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Baltoscandia or the Baltoscandian Confederation is a geopolitical concept of a Baltic–Scandinavian (Nordic) union comprising Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, and Sweden.^[1] The idea was proposed by a Swedish Professor Sten de Geer (1886–1933) in the journal Geografiska Annaler in 1928 and further developed by Professor Kazys Pakštas^[2]^[3] (1893–1960), a Lithuanian scientist in the field of geography and geopolitics.

Development of the concept

Pakštas states in his book The Baltoscandian Confederation that the term Baltoscandia was first used by Sten de Geer in an article in "Geografiska Annaler" in 1928.^[4] In this book Baltoscandia is described in several different dimensions: as a geographical and cultural, as an economic and as a political and military unit.^[5] Kazys Pakštas proposed that one of the ways for the small nations to withstand the influence coming from the large ones is to unite and to cooperate more closely among each other. As he mentions, unification is possible only among nations that are similar by their size, geographical environment, religion, also they have to respect and to tolerate each other.

As the foreign policy of Lithuania has shifted towards Northern Europe even more after Dalia Grybauskaitė came into post of the President of Lithuania,^[6] voices questioning the return of the Baltoscandian Confederation idea are on the rise in this country.^[7]

Advocacy

For almost 20 years, the Academy of Baltoscandia (Baltoskandijos akademija) functioned in Panevėžys, Lithuania. It was founded on 17 November 1991 as the institute of science researches which regularly organizes arrangements dealing with Baltic and Scandinavian cultural, historical and political contacts. Its main aims were to "develop versatile links of the lands and nations in the region of Baltoscandia and to integrate the culture of Lithuania into the cultural space of Baltoscandia".^[8] The academy was liquidated at the end of 2009 because of funding-related problems. The funding was provided by the Panevėžys city municipality, but the functions of the academy did not meet the criteria of the functions of the mentioned municipality.

Other terms

The Nordic-Baltic Eight or NB8, where 8 stands for the number of countries (Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, and Sweden).

References

^ "SCAND 344: The Baltic States and Scandinavia, Spring 2002". Archived from the original on 25 October 2003. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
^ "What is Baltoscandia? | Misija Lietuva 100". Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
^ Pakštas, Kazys. "The Baltoscandian Confederation" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
^ "SCAND 344: The Baltic States and Scandinavia, Spring 2002". Archived from the original on 25 October 2003. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
^ The Concept of Baltoscandia according to Kazys Pakstas before the war and now Archived 12 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Lithuanian)
^ "Alfa.lt". www.alfa.lt. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
^ Back to Baltoscandia? Archived 17 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Lithuanian)
^ "Politicians have closed the Academy of Baltoscandia". Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2010.

[1] "SCAND 344: The Baltic States and Scandinavia, Spring 2002". Archived from the original on 25 October 2003. Retrieved 16 March 2010.

[2] "What is Baltoscandia? | Misija Lietuva 100". Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.

[3] Pakštas, Kazys. "The Baltoscandian Confederation" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2022.

[4] "SCAND 344: The Baltic States and Scandinavia, Spring 2002". Archived from the original on 25 October 2003. Retrieved 16 March 2010.

[5] The Concept of Baltoscandia according to Kazys Pakstas before the war and now Archived 12 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Lithuanian)

[6] "Alfa.lt". www.alfa.lt. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2022.

[7] Back to Baltoscandia? Archived 17 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Lithuanian)

[8] "Politicians have closed the Academy of Baltoscandia". Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2010.

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+{{Short description|Geopolitical concept}}
-[[Image:Nordic countries and Baltic states.png|thumb|right|Location of the [[Nordic countries]]  and of the [[Baltic states]]:
+{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
-{{legend|#078002|[[Nordic countries]]}}
+[[File:Map of Nordic and Baltic Countries.svg|thumb|Location of the [[Baltic states]] and the [[Nordic countries]]:
-{{legend|#283B76|[[Baltic states]]}}]]
+{{legend|#00f|[[Baltic states]]}}
-[[File:Languages in Northern Europe.png|thumb|right|Language branches in [[Northern Europe]]
+{{legend|#008000|[[Nordic countries]]}}]]
-{{legend|#3690FF|[[North Germanic languages|North Germanic]] (Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark)}}
+[[File:Languages in Northern Europe.png|thumb|Language branches in [[Northern Europe]]
-{{legend|#0F00CD |[[Finnic languages|Finnic]] (Finland, Estonia)}}
-{{legend|#0EDDA8 |[[Baltic languages|Baltic]] (Latvia, Lithuania)}}]]
+{{legend|#0EDDA8 |[[Baltic languages|Baltic]] (Latvia and Lithuania)}}
+{{legend|#0F00CD |[[Finnic languages|Finnic]] (Estonia and Finland)}}
+{{legend|#3690FF|[[North Germanic languages|North Germanic]] (Denmark, the [[Faroe Islands]], Iceland, Norway, and Sweden)}}]]
-The '''Baltoscandian Confederation''' or '''Baltoscandia''' is a geopolitical [[concept]] of a [[Baltic states|Baltic]]–[[Scandinavia]]n [[Political union|union]] (consisting of [[Sweden]], [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], [[Iceland]], [[Finland]], [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], and [[Lithuania]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=SCAND 344: The Baltic States  and Scandinavia,  Spring  2002|url=http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/pakstas_magaletta.htm|access-date=16 March 2010}}</ref> The idea was proposed by a Swedish professor [[Sten De Geer|Sten de Geer]] (1886–1933) in the journal ''[[Geografiska Annaler]]'' in 1928 and further developed by Professor {{ill|Kazys Pakštas|lt|Kazys Pakštas|ru|Пакштас, Казис}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://misijalietuva100.lt/en/what-is-baltoscandia/|title=What is Baltoscandia? {{!}} Misija Lietuva 100|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-09-28}}</ref> (1893–1960), a Lithuanian scientist in the field of geography and geopolitics.
+'''Baltoscandia''' or the '''Baltoscandian Confederation''' is a geopolitical concept of a [[Baltic states|Baltic]]–[[Scandinavia]]n ([[Nordic countries|Nordic]]) [[Political union|union]] comprising [[Denmark]], [[Estonia]], [[Finland]], [[Iceland]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Norway]], and [[Sweden]].<ref>{{cite web|title=SCAND 344: The Baltic States and Scandinavia, Spring 2002|url=http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/pakstas_magaletta.htm|access-date=16 March 2010|archive-date=25 October 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031025022527/http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/pakstas_magaletta.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The idea was proposed by a Swedish Professor [[Sten De Geer|Sten de Geer]] (1886–1933) in the journal ''[[Geografiska Annaler]]'' in 1928 and further developed by Professor [[Kazys Pakštas]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://misijalietuva100.lt/en/what-is-baltoscandia/|title=What is Baltoscandia? {{!}} Misija Lietuva 100|language=en-GB|access-date=28 September 2016|archive-date=2 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002132107/http://misijalietuva100.lt/en/what-is-baltoscandia/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pakštas |first=Kazys |title=''The Baltoscandian Confederation'' |url=http://misijalietuva100.lt/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/The-Baltoscandian-Confederation.pdf |access-date=16 October 2022 |archive-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904155950/http://misijalietuva100.lt/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/The-Baltoscandian-Confederation.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> (1893–1960), a Lithuanian scientist in the field of geography and geopolitics.
 ==Development of the concept==
+Pakštas states in his book ''The Baltoscandian Confederation'' that the term Baltoscandia was first used by Sten de Geer in an article in "Geografiska Annaler" in 1928.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/pakstas_magaletta.htm|title=SCAND 344: The Baltic States and Scandinavia, Spring 2002|access-date=16 March 2010|archive-date=25 October 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031025022527/http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/pakstas_magaletta.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In this book Baltoscandia is described in several different dimensions: as a geographical and cultural, as an economic and  as  a political and military unit.<ref>[http://www.xxiamzius.lt/archyvas/priedai/horizontai/20030820/2-1.html  The Concept of Baltoscandia according to Kazys Pakstas before the war and now] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612074115/http://www.xxiamzius.lt/archyvas/priedai/horizontai/20030820/2-1.html |date=12 June 2009 }} (in Lithuanian)</ref> Kazys Pakštas proposed that one of the ways for the small nations to withstand the influence coming from the large ones is to unite and to cooperate more closely among each other. As he mentions, unification is possible only among nations that are similar by their size, geographical environment, religion, also they have to respect and to tolerate each other.
-[[File:Euler Diagram for Baltoscandia.jpg|thumb|left|Euler diagram indicating Baltoscandia among other subregions of [[Northern Europe]]]]
-Pakštas states in his book ''The Baltoscandian Confederation'' that the term Baltoscandia was first used by Sten de Geer in an article in "Geografiska Annaler" in 1928.<ref>[http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/pakstas_magaletta.htm SCAND 344: The Baltic States and Scandinavia,  Spring  2002]</ref> In this book Baltoscandia is described in several different dimensions: as a geographical and cultural, as an economic and  as  a political and military unit.<ref>[http://www.xxiamzius.lt/archyvas/priedai/horizontai/20030820/2-1.html  The Concept of Baltoscandia according to Kazys Pakstas before the war and now] (in Lithuanian)</ref> Kazys Pakštas proposed that one of the ways for the small nations to withstand the influence coming from the large ones is to unite and to cooperate more closely among each other. As he mentions, unification is possible only among nations that are similar by their size, geographical environment, religion, also they have to respect and to tolerate each other.
-As the foreign policy of Lithuania has shifted towards [[Northern Europe]] even more after [[Dalia Grybauskaitė]] came into post of the [[List of rulers of Lithuania#Republic of Lithuania (1990–present)|President of Lithuania]],<ref>[http://www.alfa.lt/straipsnis/10317330/?Lithuania.looks.towards.Northern.Europe=2010-02-24_08-18 Lithuania looks towards Northern Europe]</ref> voices questioning the return of the Baltoscandian Confederation idea are on the rise in this country.<ref>[http://www.veidas.lt/lt/leidinys.full/4b6be211a1bbe Back to Baltoscandia?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217074943/http://www.veidas.lt/lt/leidinys.full/4b6be211a1bbe |date=2010-02-17 }} (in Lithuanian)</ref>
+As the foreign policy of Lithuania has shifted towards [[Northern Europe]] even more after [[Dalia Grybauskaitė]] came into post of the [[List of rulers of Lithuania#Republic of Lithuania (1990–present)|President of Lithuania]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alfa.lt/straipsnis/10317330/?Lithuania.looks.towards.Northern.Europe=2010-02-24_08-18|title=Alfa.lt|website=www.alfa.lt|access-date=3 September 2022|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929183119/https://www.alfa.lt/straipsnis/10317330/?Lithuania.looks.towards.Northern.Europe=2010-02-24_08-18/|url-status=live}}</ref> voices questioning the return of the Baltoscandian Confederation idea are on the rise in this country.<ref>[http://www.veidas.lt/lt/leidinys.full/4b6be211a1bbe Back to Baltoscandia?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217074943/http://www.veidas.lt/lt/leidinys.full/4b6be211a1bbe |date=17 February 2010 }} (in Lithuanian)</ref>
 ==Advocacy==
-For almost 20 years, the Academy of Baltoscandia (''Baltoskandijos akademija'') functioned in [[Panevėžys]], Lithuania. It was founded on 17 November 1991 as the institute of science researches which regularly organizes arrangements dealing with Baltic and Scandinavian cultural, historical and political contacts. Its main aims were to "develop versatile links of the lands and nations in the region of Baltoscandia and to integrate the culture of Lithuania into the cultural space of Baltoscandia".<ref>{{cite web|title=Politicians have closed the Academy of Baltoscandia|url=http://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/science/politikai-uzdare-baltoskandijos-akademija.d?id=25132557|access-date=26 March 2010}}</ref> The academy was liquidated at the end of 2009 because of funding-related problems. The funding was provided by the Panevėžys city municipality, but the functions of the academy did not meet the criteria of the functions of the mentioned municipality.
+For almost 20 years, the Academy of Baltoscandia (''Baltoskandijos akademija'') functioned in [[Panevėžys]], Lithuania. It was founded on 17 November 1991 as the institute of science researches which regularly organizes arrangements dealing with Baltic and Scandinavian cultural, historical and political contacts. Its main aims were to "develop versatile links of the lands and nations in the region of Baltoscandia and to integrate the culture of Lithuania into the cultural space of Baltoscandia".<ref>{{cite web|title=Politicians have closed the Academy of Baltoscandia|url=http://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/science/politikai-uzdare-baltoskandijos-akademija.d?id=25132557|access-date=26 March 2010|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929183101/https://www.delfi.lt/mokslas/mokslas/politikai-uzdare-baltoskandijos-akademija.d?id=25132557%2F|url-status=live}}</ref> The academy was liquidated at the end of 2009 because of funding-related problems. The funding was provided by the Panevėžys city municipality, but the functions of the academy did not meet the criteria of the functions of the mentioned municipality.
 ===Other terms===
+[[File:Euler Diagram for Baltoscandia.svg|thumb|Euler diagram indicating Baltoscandia among other subregions of [[Northern Europe]]]]
-The '''[[Nordic-Baltic Eight]]''' or "'''NB8'''", where 8 stands for the number of States (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Iceland, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Sweden).
+The [[Nordic-Baltic Eight]] or NB8, where 8 stands for the number of countries (Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, and Sweden).
 == See also ==
-{{commons category|Baltoscandia}}
+{{commons category}}
 * [[Baltic region]]
 * [[Fennoscandia]]
+* [[Nordic countries]]
 * [[Nordic identity in Estonia|Nordic Estonia]]
-* [[Nordic countries]]
 * [[Nordic Investment Bank]]
 ==References==
-{{Reflist|2}}
+{{reflist}}
+{{Baltic states}}
 {{Nordic Countries}}
-{{Baltic states}}
 {{Regions of the world}}
-[[Category:Geography of Scandinavia]]
 [[Category:Baltic states]]
-[[Category:Geography of Northern Europe]]
+[[Category:Geography of Europe]]
-[[Category:Geography of Finland]]
+[[Category:Geography of Scandinavia]]
-[[Category:Geography of Denmark]]
+[[Category:Regions of Europe]]
-[[Category:Geography of Norway]]
-[[Category:Geography of Sweden]]

v t e Baltic states
Estonia Latvia Lithuania
History	Territorial changes Baltic Entente United Baltic Duchy Occupation Timeline Background by the Soviet Union (1940) by Nazi Germany by the Soviet Union (1944) Deportations June deportation (1941) Operation Priboi (1949) State continuity Diplomatic services Under Soviet rule (1944-91) Guerrilla war Sovietization Singing Revolution Baltic Way
Geography	Largest cities tallest buildings National parks
Politics	Baltic Assembly Baltic Council of Ministers Military Air Policing Air Surveillance Network Defence College Naval Squadron
Economy	Baltic Tiger Busiest airports Housing bubble Regions Gross regional product Human Development Index OMX Baltic 10
Sport	Baltic Cup Baltic Basketball League Swimming Championships Baltic Chain Tour Records in athletics in swimming
Category Commons

v t e Nordic countries
States	Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden
Autonomous countries	Åland Faroe Islands Greenland
Special status/cultural area	Svalbard Sápmi
Related	Climate of the Nordic countries Comparison of the Nordic countries Nordic Council Nordic Cross flag Subdivisions of the Nordic countries LGBT in the Nordic countries Nordic diplomatic missions
See also	Norsemen Old Norse Nordic identity in Estonia Scandinavia
Category