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{{short description|Vitamin and mineral supplements}} |
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{{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}{{Globalize|date=December 2021|2=US}}{{short description|Vitamin and mineral supplements}} |
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[[Image:Prenatal vitamin tablets.jpg|thumb|Prenatal vitamins]] |
[[Image:Prenatal vitamin tablets.jpg|thumb|Prenatal vitamins]] |
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'''Prenatal vitamins''', also known as '''prenatal supplements''', are [[vitamin]] and [[mineral]] supplements intended to be taken before and during [[pregnancy]] and during [[postnatal]] [[lactation]]. Although not intended to replace a healthy diet, prenatal vitamins provide women of childbearing age with nutrients recognized by the various health organizations including the [[American Dietetic Association]] as helpful for a healthy pregnancy outcome. It may be appropriate to start taking prenatal vitamins once the woman enters childbearing age |
'''Prenatal vitamins''', also known as '''prenatal supplements''', are [[vitamin]] and [[mineral]] supplements intended to be taken before and during [[pregnancy]] and during [[postnatal]] [[lactation]]. Although not intended to replace a healthy diet, prenatal vitamins provide women of childbearing age with nutrients recognized by the various health organizations including the [[American Dietetic Association]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eating Right During Pregnancy |url=https://www.eatright.org/health/pregnancy/what-to-eat-when-expecting/eating-right-during-pregnancy |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=www.eatright.org |language=en}}</ref> as helpful for a healthy pregnancy outcome. It may be appropriate to start taking prenatal vitamins once the woman enters childbearing age,<ref name="uptodate.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.uptodate.com/contents/folic-acid-supplementation-in-pregnancy?source=machineLearning&search=prenatal%20vitamins&selectedTitle=5~49§ionRank=4&anchor=H17|title=Folic acid supplementation in pregnancy|publisher=}}</ref> however if a person is not pregnant or planning to become pregnant the [[Mayo Clinic]]<ref name="Mayo"/> does not recommend taking these supplements. Prenatal vitamins are similar to other [[multivitamins]] but do contain different amounts of specific nutrients to better suit the needs of an expecting mother.<ref name="Mayo"/> |
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Prenatal vitamins are similar to other [[multivitamins]] but do contain different amounts of specific nutrients to better suit the needs of an expecting mother. |
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==Customizations== |
==Customizations== |
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Vitamins and minerals such as folic acid, [[calcium]],<ref name=" |
Vitamins and minerals such as folic acid, [[calcium]],<ref name="Mayo">{{cite web |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/prenatal-vitamins/faq-20057922 |author=Katherine Zeratsky |title=Prenatal vitamins: OK for women who aren't pregnant? |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=MayoClinic.com}}</ref> and [[iron]]<ref name="titleCompliance with prenatal vitamins">{{Cite journal|pmc=1783699|year=2006|last1=Koren|first1=G|title=Compliance with prenatal vitamins: Patients with morning sickness sometimes find it difficult|journal=Canadian Family Physician|volume=52|issue=11|pages=1392–1393|last2=Pairaideau|first2=N|pmid=17279193}}</ref> are in higher concentrations, while nutrients such as vitamin A are reduced to reflect the current understanding of the role that these compounds play in fetal development. |
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| ⚫ | The increased dosage of [[folic acid]]<ref name="titlePrenatal catdog chicken face Vitamins">{{cite web |url=http://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/health-info/docs/2800/2801.asp?index=9754 |title=Prenatal Vitamins |format= |website= |access-date=2008-01-01 |archive-date=2002-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021220040212/http://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/health-info/docs/2800/2801.asp?index=9754 |url-status=dead }}</ref> or folates reflects the American Dietetic Associations position that women should consume "400 μg per day of synthetic folic acid from fortified foods (cereals and other grains), supplements or both, in addition to consuming folate from foods in a varied diet."<ref name="Position of The American Dietetic Association: Nutrition and Lifestyle for a Healthy Pregnancy Outcome - American Dietetic Association ">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90327-5|pmid=12396171|title=Position of the American Dietetic Association|journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association|volume=102|issue=10|pages=1479–90|year=2002|last1=Kaiser|first1=Lucia Lynn|last2=Allen|first2=Lindsay}}</ref> Taking the appropriate amount of folic acid before conception can reduce or prevent the incidence of neural tube defects by as much as 70%. The recommendation to start folic acid before conception is supported by a meta-analysis of 41 studies, but is beneficial after conception as well. <ref name="uptodate.com"/> Often prenatal vitamins also have a reduced dosage of vitamins that may be detrimental to the fetus when taken in high doses (such as [[vitamin A]]).<ref name="vitamins">{{cite web |url=https://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/vitamins-and-other-nutrients-during-pregnancy.aspx|title=Vitamins and other nutrients during pregnancy - March of Dimes |access-date=2018-01-08 |format= |website=}}</ref> |
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Certain women have a greater risk than others of developing a neural tube defect during pregnancy and are recommended to take a higher dosage of folic acid until 12 weeks pregnant.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-29GMT+000005:16:00+00:00|title=Best Prenatal Vitamins 2021 {{!}} Maternity Guide 2021 {{!}} MOTHER|url=https://mother.com/best-prenatal-vitamins-2021/|access-date=2021-11-23|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The increased dosage of [[folic acid]]<ref name="titlePrenatal catdog chicken face Vitamins">{{cite web |url=http://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/health-info/docs/2800/2801.asp?index=9754 |title=Prenatal Vitamins |format= |website=}}</ref> or folates reflects the American Dietetic Associations position that women should consume "400 μg per day of synthetic folic acid from fortified foods (cereals and other grains), supplements or both, in addition to consuming folate from foods in a varied diet."<ref name="Position of The American Dietetic Association: Nutrition and Lifestyle for a Healthy Pregnancy Outcome - American Dietetic Association">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90327-5|pmid=12396171|title=Position of the American Dietetic Association|journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association|volume=102|issue=10|pages=1479–90|year=2002|last1=Kaiser|first1=Lucia Lynn|last2=Allen|first2=Lindsay}}</ref> Taking the appropriate amount of folic acid before conception can reduce or prevent the incidence of neural tube defects by as much as 70%. The recommendation to start folic acid before conception is supported by a meta-analysis of 41 studies, but is beneficial after conception as well. <ref name="uptodate.com" |
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Many prenatal manufacturers have chosen to include the [[omega-3 fatty acid]], [[docosahexaenoic acid]] (DHA) in their product, either as an ingredient in the formula or as a complementary [[softgel]]. Although explicitly in many formulas to support neural development, the omega-3 fatty acids are used by both mother and fetus to create the phospholipid bilayer that makes up [[cell membrane]]s.<ref name="vitamins"/> |
Many prenatal manufacturers have chosen to include the [[omega-3 fatty acid]], [[docosahexaenoic acid]] (DHA) in their product, either as an ingredient in the formula or as a complementary [[softgel]]. Although explicitly in many formulas to support neural development, the omega-3 fatty acids are used by both mother and fetus to create the phospholipid bilayer that makes up [[cell membrane]]s.<ref name="vitamins"/> |
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[[L-arginine]] has tentative evidence of benefit in reducing [[intrauterine growth restriction]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=J |last2=Gong |first2=X |last3=Chen |first3=P |last4=Luo |first4=K |last5=Zhang |first5=X |title=Effect of L-arginine and sildenafil citrate on intrauterine growth restriction fetuses: a meta-analysis. |journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |date=16 August 2016 |volume=16 |pages=225 |doi=10.1186/s12884-016-1009-6 |pmid=27528012|pmc=4986189 }}</ref> |
[[L-arginine]] has tentative evidence of benefit in reducing [[intrauterine growth restriction]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=J |last2=Gong |first2=X |last3=Chen |first3=P |last4=Luo |first4=K |last5=Zhang |first5=X |title=Effect of L-arginine and sildenafil citrate on intrauterine growth restriction fetuses: a meta-analysis. |journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |date=16 August 2016 |volume=16 |pages=225 |doi=10.1186/s12884-016-1009-6 |pmid=27528012|pmc=4986189 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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==Side effects== |
==Side effects== |
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Many women have difficulty [[tolerability|tolerating]] prenatal vitamins or experience constipation as a result of the high iron content. Due to tolerance challenges, the prenatal vitamin industry has developed a multitude of dosage forms to meet the needs and tolerances of expecting mothers. The most common form of prenatal vitamin is the compressed tablet which is available through all channels and at various quality levels. Category leaders utilize this as the dosage form of choice.{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}} Other organizations within the category offer products in a variety of dosage forms such as liquids, prenatal vitamin soft chews, vitamin chewables, and even jellied prenatal vitamins. |
Many women have difficulty [[tolerability|tolerating]] prenatal vitamins or experience constipation as a result of the high iron content.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Terrie |first=Yvette C. |date=June 21, 2018 |title=Prenatal Vitamins: The Essential Building Blocks for Healthy Moms and Infants |url=https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/prenatal-vitamins-the-essential-building-blocks-for-healthy-moms-and-infants |access-date=November 7, 2002 |website=Pharmacy Times}}</ref> Due to tolerance challenges, the prenatal vitamin industry has developed a multitude of dosage forms to meet the needs and tolerances of expecting mothers. The most common form of prenatal vitamin is the compressed tablet which is available through all channels and at various quality levels. Category leaders utilize this as the dosage form of choice.{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}} Other organizations within the category offer products in a variety of dosage forms such as liquids, prenatal vitamin soft chews, vitamin chewables, and even jellied prenatal vitamins. |
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==Availability== |
==Availability== |
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Prenatal vitamins are available both over the counter in retail stores as well as by prescription from medical professionals. Although prescription vitamins are often covered by insurance, the relative potency of prescription-grade products are typically not significantly different from those available through retail. Differences in prescription versus retail vitamins do however exist in consistency and quality level, as well as the relative bioavailability of some specific ingredients. For example, many{{fact|date=October 2012}} prescription prenatal vitamins will contain a more bioavailable form of folate, [[5-methyltetrahydrofolate]] (5-MTHF). Doses of folic acid over 1 mg are prescription only. The amount of non-prescription prenatal vitamins needed to achieve this dose may have too much vitamin A and lead to fetal toxicity.<ref name="uptodate.com"/> |
Prenatal vitamins are available both over the counter in retail stores as well as by prescription from medical professionals. Although prescription vitamins are often covered by insurance, the relative potency of prescription-grade products are typically not significantly different from those available through retail. Differences in prescription versus retail vitamins do however exist in consistency and quality level, as well as the relative bioavailability of some specific ingredients. For example, many{{fact|date=October 2012}} prescription prenatal vitamins will contain a more bioavailable form of folate, [[5-methyltetrahydrofolate]] (5-MTHF). Doses of folic acid over 1 mg are prescription only. The amount of non-prescription prenatal vitamins needed to achieve this dose may have too much vitamin A and lead to fetal toxicity.<ref name="uptodate.com"/> |
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In addition, the U.S Army currently provides female soldiers with optional prenatal supplements to combat high anemia rates in female soldiers. <ref>https://www.army.mil/article/162952/female_trainees_to_receive_iron_supplements</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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[[Category:Vitamins]] |
[[Category:Vitamins]] |
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[[Category:Health issues in pregnancy]] |
[[Category:Health issues in pregnancy]] |
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[[Category:Dietary supplements]] |
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Latest revision as of 00:30, 18 October 2024
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2021) |
 | The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (December 2021) |
Prenatal vitamins, also known as prenatal supplements, are vitamin and mineral supplements intended to be taken before and during pregnancy and during postnatal lactation. Although not intended to replace a healthy diet, prenatal vitamins provide women of childbearing age with nutrients recognized by the various health organizations including the American Dietetic Association[1] as helpful for a healthy pregnancy outcome. It may be appropriate to start taking prenatal vitamins once the woman enters childbearing age,[2] however if a person is not pregnant or planning to become pregnant the Mayo Clinic[3] does not recommend taking these supplements. Prenatal vitamins are similar to other multivitamins but do contain different amounts of specific nutrients to better suit the needs of an expecting mother.[3]
Customizations
[edit]Vitamins and minerals such as folic acid, calcium,[3] and iron[4] are in higher concentrations, while nutrients such as vitamin A are reduced to reflect the current understanding of the role that these compounds play in fetal development.
The increased dosage of folic acid[5] or folates reflects the American Dietetic Associations position that women should consume "400 μg per day of synthetic folic acid from fortified foods (cereals and other grains), supplements or both, in addition to consuming folate from foods in a varied diet."[6] Taking the appropriate amount of folic acid before conception can reduce or prevent the incidence of neural tube defects by as much as 70%. The recommendation to start folic acid before conception is supported by a meta-analysis of 41 studies, but is beneficial after conception as well. [2] Often prenatal vitamins also have a reduced dosage of vitamins that may be detrimental to the fetus when taken in high doses (such as vitamin A).[7]
Many prenatal manufacturers have chosen to include the omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in their product, either as an ingredient in the formula or as a complementary softgel. Although explicitly in many formulas to support neural development, the omega-3 fatty acids are used by both mother and fetus to create the phospholipid bilayer that makes up cell membranes.[7]
L-arginine has tentative evidence of benefit in reducing intrauterine growth restriction.[8]
Side effects
[edit]Many women have difficulty tolerating prenatal vitamins or experience constipation as a result of the high iron content.[9] Due to tolerance challenges, the prenatal vitamin industry has developed a multitude of dosage forms to meet the needs and tolerances of expecting mothers. The most common form of prenatal vitamin is the compressed tablet which is available through all channels and at various quality levels. Category leaders utilize this as the dosage form of choice.[citation needed] Other organizations within the category offer products in a variety of dosage forms such as liquids, prenatal vitamin soft chews, vitamin chewables, and even jellied prenatal vitamins.
Availability
[edit]Prenatal vitamins are available both over the counter in retail stores as well as by prescription from medical professionals. Although prescription vitamins are often covered by insurance, the relative potency of prescription-grade products are typically not significantly different from those available through retail. Differences in prescription versus retail vitamins do however exist in consistency and quality level, as well as the relative bioavailability of some specific ingredients. For example, many[citation needed] prescription prenatal vitamins will contain a more bioavailable form of folate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF). Doses of folic acid over 1 mg are prescription only. The amount of non-prescription prenatal vitamins needed to achieve this dose may have too much vitamin A and lead to fetal toxicity.[2]
In addition, the U.S Army currently provides female soldiers with optional prenatal supplements to combat high anemia rates in female soldiers. [10]
References
[edit]- ^ "Eating Right During Pregnancy". www.eatright.org. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
- ^ a b c "Folic acid supplementation in pregnancy".
- ^ a b c Katherine Zeratsky. "Prenatal vitamins: OK for women who aren't pregnant?". MayoClinic.com. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ Koren, G; Pairaideau, N (2006). "Compliance with prenatal vitamins: Patients with morning sickness sometimes find it difficult". Canadian Family Physician. 52 (11): 1392–1393. PMC 1783699. PMID 17279193.
- ^ "Prenatal Vitamins". Archived from the original on 2002-12-20. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
- ^ Kaiser, Lucia Lynn; Allen, Lindsay (2002). "Position of the American Dietetic Association". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 102 (10): 1479–90. doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90327-5. PMID 12396171.
- ^ a b "Vitamins and other nutrients during pregnancy - March of Dimes". Retrieved 2018-01-08.
- ^ Chen, J; Gong, X; Chen, P; Luo, K; Zhang, X (16 August 2016). "Effect of L-arginine and sildenafil citrate on intrauterine growth restriction fetuses: a meta-analysis". BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 16: 225. doi:10.1186/s12884-016-1009-6. PMC 4986189. PMID 27528012.
- ^ Terrie, Yvette C. (June 21, 2018). "Prenatal Vitamins: The Essential Building Blocks for Healthy Moms and Infants". Pharmacy Times. Retrieved November 7, 2002.
- ^ https://www.army.mil/article/162952/female_trainees_to_receive_iron_supplements