum found in humid, temperate forests and moist grasslands of western Ecuador and northwestern Peru. It was first described by American zoologist Harold Elmer Anthony in 1921. Little is known about the behavior of the gray-bellied caenolestid. It appears to be terrestrial (land-living) and crepuscular (active around twilight) or nocturnal (active at night). Diet consists of invertebrate larvae, small vertebrates and plant material. The IUCN classifies the gray-bellied caenolestid as near threatened.

Taxonomy and etymology

The gray-bellied caenolestid is one of the five members of Caenolestes, and is placed in the family Caenolestidae (shrew opossums). It was first described by American zoologist Harold Elmer Anthony in 1921.^[2] In the latter part of 20th century, scientists believed that Caenolestes is closely related to Lestoros (the Incan caenolestid).^[3]^[4] Over the years, it became clear that Lestoros is morphologically different from Caenolestes.^[5] A 2013 morphological and mitochondrial DNA-based phylogenetic study showed that the Incan caenolestid and the long-nosed caenolestid (Rhyncholestes raphanurus) form a clade sister to Caenolestes. The cladogram below is based on this study.^[6]

Gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica)

Brown four-eyed opossum (Metachirus nudicaudatus)

	Incan caenolestid (Lestoros inca)

	Long-nosed caenolestid (Rhyncholestes raphanurus)

Caenolestes

Northern caenolestid (C. convelatus)

Dusky caenolestid (C. fuliginosus)

Andean caenolestid (C. condorensis)

	Gray-bellied caenolestid (C. caniventer)

	Eastern caenolestid (C. sangay)

Caenolestid fossils date to as early as the early Eocene (nearly 55 mya). The generic name Caenolestes derives from the Greek words kainos ("new") and lestes ("robber", "pirate").^[7]

Ecology and behavior

Little is known about the behavior of the gray-bellied caenolestid. It appears to be terrestrial (land-living) and crepuscular (active around twilight) or nocturnal (active at night).^[1] It appears to be an "opportunistic feeder". Analysis of stomach contents of individuals from Peru suggested a diet comprised largely (up to 75%) by invertebrate larvae (such as arachnids and centipedes); small vertebrates and plant material are also consumed.^[8] A pregnant female captured in Ecuador was found to have two fetuses in its womb.^[9]

Distribution and status

The gray-bellied caenolestid inhabit cool, moist areas with good cover; it is known from humid, temperate forests at altitudes of up to 2,900 metres (9,500 ft), and moist grasslands in the subtropics. It occurs in small tunnels under tree roots by streams.^[8] The range covers western Ecuador and northwestern Peru. The IUCN classifies the gray-bellied caenolestid as near threatened. Its population has decreased by nearly 20% since the 1990s; numbers are feared to be declining due to deforestation and agricultural expansion.^[1] The gray-bellied caenolestid occurs in Cajas National Park and Mazán Ecological Reserve.^[10]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Solari, S.; Martínez-Cerón, J. (2015). "Caenolestes caniventer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T40521A22180055. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T40521A22180055.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
^ Gardner, A.L. (2005). "Order Paucituberculata". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Simpson, G.G. (1970). "The Argyrolagidae, extinct South American marsupials". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 139: 1–86.
^ Marshall, L.G. (1980). "Systematics of the South American marsupial family Caenolestidae". Fieldiana: Geology. New Series. 5: 1–145.
^ Gardner, A.L., ed. (2007). Mammals of South America. Vol. 1. Chicago, US: University of Chicago Press. pp. 121, 124–6. ISBN 978-0-226-28242-8.
^ Ojala-Barbour, R.; Pinto, C.M.; Brito M., J.; Albuja V., L.; Lee, T.E.; Patterson, B.D. (2013). "A new species of shrew-opossum (Paucituberculata: Caenolestidae) with a phylogeny of extant caenolestids". Journal of Mammalogy. 94 (5): 967–82. doi:10.1644/13-MAMM-A-018.1.
^ Patterson, B.D.; Gallardo, M.H. (1987). "Rhyncolestes raphanurus" (PDF). Mammalian Species (286): 1–5. doi:10.2307/3503866. JSTOR 3503866.
^ ^a ^b Barkley, L.J.; Whitaker, J.O. (1984). "Confirmation of Caenolestes in Peru with Information on diet". Journal of Mammalogy. 65 (2): 328–30. doi:10.2307/1381173. JSTOR 1381173.
^ Barnett, A.A. (1991). "Records of the grey-bellied shrew opossum, Caenolestes caniventer and Tate's shrew opossum, Caenolestes tatei (Caenolestidae, Marsupialia), from Ecuadorian montane forests" (PDF). Mammalia. 55 (3): 443–5. doi:10.1515/mamm.1991.55.3.433.
^ Barnett, A.A. (1999). "Small mammals of the Cajas Plateau. southern Ecuador: ecology and natural history" (PDF). Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 42 (4): 161–217.

[iucn_status_14_November_2021-1] Solari, S.; Martínez-Cerón, J. (2015). "Caenolestes caniventer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T40521A22180055. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T40521A22180055.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.

[msw3-2] Gardner, A.L. (2005). "Order Paucituberculata". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[3] Simpson, G.G. (1970). "The Argyrolagidae, extinct South American marsupials". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 139: 1–86.

[4] Marshall, L.G. (1980). "Systematics of the South American marsupial family Caenolestidae". Fieldiana: Geology. New Series. 5: 1–145.

[gardner-5] Gardner, A.L., ed. (2007). Mammals of South America. Vol. 1. Chicago, US: University of Chicago Press. pp. 121, 124–6. ISBN 978-0-226-28242-8.

[6] Ojala-Barbour, R.; Pinto, C.M.; Brito M., J.; Albuja V., L.; Lee, T.E.; Patterson, B.D. (2013). "A new species of shrew-opossum (Paucituberculata: Caenolestidae) with a phylogeny of extant caenolestids". Journal of Mammalogy. 94 (5): 967–82. doi:10.1644/13-MAMM-A-018.1.

[patterson-7] Patterson, B.D.; Gallardo, M.H. (1987). "Rhyncolestes raphanurus" (PDF). Mammalian Species (286): 1–5. doi:10.2307/3503866. JSTOR 3503866.

[barkley-8] Barkley, L.J.; Whitaker, J.O. (1984). "Confirmation of Caenolestes in Peru with Information on diet". Journal of Mammalogy. 65 (2): 328–30. doi:10.2307/1381173. JSTOR 1381173.

[9] Barnett, A.A. (1991). "Records of the grey-bellied shrew opossum, Caenolestes caniventer and Tate's shrew opossum, Caenolestes tatei (Caenolestidae, Marsupialia), from Ecuadorian montane forests" (PDF). Mammalia. 55 (3): 443–5. doi:10.1515/mamm.1991.55.3.433.

[10] Barnett, A.A. (1999). "Small mammals of the Cajas Plateau. southern Ecuador: ecology and natural history" (PDF). Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 42 (4): 161–217.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of marsupial}}
 {{Speciesbox
 | name = Gray-bellied caenolestid
+| image = Caenolestes caniventer 50842799.jpg
-| image =
+| image_caption = ''Caenolestes caniventer'' in [[El Oro Province]], Ecuador
 | status = NT
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref name= iucn>{{cite iucn |author1= Solari, S.|author2= Martínez-Cerón, J.|title= ''Caenolestes caniventer'' |volume= 2015|year= 2015|journal= [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |publisher= [[IUCN]]|page= e.T40521A22180055|doi= 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T40521A22180055.en |url= https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/40521/22180055 |access-date= 28 November 2019}}</ref>
+| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 14 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Solari, S. |author2=Martínez-Cerón, J. |date=2015 |title=''Caenolestes caniventer'' |volume=2015 |page=e.T40521A22180055 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T40521A22180055.en |access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref>
 | genus = Caenolestes
 | species = caniventer
@@ Line 16: / Line 18: @@
 == Taxonomy and etymology ==
-The gray-bellied caenolestid is one of the five members of ''[[Caenolestes]]'', and is placed in the family [[Caenolestidae]] (shrew opossums). It was first [[Species description|described]] by American zoologist [[Harold Elmer Anthony]] in 1921.<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Paucituberculata | id = 10500004 | page = 19}}</ref> In the latter part of 20th century, scientists believed that ''Caenolestes'' is closely related to ''Lestoros'' (the [[Incan caenolestid]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Simpson|first1=G.G.|title=The Argyrolagidae, extinct South American marsupials|journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology|date=1970|volume=139|pages=1–86}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Marshall|first1=L.G.|title=Systematics of the South American marsupial family Caenolestidae|journal=Fieldiana: Geology |series=New Series|date=1980|volume=5|pages=1–145}}</ref> Over the years, it became clear that ''Lestoros'' is morphologically different from ''Caenolestes''.<ref name=gardner>{{cite book|editor1-last=Gardner|editor1-first=A.L.|title=Mammals of South America|volume=1|date=2007|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, US|isbn=978-0-226-28242-8|pages=121; 124–6|url={{Google Books|id=dbU3d7EUCm8C|page=121|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> A 2013 [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] and [[mitochondrial DNA]]-based [[phylogenetic]] study showed that the Incan caenolestid and the [[long-nosed caenolestid]] (''Rhyncholestes raphanurus'') form a [[clade]] [[sister taxon|sister]] to ''Caenolestes''. The cladogram below is based on this study.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ojala-Barbour|first1=R.|last2=Pinto|first2=C.M.|last3=Brito M.|first3=J.|last4=Albuja V.|first4=L.|last5=Lee|first5=T.E.|last6=Patterson|first6=B.D.|title=A new species of shrew-opossum (Paucituberculata: Caenolestidae) with a phylogeny of extant caenolestids|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|date=2013|volume=94|issue=5|pages=967–82|doi=10.1644/13-MAMM-A-018.1}}</ref>
+The gray-bellied caenolestid is one of the five members of ''[[Caenolestes]]'', and is placed in the family [[Caenolestidae]] (shrew opossums). It was first [[Species description|described]] by American zoologist [[Harold Elmer Anthony]] in 1921.<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Paucituberculata | id = 10500004 | page = 19}}</ref> In the latter part of 20th century, scientists believed that ''Caenolestes'' is closely related to ''Lestoros'' (the [[Incan caenolestid]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Simpson|first1=G.G.|title=The Argyrolagidae, extinct South American marsupials|journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology|date=1970|volume=139|pages=1–86}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Marshall|first1=L.G.|title=Systematics of the South American marsupial family Caenolestidae|journal=Fieldiana: Geology |series=New Series|date=1980|volume=5|pages=1–145}}</ref> Over the years, it became clear that ''Lestoros'' is morphologically different from ''Caenolestes''.<ref name=gardner>{{cite book|editor1-last=Gardner|editor1-first=A.L.|title=Mammals of South America|volume=1|date=2007|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, US|isbn=978-0-226-28242-8|pages=121; 124–6|url={{Google Books|id=dbU3d7EUCm8C|page=121|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> A 2013 [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] and [[mitochondrial DNA]]-based [[phylogenetic]] study showed that the Incan caenolestid and the [[long-nosed caenolestid]] (''Rhyncholestes raphanurus'') form a [[clade]] [[sister taxon|sister]] to ''Caenolestes''. The cladogram below is based on this study.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ojala-Barbour|first1=R.|last2=Pinto|first2=C.M.|last3=Brito M.|first3=J.|last4=Albuja V.|first4=L.|last5=Lee|first5=T.E.|last6=Patterson|first6=B.D.|title=A new species of shrew-opossum (Paucituberculata: Caenolestidae) with a phylogeny of extant caenolestids|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|date=2013|volume=94|issue=5|pages=967–82|doi=10.1644/13-MAMM-A-018.1|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 {{clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;
@@ Line 47: / Line 49: @@
 }}
-Caenolestid fossils date to as early as the early [[Eocene]] (nearly 55 [[Mya (unit)|mya]]). The [[Generic name (biology)|generic name]] ''Caenolestes'' derives from the Greek words ''kainos'' ("new") and ''lestes'' ("robber", "pirate").<ref name="patterson">{{cite journal|last1=Patterson|first1=B.D.|last2=Gallardo|first2=M.H.|title=''Rhyncolestes raphanurus''|journal=[[Mammalian Species]]|date=1987|volume=286|pages=1–5|url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-286-01-0001.pdf}}</ref>
+Caenolestid fossils date to as early as the early [[Eocene]] (nearly 55 [[Mya (unit)|mya]]). The [[Generic name (biology)|generic name]] ''Caenolestes'' derives from the Greek words ''kainos'' ("new") and ''lestes'' ("robber", "pirate").<ref name="patterson">{{cite journal|last1=Patterson|first1=B.D.|last2=Gallardo|first2=M.H.|title=''Rhyncolestes raphanurus''|journal=[[Mammalian Species]]|date=1987|issue=286 |pages=1–5|doi=10.2307/3503866|jstor=3503866|url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-286-01-0001.pdf}}</ref>
-==Ecology and behavior==
+== Ecology and behavior ==
-Little is known about the behavior of the gray-bellied caenolestid. It appears to be [[terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] (land-living) and [[crepuscular]] (active around twilight) or [[nocturnal]] (active at night).<ref name=iucn/> It appears to be an "opportunistic feeder". Analysis of stomach contents of individuals from [[Peru]] suggested a diet comprised largely (up to 75%) by [[invertebrate]] larvae (such as [[arachnid]]s and [[centipede]]s); small [[vertebrate]]s and plant material are also consumed.<ref name=barkley>{{cite journal|last1=Barkley|first1=L.J.|last2=Whitaker|first2=J.O.|title=Confirmation of ''Caenolestes'' in Peru with Information on diet|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|date=1984|volume=65|issue=2|pages=328–30|doi=10.2307/1381173}}</ref> A pregnant female captured in [[Ecuador]] was found to have two fetuses in its womb.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barnett|first1=A.A.|title=Records of the grey-bellied shrew opossum, ''Caenolestes caniventer'' and Tate's shrew opossum, ''Caenolestes tatei'' (Caenolestidae, Marsupialia), from Ecuadorian montane forests|journal=Mammalia|date=1991|volume=55|issue=3|pages=443–5|doi=10.1515/mamm.1991.55.3.433|url=http://www.rebeccashapley.com/akodon/reprint_pdfs/91EcuadorCaenolestes.pdf}}</ref>
+Little is known about the behavior of the gray-bellied caenolestid. It appears to be [[terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] (land-living) and [[crepuscular]] (active around twilight) or [[nocturnal]] (active at night).<ref name="iucn status 14 November 2021" /> It appears to be an "opportunistic feeder". Analysis of stomach contents of individuals from [[Peru]] suggested a diet comprised largely (up to 75%) by [[invertebrate]] larvae (such as [[arachnid]]s and [[centipede]]s); small [[vertebrate]]s and plant material are also consumed.<ref name=barkley>{{cite journal|last1=Barkley|first1=L.J.|last2=Whitaker|first2=J.O.|title=Confirmation of ''Caenolestes'' in Peru with Information on diet|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|date=1984|volume=65|issue=2|pages=328–30|doi=10.2307/1381173|jstor=1381173}}</ref> A pregnant female captured in [[Ecuador]] was found to have two fetuses in its womb.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barnett|first1=A.A.|title=Records of the grey-bellied shrew opossum, ''Caenolestes caniventer'' and Tate's shrew opossum, ''Caenolestes tatei'' (Caenolestidae, Marsupialia), from Ecuadorian montane forests|journal=Mammalia|date=1991|volume=55|issue=3|pages=443–5|doi=10.1515/mamm.1991.55.3.433|url=http://www.rebeccashapley.com/akodon/reprint_pdfs/91EcuadorCaenolestes.pdf}}</ref>
 == Distribution and status ==
-The gray-bellied caenolestid inhabit cool, moist areas with good cover; it is known from humid, [[temperate forest]]s at altitudes of up to {{convert|2,900|m|ft}}, and moist grasslands in the [[subtropics]]. It occurs in small tunnels under tree roots by streams.<ref name=barkley/> The range covers western Ecuador and northwestern Peru. The [[IUCN]] classifies the gray-bellied caenolestid as [[near threatened]]. Its population has decreased by nearly 20% since the 1990s; numbers are feared to be declining due to deforestation and [[agricultural expansion]].<ref name=iucn/> The gray-bellied caenolestid occurs in [[Cajas National Park]] and Mazán Ecological Reserve.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barnett|first1=A.A.|title=Small mammals of the Cajas Plateau. southern Ecuador: ecology and natural history|journal=Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History|date=1999|volume=42|issue=4|pages=161–217|url=http://www.rebeccashapley.com/akodon/reprint_pdfs/99EcuadorLasCaJasSmallMammals.pdf}}</ref>
+The gray-bellied caenolestid inhabit cool, moist areas with good cover; it is known from humid, [[temperate forest]]s at altitudes of up to {{convert|2,900|m|ft}}, and moist grasslands in the [[subtropics]]. It occurs in small tunnels under tree roots by streams.<ref name=barkley /> The range covers western Ecuador and northwestern Peru. The [[IUCN]] classifies the gray-bellied caenolestid as [[near threatened]]. Its population has decreased by nearly 20% since the 1990s; numbers are feared to be declining due to deforestation and [[agricultural expansion]].<ref name="iucn status 14 November 2021" /> The gray-bellied caenolestid occurs in [[Cajas National Park]] and Mazán Ecological Reserve.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barnett|first1=A.A.|title=Small mammals of the Cajas Plateau. southern Ecuador: ecology and natural history|journal=Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History|date=1999|volume=42|issue=4|pages=161–217|url=http://www.rebeccashapley.com/akodon/reprint_pdfs/99EcuadorLasCaJasSmallMammals.pdf}}</ref>
-==References==
+== References ==
-{{Reflist|2}}
+{{Reflist}}
-==External links==
-*{{Wikispecies-inline|Caenolestes caniventer}}
 {{Portal bar|Animals|Mammals|South America}}
@@ Line 68: / Line 67: @@
 [[Category:Shrew opossums]]
-[[Category:Marsupials of South America]]
+[[Category:Marsupials of Ecuador]]
-[[Category:Mammals of Ecuador]]
+[[Category:Marsupials of Peru]]
-[[Category:Mammals of Peru]]
 [[Category:Near threatened animals]]
 [[Category:Near threatened biota of South America]]
 [[Category:Mammals described in 1921]]
 [[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
-[[es:Caenolestes#Caenolestes caniventer]]

v t e Extant Paucituberculata (Shrew opossums) species
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Infraclass Marsupialia
Caenolestes (Common shrew opossums)	Gray-bellied caenolestid (C. caniventer) Andean caenolestid (C. condorensis) Northern caenolestid (C. convelatus) Dusky caenolestid (C. fuliginosus)
Lestoros	Incan caenolestid (L. inca)
Rhyncholestes	Long-nosed caenolestid (R. raphanurus)
Category