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{{Chinese name|[[Zhang (surname)|Zhang (張)]]}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Zhang (surname)|Zhang]]|lang=Chinese}}
{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
|name=Zhang Yan
| name = Zhang Yan
|full name=[[Ancestral name]]: Zhang<br>[[Given name]]: Yan
| full name = Zhang Yan
|father=[[Zhang Ao]], Prince of Zhao
| father = [[Zhang Ao]], Prince of Zhao
|mother=[[Princess Yuan of Lu]]
| mother = [[Princess Yuan of Lu]]
|spouse=[[Emperor Hui of Han]]
| spouse = [[Emperor Hui of Han]]
| title = [[List of Chinese empresses and queens|Empress of]] [[Han dynasty|the Han dynasty]]
|title=Empress consort of China
| succession = [[List of Chinese empresses and queens|Empress of]] [[Han dynasty|the Han dynasty]]
|reign=192 BC – 188 BC
| reign = 192–188 BC
⚫
|predecessor=[[Empress Lü Zhi]]
| reign-type = Tenure
⚫
|successor=[[Empress Lü (Houshao)|Empress Lü]]
⚫
| predecessor = [[Empress Lü]]
⚫
|birth_date=202 BC
⚫
| successor = [[Empress Lü (Houshao)]]
⚫
|death_date=163 BC (aged 38–39)
⚫
| birth_date = 202 BC?
⚫
| death_date = April or May 163 BC (aged 38-39)
| posthumous name = Empress Xiaohui (孝惠皇后)
}}
}}


'''Zhang Yan''' ({{zh|t=張嫣|s=张嫣|p=Zhāng Yān|first=t}}) (died 163 BC), known formally as '''Empress Xiaohui''' (孝惠皇后) was an [[empress#China|empress]] during the [[Han Dynasty]]. She was the daughter of [[Princess Yuan of Lu]] (the only daughter of [[Emperor Gaozu of Han|Emperor Gao]] (Liu Bang) and his wife [[Empress Dowager Lü|Empress Lü]]) and her husband [[Zhang Ao]] (張敖, son of [[Zhang Er]]), the Prince of Zhao and later Marquess of Xuanping.
'''Zhang Yan'''<ref>Lady's Zhang's name was not recorded in official histories. The name "Yan" was found in ''Shiji Suoyin'' by [[Sima Zhen]], citing [[Huangfu Mi]]</ref> ({{zh|t=張嫣|s=张嫣|p=Zhāng Yān|first=t}}; died April or May 163 BC<ref>3rd month of the 17th year of Emperor Wen's reign (indicated as 1st year of Emperor Wen's ''Hou'' era), per vol.15 of ''Zizhi Tongjian''. The month corresponds to 15 Apr to 14 May 163 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar</ref>), known formally as '''Empress Xiaohui''' (孝惠皇后) was an [[empress#China|empress]] during the [[Han dynasty]]. She was a daughter of [[Princess Yuan of Lu]] (the only daughter of [[Emperor Gaozu of Han|Emperor Gao]] (Liu Bang) and his wife [[Empress Lü]]) and her husband [[Zhang Ao]] (張敖, son of Zhang Er), the Prince of Zhao and later Marquess of Xuanping.


==Biography==
⚫
In 192 BC, at the insistence of then-Empress Dowager Lü, Lady Yan married her uncle [[Emperor Hui of Han|Emperor Hui]], the son of Emperor Gao and Empress Dowager Lü, and she was created empress. The marriage was a childless one. At Empress Dowager Lü's instruction, Empress Zhang took several male children as her own and killed their mothers. (Whether these children were Emperor Hui's is a matter of [[Emperor Hui of Han#Marriage and children|controversy]], although it appears likely that they were Emperor Hui's children by his [[concubine]]s.)


⚫
In {{circa}}November 192 BC,<ref>10th month of the 4th year of Emperor Hui's reign, per vol.12 of ''Zizhi Tongjian''. The month corresponds to 29 Oct to 27 Nov 192 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar. In the modified ''Zhuanxu'' calendar used during this era, the 4th year of Emperor Hui's reign starts from 29 Oct 192 BCE and ends on 16 Nov 191 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar.</ref> at the insistence of then-Empress Dowager Lü, Lady Yan married her uncle [[Emperor Hui of Han|Emperor Hui]], the son of Emperor Gao and Empress Dowager Lü, and she was created empress. The marriage was a childless one. At Empress Dowager Lü's instruction, Empress Zhang took several male children as her own and killed their mothers. (Whether these children were Emperor Hui's is a matter of [[Emperor Hui of Han#Marriage and children|controversy]], although it appears likely that they were Emperor Hui's children by his [[concubine]]s.)
⚫
When Emperor Hui died in 188 BC at the age of 22, one of the children that Empress Zhang adopted, [[Liu Gong]], became emperor (as Emperor Qianshao), but Grand Empress Dowager Lü had effective total control of the imperial government. Empress Zhang, who was then made empress dowager, did not appear to have significant influence. Nevertheless, when Liu Gong found out in 184 BC that he was not actually her child, he made a careless comment that he would take vengeance on her—at which Grand Empress Dowager Lü had him deposed and executed, and replaced him with his brother [[Emperor Houshao of Han|Liu Hong]] (as Emperor Houshao), who was also adopted by Empress Zhang. It was during Emperor Qianshao's reign that Empress Zhang's brother Zhang Yan (張偃, pinyin Zhāng Yǎn—notice difference in tone) was created the Prince of Lu.


⚫
When Emperor Hui died in September 188 BC at the age of 22, one of the children that Empress Zhang adopted became emperor (as Emperor Qianshao), but Grand Empress Dowager Lü had effective total control of the imperial government. Empress Zhang, was not made empress dowager as this title was retained by Empress Dowager Lü who never claimed the title Grand Empress Dowager and did not appear to have significant influence. Nevertheless, when Emperor Qianshao found out in 184 BC that he was not actually her child, he made a careless comment that he would take vengeance on her—at which Empress Dowager Lü had him deposed and executed, and replaced him with his brother [[Emperor Houshao of Han|Liu Hong]] (as Emperor Houshao), who was also adopted by Empress Zhang. It was during Emperor Qianshao's reign that Empress Zhang's brother Zhang Yan (張偃, pinyin Zhāng Yǎn—notice difference in tone) was created the Prince of Lu.
⚫
After Grand Empress Dowager Lü died in 180 BC, and the Lü clan overthrown and slaughtered by the officials opposed to the Lüs in the [[Lü Clan Disturbance]], Emperor Houshao was deposed and killed. Empress Dowager Zhang was not killed, but she was deposed from her position as empress dowager and henceforth referred to as Empress Hui. Her brother, the Prince of Lu, was also deposed and reduced in rank to Marquess of Nangong. After this she went to live in a palace to the north and no records exist of her later life until her death.<ref>{{cite book | authors=Lee and Stefanowska | page=242 }}</ref> Empress Zhang died in 163 BC and was buried with her husband of merely four years.

⚫
After Empress Dowager Lü died in August 180 BC, and the Lü clan overthrown and slaughtered by the officials opposed to the Lüs in the [[Lü Clan Disturbance]], Emperor Houshao was deposed and killed. Empress Zhang was not killed, but she was put under house arrest in a palace to the north after being deposed from her position as empress and henceforth referred to as Empress Hui. Her brother, the Prince of Lu, was also deposed and reduced in rank to Marquess of Nangong. After this no records exist of her later life until her death.<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographical Dictionary of Chinese women: Antiquity through Sui, 1600 B.C.E-618 C.E.|url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00leel|url-access=limited|last=Lee|first=Lily Xiao Hong|last2=Stefanowska|first2=A. D.|publisher=M.E. Sharpe, Inc.|year=2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00leel/page/n272 242]}}</ref> Empress Zhang died in 163 BC and was buried with her husband of merely four years.


==Family==
==Family==
⚫
*Father: Zhang Ao, Prince of Zhao and Marquis of Xuanping
⚫
* Maternal great-grandfather: [[Liu Taigong]]
* Paternal grandfather: [[Zhang Er]], Prince Jin of Zhao
**Grandfather: Zhang Er, Prince Jin of Zhao
*Mother: [[Princess Yuan of Lu]]
* Maternal grandfather/father-in-law: [[Emperor Gaozu of Han]]
* Maternal grandmother/mother-in-law: [[Empress Lü Zhi]]
**Grandfather/father-in-law: [[Emperor Gaozu of Han]]
⚫
***Great-grandfather: [[Liu Taigong]]
⚫
* Uncle/Husband: [[Emperor Hui of Han]]
**Grandmother/mother-in-law: [[Empress Lü]] Zhi
⚫
* Father: Zhang Ao, Prince of Zhao and Marquis of Xuanping
* Mother: [[Princess Yuan of Lu]]
***Brother: Zhang Yan, Prince Yuan of Lu and Marquis of Nangong
* Brother: Zhang Yan, Prince Yuan of Lu and Marquis of Nangong
***Brother: Zhang Shou, Marquis of Lechang
⚫
*Uncle/Husband: [[Emperor Hui of Han]]
* Brother: Zhang Shou, Marquis of Lechang
* Adopted son: [[Liu Gong]], Emperor Qianshao
**Adopted son: Emperor Qianshao
* Adopted son: Liu Qiang, Prince Huai of Huaiyang
**Adopted son: Liu Qiang, Prince Huai of Huaiyang
* Adopted son: Liu Buyi, Prince Ai of Hengshan
**Adopted son: Liu Buyi, Prince Ai of Hengshan
* Adopted son: Liu Hong, [[Emperor Houshao of Han|Emperor Houshao]]
**Adopted son: Liu Hong, [[Emperor Houshao of Han|Emperor Houshao]]
* Adopted son: Liu Zhao, Prince of Hengshan
**Adopted son: Liu Zhao, Prince of Hengshan
* Adopted son: Liu Wu, Prince of Huaiyang
**Adopted son: Liu Wu, Prince of Huaiyang
* Adopted son: Liu Tai, Prince of Liang
**Adopted son: Liu Tai, Prince of Liang


==Titles==
==Titles==
[[File:张嫣皇后墓.png|thumb|Tomb of Emperess Zhang Yan in Anling (安陵), in [[Xianyang]], Shaanxi]]
* 202–192 BC: Princess Zhang Yan of Zhao
* 210–192 BC: Princess Zhang Yan of Zhao
* 192–188 BC: Empress of China
* 192–188 BC: Empress of China
* 188–163 BC: Empress Xiaohui
* 188–163 BC: Empress Xiaohui
Line 49: Line 55:


==References==
==References==
* {{cite book | title= Biographical Dictionary of Chinese women: Antiquity through Sui, 1600 B.C.E-618 C.E. | authors= Lee, Lily Xiao Hong, and Stefanowska, A.D.| year=2007 | publisher=M.E. Sharpe, Inc }}
* {{cite book | title= Biographical Dictionary of Chinese women: Antiquity through Sui, 1600 B.C.E-618 C.E. | author= Lee, Lily Xiao Hong | author2= Stefanowska, A.D. | name-list-style= amp| year=2007 | publisher=M.E. Sharpe, Inc. }}


{{s-start}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-roy|cn}}
{{s-roy|cn}}
{{succession box|before=[[Empress Lü Zhi]]|after=[[Empress Lü (Houshao)|Empress Lü]]|title=[[List of Empresses of the Han Dynasty|Empress of Western Han Dynasty]]|years=192 BC – 188 BC}}
{{succession box|before=[[Empress Lü]] Zhi|after=[[Empress Lü (Houshao)|Empress Lü]]|title=[[List of Empresses of the Han Dynasty|Empress of Western Han Dynasty]]|years=192–188 BC}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-end}}


{{Han empresses|state=collapsed}}
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->

| NAME = Zhang Yan, Empress
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Chinese empress
| DATE OF BIRTH = 202 BC
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhang Yan, Empress}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhang Yan, Empress}}
[[Category:202 BC births]]
[[Category:210 BC births]]
[[Category:163 BC deaths]]
[[Category:163 BC deaths]]
[[Category:Han dynasty empresses]]
[[Category:Han dynasty empresses]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC women]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Chinese women]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC women]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC Chinese women]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Chinese people]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Chinese people]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC Chinese people]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC Chinese people]]

Latest revision as of 19:40, 18 October 2024

In this Chinese name, the family name is Zhang.
Zhang Yan
Empress of the Han dynasty
Empress of the Han dynasty
Tenure192–188 BC
PredecessorEmpress Lü
SuccessorEmpress Lü (Houshao)
Born202 BC?
DiedApril or May 163 BC (aged 38-39)
SpouseEmperor Hui of Han
Names
Zhang Yan
Posthumous name
Empress Xiaohui (孝惠皇后)
FatherZhang Ao, Prince of Zhao
MotherPrincess Yuan of Lu

Zhang Yan[1] (traditional Chinese: 張嫣; simplified Chinese: 张嫣; pinyin: Zhāng Yān; died April or May 163 BC[2]), known formally as Empress Xiaohui (孝惠皇后) was an empress during the Han dynasty. She was a daughter of Princess Yuan of Lu (the only daughter of Emperor Gao (Liu Bang) and his wife Empress Lü) and her husband Zhang Ao (張敖, son of Zhang Er), the Prince of Zhao and later Marquess of Xuanping.

Biography

[edit]

In c.November 192 BC,[3] at the insistence of then-Empress Dowager Lü, Lady Yan married her uncle Emperor Hui, the son of Emperor Gao and Empress Dowager Lü, and she was created empress. The marriage was a childless one. At Empress Dowager Lü's instruction, Empress Zhang took several male children as her own and killed their mothers. (Whether these children were Emperor Hui's is a matter of controversy, although it appears likely that they were Emperor Hui's children by his concubines.)

When Emperor Hui died in September 188 BC at the age of 22, one of the children that Empress Zhang adopted became emperor (as Emperor Qianshao), but Grand Empress Dowager Lü had effective total control of the imperial government. Empress Zhang, was not made empress dowager as this title was retained by Empress Dowager Lü who never claimed the title Grand Empress Dowager and did not appear to have significant influence. Nevertheless, when Emperor Qianshao found out in 184 BC that he was not actually her child, he made a careless comment that he would take vengeance on her—at which Empress Dowager Lü had him deposed and executed, and replaced him with his brother Liu Hong (as Emperor Houshao), who was also adopted by Empress Zhang. It was during Emperor Qianshao's reign that Empress Zhang's brother Zhang Yan (張偃, pinyin Zhāng Yǎn—notice difference in tone) was created the Prince of Lu.

After Empress Dowager Lü died in August 180 BC, and the Lü clan overthrown and slaughtered by the officials opposed to the Lüs in the Lü Clan Disturbance, Emperor Houshao was deposed and killed. Empress Zhang was not killed, but she was put under house arrest in a palace to the north after being deposed from her position as empress and henceforth referred to as Empress Hui. Her brother, the Prince of Lu, was also deposed and reduced in rank to Marquess of Nangong. After this no records exist of her later life until her death.[4] Empress Zhang died in 163 BC and was buried with her husband of merely four years.

Family

[edit]
  • Father: Zhang Ao, Prince of Zhao and Marquis of Xuanping
    • Grandfather: Zhang Er, Prince Jin of Zhao
  • Mother: Princess Yuan of Lu
    • Grandfather/father-in-law: Emperor Gaozu of Han
    • Grandmother/mother-in-law: Empress Lü Zhi
      • Brother: Zhang Yan, Prince Yuan of Lu and Marquis of Nangong
      • Brother: Zhang Shou, Marquis of Lechang
  • Uncle/Husband: Emperor Hui of Han
    • Adopted son: Emperor Qianshao
    • Adopted son: Liu Qiang, Prince Huai of Huaiyang
    • Adopted son: Liu Buyi, Prince Ai of Hengshan
    • Adopted son: Liu Hong, Emperor Houshao
    • Adopted son: Liu Zhao, Prince of Hengshan
    • Adopted son: Liu Wu, Prince of Huaiyang
    • Adopted son: Liu Tai, Prince of Liang

Titles

[edit]
Tomb of Emperess Zhang Yan in Anling (安陵), in Xianyang, Shaanxi
  • 210–192 BC: Princess Zhang Yan of Zhao
  • 192–188 BC: Empress of China
  • 188–163 BC: Empress Xiaohui

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Lady's Zhang's name was not recorded in official histories. The name "Yan" was found in Shiji Suoyin by Sima Zhen, citing Huangfu Mi
  2. ^ 3rd month of the 17th year of Emperor Wen's reign (indicated as 1st year of Emperor Wen's Hou era), per vol.15 of Zizhi Tongjian. The month corresponds to 15 Apr to 14 May 163 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar
  3. ^ 10th month of the 4th year of Emperor Hui's reign, per vol.12 of Zizhi Tongjian. The month corresponds to 29 Oct to 27 Nov 192 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar. In the modified Zhuanxu calendar used during this era, the 4th year of Emperor Hui's reign starts from 29 Oct 192 BCE and ends on 16 Nov 191 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar.
  4. ^ Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Stefanowska, A. D. (2007). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese women: Antiquity through Sui, 1600 B.C.E-618 C.E.. M.E. Sharpe, Inc. p. 242.

References

[edit]
  • Lee, Lily Xiao Hong & Stefanowska, A.D. (2007). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese women: Antiquity through Sui, 1600 B.C.E-618 C.E. M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
Chinese royalty
Preceded by Empress of Western Han Dynasty
192–188 BC 		Succeeded by
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