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The B&W mPower was a proposed small modular reactor designed by Babcock & Wilcox, and to be built by Generation mPower LLC, a joint venture of Babcock & Wilcox and Bechtel. It was a Generation III+ integral pressurized water reactor (light water reactor) concept.

In March 2017, Bechtel withdrew from the joint venture and the project was terminated.^[1]^[2]

History

The reactor was unveiled by Babcock & Wilcox in June 2009.^[3]^[4] In July 2010, Babcock & Wilcox announced a formal alliance with Bechtel called Generation mPower LLC.^[5] At the same time, Babcock & Wilcox announced that it would build a test facility for the mPower reactor design at the Center for Advanced Engineering and Research in Bedford County, Virginia.^[6] In April 2011, Babcock & Wilcox received a $5 million grant from the Virginia Tobacco Indemnification and Community Revitalisation Commission for this test facility.^[7]^[8]

In June 2011 Generation mPower signed a letter of intent with the Tennessee Valley Authority for constructing up to six reactors at Clinch River Breeder Reactor site in Tennessee.^[9]^[10]

Generation mPower planned to apply to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for design certification by 2013.^[10] Babcock & Wilcox announced on February 20, 2013, that they had contracted with the Tennessee Valley Authority to apply for permits to build an mPower small modular reactor at TVA's Clinch River site in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.^[11]^[12]

In November 2012, mPower won a US Department of Energy funding competition for new Small modular reactor (SMR) designs. The competition was intended to accelerate development of SMRs.^[13] The award was funded at $79 million in 2013, from a total of $150 million over five years, with a possibility of total government grants reaching $226 million or more.^[14]

In 2013 Babcock & Wilcox had intended to sell a majority stake in the mPower joint venture, but in February 2014 announced it was unable to find a buyer.^[15]

In February 2014, Jim Ferland, B&W's CEO, announced that spending on the mPower reactor development will be decreased by 75%. The official explanation was that the company had failed in its effort to find additional major investors to participate in the project.^[16]

In April 2014, Babcock & Wilcox announced it was scaling back investment in the programme, projecting investment of up to $15 million annually. It stated:

"Without the ability to secure significant additional investors or customer engineering, procurement and construction contracts to provide the financial support necessary to develop and deploy mPower reactors, the current development pace will be slowed."^[17]

In March 2017 Bechtel withdrew from the joint venture, citing the inability to find a utility company that would provide a site for a first reactor and an investor.^[1] The development project was terminated, with Babcock & Wilcox paying Bechtel a $30 million settlement.^[2]^[18]

Design

B&W mPower was a Generation III+ integral pressurized water reactor (light water reactor) with a modular design. The reactor and steam generator would be located in a single integrated reactor vessel located in an underground containment facility that would store all of the spent fuel.^[4] The modular unit had a diameter of 4.5 metres (15 ft) and it was 23 metres (75 ft) high. The reactor core was 2 by 2 metres (6 ft 7 in by 6 ft 7 in). The steam generator was similar to Once Through Steam Generators (OTSG) used in existing B&W plants (i.e. Three Mile island). The unit had an air-cooled condenser giving 31% thermal efficiency, and passive safety systems.^[19]

The reactor was planned to have a rated electrical output of 125–180 MWe.^[19] When originally announced, the reactor had planned capacity of 125 MWe.^[4]^[19] Later the power was increased to 160 MWe and then to 180 MWe.^[19] In its pre-application design certification interaction with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the reactor's rated capacity was described as 500MWt of thermal power and 160 MWe of electrical power.^[20]

The reactor was designed for an expected lifetime of 60 years.^[4]^[20]^[21]^[22]

Fuel and refueling

B&W mPower uses standard fuel enriched to 5%, similar to the fuel loaded in the other PWRs.^[19] It was designed for a 4-year refueling cycle. In the process of refuelling, the entire core will be completely removed in a single evolution, and replaced in a second separate evolution, making the core nearly "plug and play", unlike traditional reactors, which require fuel handling and movement of individual fuel rods during a refueling outage.^[19] The entire used core, once removed, can be placed in storage in the spent fuel pool next to the IRV in the containment, which was designed to hold an entire 60 years worth of used fuel, and was accessible by the containment gantry crane located above the IRV within the containment.^[21]

Thermal hydraulics

The mPower incorporates several features of the boiling water reactor (BWR). Like a BWR, the mPower reactor's primary coolant/moderator was highly purified water (with no boric acid). The Reactor Water Cleanup System ensures that primary system water remains pure. Similar to the ABWR, the mPower reactor had integral coolant recirculation pumps inside the Integral Reactor Vessel (IRV). The mPower reactor control rods are inserted from the top of the core and inserted upon scram under gravity. All of the primary coolants were in the liquid phase during normal operation.^{[citation needed]}

The integral once-through steam generator was an advanced derivative of the steam generators used in older B&W designs (Davis Besse). Control rod drives do not penetrate the IRV, as in the light water reactors of today, but are instead wholly enclosed within the IRV. Burnable neutron absorbers within the fuel and control rod inventory are used to suppress hot excess reactivity. Cold shut-down was accomplished with control rod insertion (as in BWRs).^{[citation needed]}

The mPower was designed to produce superheated steam and would not require steam separators and dryers before admitting steam into the high-pressure turbine.^{[citation needed]}

Safety

The mPower was designed to eliminate the potential loss of coolant accidents as the integral reactor vessel would not have a large cold or hot leg piping; it contains the entire primary coolant loop within the reactor pressure vessel with automatic primary loop depressurization. If secondary cooling was lost, creating an effective loss of standard heat removal, there are water supplies located above and within the containment that can cool the vessel with gravity-driven cooling. Heat removal can be used if these systems are exhausted, such as by flooding the containment and establishing natural circulation, as no electrically driven pumps are required.^[23]

References

^ ^a ^b Simpson, Jack (17 March 2017). "Bechtel pulls out of mini-nuclear development". Construction News. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
^ ^a ^b Adams, Rod (13 March 2017). "Bechtel And BWXT Quietly Terminate mPower Reactor Project". Forbes. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
^ Disavino, Scott; O'Grady, Eileen; Doggett, Tom (2009-06-10). "McDermott B&W unit unveils small nuclear reactor". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "B&W unveils modular nuclear power design". World Nuclear News. 2009-06-10. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
^ "B&W, Bechtel team up on mPower". World Nuclear News. 2010-07-14. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
^ "B&W to build mPower test facility". World Nuclear News. 2010-07-28. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
^ "B&W awarded grant for mPower development". World Nuclear News. 2011-04-13. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
^ "Babcock & Wilcox plans Virginia testing facility". Bloomberg Businessweek. Associated Press. 2010-07-27. Archived from the original on 2013-01-19. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
^ Disavino, Scott (2011-06-16). "FACTBOX-U.S. proposed new nuclear power reactors". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
^ ^a ^b "TVA progresses with mPower project". World Nuclear News. 2011-06-17. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
^ "B&W, TVA Sign Contract for Clinch River mPower Construction Permit". Charlotte, NC: Babcock & Wilcox. February 20, 2013. Archived from the original (press release) on March 30, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
^ Matthew L. Wald (February 20, 2013). "Deal Advances Development of a Smaller Nuclear Reactor". The New York Times. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
^ "mPower empowered by SMR funds". November 21, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
^ "SMR funding signed, sealed and delivered". April 16, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
^ John Downey (28 February 2014). "No sale: Babcock & Wilcox can.t find buyer for Generation mPower". Charlotte Business Journal. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
^ Adams, Roy (2014-06-20). "B&W mPower cover story about lack of interest is bogus". Atomic Insights. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
^ "B&W scales back small reactor development". Nuclear Engineering International. 15 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
^ Carmel, Margaret (15 March 2017). "BWXT, Bechtel shelve mPower program". Roanoke Times. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Small Nuclear Power Reactors". World Nuclear Association. February 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-02-12. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
^ ^a ^b "B&W mPower". Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Retrieved 2012-02-16.
^ ^a ^b Spring, Nancy (2010-01-01). "B&W mPower". Power Engineering. Pennwell Corporation. Retrieved 2012-02-16.
^ Mansfield, Duncan (2009-06-10). "Babcock & Wilcox planning mini nuclear reactor". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
^ Rosner, Robert; Lordan, Rebecca; Goldberg, Stephen (2011). "Moving to passive designs" (PDF). Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 67 (4): 27. Bibcode:2011BuAtS..67d..23R. doi:10.1177/0096340211413374. S2CID 144323935. Retrieved 2012-02-21.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

External links

[cn-20170317-1] Simpson, Jack (17 March 2017). "Bechtel pulls out of mini-nuclear development". Construction News. Retrieved 18 March 2017.

[forbes-20170313-2] Adams, Rod (13 March 2017). "Bechtel And BWXT Quietly Terminate mPower Reactor Project". Forbes. Retrieved 23 March 2017.

[reuters100609-3] Disavino, Scott; O'Grady, Eileen; Doggett, Tom (2009-06-10). "McDermott B&W unit unveils small nuclear reactor". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved 2012-02-17.

[wnn100609-4] "B&W unveils modular nuclear power design". World Nuclear News. 2009-06-10. Retrieved 2012-02-17.

[wnn140710-5] "B&W, Bechtel team up on mPower". World Nuclear News. 2010-07-14. Retrieved 2012-02-17.

[wnn280710-6] "B&W to build mPower test facility". World Nuclear News. 2010-07-28. Retrieved 2012-02-17.

[wnn130411-7] "B&W awarded grant for mPower development". World Nuclear News. 2011-04-13. Retrieved 2012-02-17.

[bloomberg270710-8] "Babcock & Wilcox plans Virginia testing facility". Bloomberg Businessweek. Associated Press. 2010-07-27. Archived from the original on 2013-01-19. Retrieved 2012-02-17.

[reuters160611-9] Disavino, Scott (2011-06-16). "FACTBOX-U.S. proposed new nuclear power reactors". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved 2012-02-20.

[wnn170611-10] "TVA progresses with mPower project". World Nuclear News. 2011-06-17. Retrieved 2012-02-17.

[B&W022013-11] "B&W, TVA Sign Contract for Clinch River mPower Construction Permit". Charlotte, NC: Babcock & Wilcox. February 20, 2013. Archived from the original (press release) on March 30, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2013.

[NYT022013-12] Matthew L. Wald (February 20, 2013). "Deal Advances Development of a Smaller Nuclear Reactor". The New York Times. Retrieved February 21, 2013.

[wouldMR-13] "mPower empowered by SMR funds". November 21, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2014.

[wouldMR2-14] "SMR funding signed, sealed and delivered". April 16, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2014.

[15] John Downey (28 February 2014). "No sale: Babcock & Wilcox can.t find buyer for Generation mPower". Charlotte Business Journal. Retrieved 17 April 2014.

[16] Adams, Roy (2014-06-20). "B&W mPower cover story about lack of interest is bogus". Atomic Insights. Retrieved 2020-01-09.

[nei-20140415-17] "B&W scales back small reactor development". Nuclear Engineering International. 15 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.

[roanoke-20170315-18] Carmel, Margaret (15 March 2017). "BWXT, Bechtel shelve mPower program". Roanoke Times. Retrieved 23 March 2017.

[wna-19] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Small Nuclear Power Reactors". World Nuclear Association. February 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-02-12. Retrieved 2012-02-17.

[nrc-20] "B&W mPower". Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Retrieved 2012-02-16.

[power-engineering-21] Spring, Nancy (2010-01-01). "B&W mPower". Power Engineering. Pennwell Corporation. Retrieved 2012-02-16.

[ap100609-22] Mansfield, Duncan (2009-06-10). "Babcock & Wilcox planning mini nuclear reactor". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. Retrieved 2012-02-17.

[bulletin-23] Rosner, Robert; Lordan, Rebecca; Goldberg, Stephen (2011). "Moving to passive designs" (PDF). Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 67 (4): 27. Bibcode:2011BuAtS..67d..23R. doi:10.1177/0096340211413374. S2CID 144323935. Retrieved 2012-02-21.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

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+{{Short description|Proposed small modular reactor}}
 {{multiple issues|
-{{Cleanup-spam|date=February 2012}}
+{{Advert|date=February 2012}}
-{{refimprove|date=February 2012}}
+{{More citations needed|date=February 2012}}
 }}
-The '''B&W mPower''' was a proposed [[small modular reactor]] designed by [[Babcock & Wilcox]], and to be built by Generation mPower LLC, a joint venture of Babcock & Wilcox and [[Bechtel]]. It was a [[Generation III reactor|Generation III+]] integral [[pressurized water reactor]] ([[light water reactor]]) concept.
+The '''B&W mPower''' was a proposed [[small modular reactor]] designed by [[Babcock & Wilcox]], and to be built by Generation mPower LLC, a [[joint venture]] of Babcock & Wilcox and [[Bechtel]]. It was a [[Generation III reactor|Generation III+]] integral [[pressurized water reactor]] ([[light water reactor]]) concept.
-In March 2017 Bechtel withdrew from the joint venture and the project was terminated.<ref name=cn-20170317/><ref name=forbes-20170313/>
+In March 2017, Bechtel withdrew from the joint venture and the project was terminated.<ref name=cn-20170317/><ref name=forbes-20170313/>
 ==History==
-The reactor was unveiled by Babcock & Wilcox in June 2009.<ref name=reuters100609>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2009/06/10/utilities-babcock-nuclear-idUKN1044654820090610|title=McDermott B&W unit unveils small nuclear reactor|date=2009-06-10|agency=[[Reuters]]|first1=Scott|last1=Disavino|first2=Eileen|last2=O'Grady|first3=Tom|last3=Doggett|accessdate=2012-02-17}}</ref><ref name=wnn100609>{{cite news|url=http://world-nuclear-news.org/NN-BandW_unveils_modular_reactor_design-1006095.html|title=B&W unveils modular nuclear power design|date=2009-06-10|work=World Nuclear News|accessdate=2012-02-17}}</ref> In July 2010, Babcock & Wilcox announced a formal alliance with Bechtel called Generation mPower LLC.<ref name=wnn140710>{{cite news|url=http://world-nuclear-news.org/NN-BandW_Bechtel_team_up_on_mPower-1407106.html|title=B&W, Bechtel team up on mPower|date=2010-07-14|work=World Nuclear News|accessdate=2012-02-17}}</ref> At the same time, Babcock & Wilcox announced that it will build a test facility for the mPower reactor design at the Center for Advanced Engineering and Research in [[Bedford County, Virginia]].<ref name=wnn280710>{{cite news|url=http://world-nuclear-news.org/NN-BandW_to_build_mPower_test_facility-2807104.html|title=B&W to build mPower test facility|date=2010-07-28|work=World Nuclear News|accessdate=2012-02-17}}</ref> In April 2011, Babcock & Wilcox received a $5 million grant from the Virginia Tobacco Indemnification and Community Revitalisation Commission for this test facility.<ref name=wnn130411>{{cite news|url=http://world-nuclear-news.org/NN-BandW_awarded_grant_for_mPower_development-1304114.html|title=B&W awarded grant for mPower development|date=2011-04-13|work=World Nuclear News|accessdate=2012-02-17}}</ref><ref name=bloomberg270710>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9H7IRU83.htm|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130119004217/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9H7IRU83.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2013-01-19|title=Babcock & Wilcox plans Virginia testing facility|date=2010-07-27|agency=[[Associated Press]]|work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]|accessdate=2012-02-17}}</ref>
+The reactor was unveiled by Babcock & Wilcox in June 2009.<ref name=reuters100609>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/utilities-babcock-nuclear-idUKN1044654820090610|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306222540/http://uk.reuters.com/article/utilities-babcock-nuclear-idUKN1044654820090610|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 6, 2016|title=McDermott B&W unit unveils small nuclear reactor|date=2009-06-10|work=[[Reuters]]|first1=Scott|last1=Disavino|first2=Eileen|last2=O'Grady|first3=Tom|last3=Doggett|accessdate=2012-02-17}}</ref><ref name=wnn100609>{{cite news|url=http://world-nuclear-news.org/NN-BandW_unveils_modular_reactor_design-1006095.html|title=B&W unveils modular nuclear power design|date=2009-06-10|work=World Nuclear News|accessdate=2012-02-17}}</ref> In July 2010, Babcock & Wilcox announced a formal alliance with Bechtel called Generation mPower LLC.<ref name=wnn140710>{{cite news|url=http://world-nuclear-news.org/NN-BandW_Bechtel_team_up_on_mPower-1407106.html|title=B&W, Bechtel team up on mPower|date=2010-07-14|work=World Nuclear News|accessdate=2012-02-17}}</ref> At the same time, Babcock & Wilcox announced that it would build a test facility for the mPower reactor design at the Center for Advanced Engineering and Research in [[Bedford County, Virginia]].<ref name=wnn280710>{{cite news|url=http://world-nuclear-news.org/NN-BandW_to_build_mPower_test_facility-2807104.html|title=B&W to build mPower test facility|date=2010-07-28|work=World Nuclear News|accessdate=2012-02-17}}</ref> In April 2011, Babcock & Wilcox received a $5 million grant from the [https://www.revitalizeva.org/#:~:text=To%20date%2C%20the%20Commission%20has,tobacco%20growers%20and%20quota%20holders. Virginia Tobacco Indemnification] and [https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/community-revitalization Community Revitalisation Commission] for this test facility.<ref name=wnn130411>{{cite news|url=http://world-nuclear-news.org/NN-BandW_awarded_grant_for_mPower_development-1304114.html|title=B&W awarded grant for mPower development|date=2011-04-13|work=World Nuclear News|accessdate=2012-02-17}}</ref><ref name=bloomberg270710>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9H7IRU83.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119004217/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9H7IRU83.htm|url-status = dead|archive-date=2013-01-19|title=Babcock & Wilcox plans Virginia testing facility|date=2010-07-27|agency=[[Associated Press]]|work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]|accessdate=2012-02-17}}</ref>
-In June 2011 Generation mPower signed a letter of intent with the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]] for constructing up to six reactors at [[Clinch River Breeder Reactor]] site in [[Tennessee]].<ref name=reuters160611>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/06/16/utilities-westinghouse-ap-idUKN1623002020110616|title=FACTBOX-U.S. proposed new nuclear power reactors|date=2011-06-16|agency =[[Reuters]]|first1 =Scott| last1 =Disavino|accessdate=2012-02-20}}</ref><ref name=wnn170611>{{cite news|url=http://world-nuclear-news.org/NN-TVA_progresses_with_mPower_project-1706115.aspx|title=TVA progresses with mPower project|date=2011-06-17|work=World Nuclear News|accessdate=2012-02-17}}</ref>
+In June 2011 Generation mPower signed a letter of intent with the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]] for constructing up to six reactors at [[Clinch River Breeder Reactor]] site in [[Tennessee]].<ref name=reuters160611>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/utilities-westinghouse-ap-idUKN1623002020110616|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306153747/http://uk.reuters.com/article/utilities-westinghouse-ap-idUKN1623002020110616|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 6, 2016|title=FACTBOX-U.S. proposed new nuclear power reactors|date=2011-06-16|work =[[Reuters]]|first1 =Scott| last1 =Disavino|accessdate=2012-02-20}}</ref><ref name=wnn170611>{{cite news|url=http://world-nuclear-news.org/NN-TVA_progresses_with_mPower_project-1706115.aspx|title=TVA progresses with mPower project|date=2011-06-17|work=World Nuclear News|accessdate=2012-02-17}}</ref>
-Generation mPower planned to apply to the [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]] for design certification by 2013.<ref name=wnn170611/> Babcock & Wilcox announced on February 20, 2013, that they had contracted with the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]] to apply for permits to build an mPower small modular reactor at TVA's [[Clinch River Breeder Reactor Project#Location|Clinch River site]] in [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee]].<ref name=B&W022013>{{cite web|title=B&W, TVA Sign Contract for Clinch River mPower Construction Permit |url=http://www.babcock.com/news_and_events/2013/20130220a.html |publisher=Babcock & Wilcox |accessdate=February 20, 2013 |location=Charlotte, NC |format=press release |date=February 20, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330123147/http://www.babcock.com/news_and_events/2013/20130220a.html |archivedate=March 30, 2013 |df= }}</ref><ref name=NYT022013>{{cite news|title=Deal Advances Development of a Smaller Nuclear Reactor|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/21/business/tva-and-babcock-wilcox-in-nuclear-reactor-deal.html|accessdate=February 21, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 20, 2013|author=Matthew L. Wald}}</ref>
+Generation mPower planned to apply to the [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]] for design certification by 2013.<ref name=wnn170611/> Babcock & Wilcox announced on February 20, 2013, that they had contracted with the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]] to apply for permits to build an mPower small modular reactor at TVA's [[Clinch River Breeder Reactor Project#Location|Clinch River site]] in [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee]].<ref name=B&W022013>{{cite web|title=B&W, TVA Sign Contract for Clinch River mPower Construction Permit |url=http://www.babcock.com/news_and_events/2013/20130220a.html |publisher=Babcock & Wilcox |accessdate=February 20, 2013 |location=Charlotte, NC |format=press release |date=February 20, 2013 |url-status = dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330123147/http://www.babcock.com/news_and_events/2013/20130220a.html |archivedate=March 30, 2013 }}</ref><ref name=NYT022013>{{cite news|title=Deal Advances Development of a Smaller Nuclear Reactor|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/21/business/tva-and-babcock-wilcox-in-nuclear-reactor-deal.html|accessdate=February 21, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 20, 2013|author=Matthew L. Wald}}</ref>
-In November 2012, mPower won a US Department of Energy funding competition for new [[Small modular reactor]] (SMR) designs. The competition was intended to accelerate development of SMRs.<ref name=wouldMR>{{cite news|title=mPower empowered by SMR funds|url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-mPower_empowered_by_SMR_funds_121112a.html|date=November 21, 2012|accessdate=May 9, 2014}}</ref> The award was funded at $79 million in 2013, from a total of $150 million over five years, with a possibility of total government grants reaching $226 million or more.<ref name=wouldMR2>{{cite news|title=SMR funding signed, sealed and delivered|url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-SMR_funding_signed_sealed_and_delivered-1604137.html|date=April 16, 2013|accessdate=May 9, 2014}}</ref>
+In November 2012, mPower won a [[United States Department of Energy|US Department of Energy]] funding competition for new [[Small modular reactor]] (SMR) designs. The competition was intended to accelerate development of SMRs.<ref name=wouldMR>{{cite news|title=mPower empowered by SMR funds|url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-mPower_empowered_by_SMR_funds_121112a.html|date=November 21, 2012|accessdate=May 9, 2014}}</ref> The award was funded at $79 million in 2013, from a total of $150 million over five years, with a possibility of total government grants reaching $226 million or more.<ref name=wouldMR2>{{cite news|title=SMR funding signed, sealed and delivered|url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-SMR_funding_signed_sealed_and_delivered-1604137.html|date=April 16, 2013|accessdate=May 9, 2014}}</ref>
 In 2013 Babcock & Wilcox had intended to sell a majority stake in the mPower joint venture, but in February 2014 announced it was unable to find a buyer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/blog/power_city/2014/02/no-sale-babcock-wilcox-can-t-find-buyer-for.html|title=No sale: Babcock & Wilcox can.t find buyer for Generation mPower|author=John Downey|newspaper=Charlotte Business Journal|date=28 February 2014|accessdate=17 April 2014}}</ref>
+In February 2014, Jim Ferland, B&W's CEO, announced that spending on the mPower reactor development will be decreased by 75%. The official explanation was that the company had failed in its effort to find additional major investors to participate in the project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://atomicinsights.com/bw-mpower-cover-story-lack-interest-bogus/|title=B&W mPower cover story about lack of interest is bogus|last=Adams|first=Roy|date=2014-06-20|website=Atomic Insights|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref>
 In April 2014, Babcock & Wilcox announced it was scaling back investment in the programme, projecting investment of up to $15 million annually. It stated:
-{{quote|without the ability to secure significant additional investors or customer engineering, procurement and construction contracts to provide the financial support necessary to develop and deploy mPower reactors, the current development pace will be slowed.<ref name=nei-20140415>{{cite news|url=http://www.neimagazine.com/news/newsbw-scales-back-small-reactor-development-4214703|title=B&W scales back small reactor development|publisher=Nuclear Engineering International|date=15 April 2014|accessdate=16 April 2014}}</ref>}}
+{{quote|"Without the ability to secure significant additional investors or customer engineering, procurement and construction contracts to provide the financial support necessary to develop and deploy mPower reactors, the current development pace will be slowed."<ref name=nei-20140415>{{cite news|url=http://www.neimagazine.com/news/newsbw-scales-back-small-reactor-development-4214703|title=B&W scales back small reactor development|publisher=Nuclear Engineering International|date=15 April 2014|accessdate=16 April 2014}}</ref>}}
 In March 2017 Bechtel withdrew from the joint venture, citing the inability to find a utility company that would provide a site for a first reactor and an investor.<ref name=cn-20170317>{{cite news|url=https://www.constructionnews.co.uk/markets/sectors/nuclear/bechtel-pulls-out-of-mini-nuclear-development/10018348.article|title=Bechtel pulls out of mini-nuclear development|first=Jack|last=Simpson|publisher=Construction News|date=17 March 2017|accessdate=18 March 2017}}</ref> The development project was terminated, with Babcock & Wilcox paying Bechtel a $30 million settlement.<ref name=forbes-20170313>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rodadams/2017/03/13/bechtel-and-bwxt-quietly-terminate-mpower-reactor-project/#63856da84990|title=Bechtel And BWXT Quietly Terminate mPower Reactor Project|first=Rod|last=Adams|newspaper=Forbes|date=13 March 2017|accessdate=23 March 2017}}</ref><ref name=roanoke-20170315>{{cite news|url=http://www.roanoke.com/news/bwxt-bechtel-shelve-mpower-program/article_9d2f050a-6782-5a04-9212-a8c4b93a1840.html|title=BWXT, Bechtel shelve mPower program|first=Margaret|last=Carmel|newspaper=Roanoke Times|date=15 March 2017|accessdate=23 March 2017}}</ref>
 ==Design==
-B&W mPower was a Generation III+ integral pressurized water reactor (light water reactor) with a modular design. The reactor and [[Steam generator (nuclear power)|steam generator]] would be located in a single integrated [[reactor vessel]] located in an [[containment building|underground containment facility]] that would store all of the spent fuel.<ref name=wnn100609/> The modular unit had a diameter of {{convert|4.5|m}} and it was {{convert|23|m}} high. The reactor core was {{convert|2|by|2|m}}. The steam generator was similar to Once Through Steam Generators (OTSG) used in existing B&W plants (i.e. Three Mile island). The unit had an air-cooled [[Condenser (heat transfer)|condenser]] giving 31% thermal efficiency, and passive safety systems.<ref name=wna/>
+B&W mPower was a Generation III+ integral pressurized water reactor (light water reactor) with a modular design. The reactor and [[Steam generator (nuclear power)|steam generator]] would be located in a single integrated [[reactor vessel]] located in an [[containment building|underground containment facility]] that would store all of the [[Spent nuclear fuel|spent fuel]].<ref name=wnn100609/> The modular unit had a diameter of {{convert|4.5|m}} and it was {{convert|23|m}} high. The reactor core was {{convert|2|by|2|m}}. The steam generator was similar to [[Once through steam generator|Once Through Steam Generators]] (OTSG) used in existing B&W plants (i.e. [[Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station|Three Mile island]]). The unit had an air-cooled [[Condenser (heat transfer)|condenser]] giving 31% [[thermal efficiency]], and passive safety systems.<ref name=wna/>
-The reactor was planned to have a rated electrical output of 125–180&nbsp;MWe.<ref name=wna>{{cite web|url =http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf33.html|title =Small Nuclear Power Reactors|publisher =[[World Nuclear Association]]
+The reactor was planned to have a rated electrical output of 125–180&nbsp;MWe.<ref name=wna>{{cite web|url =http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf33.html|title =Small Nuclear Power Reactors|publisher =[[World Nuclear Association]]|date =February 2012|accessdate =2012-02-17|archive-date =2013-02-12|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130212224137/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf33.html|url-status =dead}}</ref> When originally announced, the reactor had planned capacity of 125&nbsp;MWe.<ref name=wnn100609/><ref name=wna/> Later the power was increased to 160&nbsp;MWe and then to 180&nbsp;MWe.<ref name=wna/> In its pre-application design certification interaction with the [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]], the reactor's rated capacity was described as 500MWt of thermal power and 160&nbsp;MWe of electrical power.<ref name=nrc>{{cite web|url =https://www.nrc.gov/reactors/advanced/mpower.html|title =B&W mPower|publisher =[[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]]|accessdate =2012-02-16}}</ref>
-|date=February 2012|accessdate =2012-02-17}}</ref> When originally announced, the reactor had planned capacity of 125&nbsp;MWe.<ref name=wnn100609/><ref name=wna/> Later the power was increased to 160&nbsp;MWe and then to 180&nbsp;MWe.<ref name=wna/> In its pre-application design certification interaction to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the reactor's rated capacity was described as 500&nbsp;MWt of thermal power and 160&nbsp;MWe of electrical power.<ref name=nrc>{{cite web|url =http://www.nrc.gov/reactors/advanced/mpower.html|title =B&W mPower|publisher =[[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]]|accessdate =2012-02-16}}</ref>
-The reactor was designed for an expected lifetime of 60&nbsp;years.<ref name=wnn100609/><ref name=nrc/><ref name=power-engineering>{{cite news|url =http://www.power-eng.com/articles/npi/print/volume-3/issue-1/nucleus/the-mpower-modular-reactor.html|title =B&W mPower|first =Nancy| last =Spring|newspaper =[[Power Engineering (magazine)|Power Engineering]]|publisher =[[Pennwell Corporation]]|date =2010-01-01|accessdate =2012-02-16}}</ref><ref name=ap100609>{{cite news|url =http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2009323830_apusnewreactor.html|title =Babcock & Wilcox planning mini nuclear reactor|first =Duncan| last =Mansfield|newspaper =[[The Seattle Times]]|agency =[[Associated Press]]|date =2009-06-10|accessdate =2012-02-17}}</ref>
+The reactor was designed for an expected lifetime of 60 years.<ref name=wnn100609/><ref name=nrc/><ref name=power-engineering>{{cite news|url =http://www.power-eng.com/articles/npi/print/volume-3/issue-1/nucleus/the-mpower-modular-reactor.html|title =B&W mPower|first =Nancy| last =Spring|newspaper =[[Power Engineering (magazine)|Power Engineering]]|publisher =[[Pennwell Corporation]]|date =2010-01-01|accessdate =2012-02-16}}</ref><ref name=ap100609>{{cite news|url =http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2009323830_apusnewreactor.html|title =Babcock & Wilcox planning mini nuclear reactor|first =Duncan| last =Mansfield|newspaper =[[The Seattle Times]]|agency =[[Associated Press]]|date =2009-06-10|accessdate =2012-02-17}}</ref>
 ==Fuel and refueling==
-B&W mPower uses standard fuel enriched to 5%, similar to the fuel loaded in the other [[PWR (nuclear power)|PWR]]s.<ref name=wna/> It was designed for a 4-year refueling cycle. In the process of refuelling, the entire core will be completely removed in a single evolution, and replaced in a second separate evolution, making the core nearly "plug and play", unlike traditional reactors, which require fuel handling and movement of individual fuel rods during a refueling outage.<ref name=wna/> The entire used core, once removed, can be placed in storage in the spent fuel pool next to the IRV in the containment, which was designed to hold an entire 60 years worth of used fuel, and was accessible by the containment gantry crane located above the IRV within the containment.<ref name=power-engineering/>
+B&W mPower uses standard fuel [[Enriched uranium|enriched]] to 5%, similar to the fuel loaded in the other [[PWR (nuclear power)|PWR]]s.<ref name=wna/> It was designed for a 4-year [[Nuclear fuel cycle|refueling cycle]]. In the process of refuelling, the entire core will be completely removed in a single evolution, and replaced in a second separate evolution, making the core nearly "plug and play", unlike traditional reactors, which require fuel handling and movement of individual fuel rods during a refueling outage.<ref name=wna/> The entire used core, once removed, can be placed in storage in the spent fuel pool next to the IRV in the containment, which was designed to hold an entire 60 years worth of used fuel, and was accessible by the containment gantry crane located above the IRV within the containment.<ref name=power-engineering/>
 ==Thermal hydraulics==
-The mPower incorporates several features of the [[boiling water reactor]] (BWR). Like a BWR, the mPower reactor's primary coolant/moderator was highly purified water (with no [[boric acid]]). The Reactor Water Cleanup System ensures that primary system water remains pure. Similar to the [[Advanced Boiling Water Reactor|ABWR]], the mPower reactor had integral coolant recirculation pumps inside the Integral Reactor Vessel (IRV). The mPower reactor control rods are inserted from the top of the core and insert upon scram under gravity. All of the primary coolant was in the liquid phase during normal operation.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}
+The mPower incorporates several features of the [[boiling water reactor]] (BWR). Like a BWR, the mPower reactor's primary coolant/moderator was highly purified water (with no [[boric acid]]). The Reactor Water Cleanup System ensures that primary system water remains pure. Similar to the [[Advanced Boiling Water Reactor|ABWR]], the mPower reactor had integral coolant recirculation pumps inside the [[Integral reactor|Integral Reactor Vessel]] (IRV). The mPower reactor control rods are inserted from the top of the core and inserted upon [[scram]] under gravity. All of the primary coolants were in the liquid phase during normal operation.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}
 The integral once-through steam generator was an advanced derivative of the steam generators used in older B&W designs (Davis Besse). Control rod drives do not penetrate the IRV, as in the light water reactors of today, but are instead wholly enclosed within the IRV. Burnable neutron absorbers within the fuel and control rod inventory are used to suppress hot excess reactivity. Cold shut-down was accomplished with control rod insertion (as in BWRs).{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}
-The mPower was designed to produce superheated steam and would not require steam separators and dryers prior to admitting steam into the high-pressure turbine.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}
+The mPower was designed to produce [[superheated steam]] and would not require steam separators and dryers before admitting steam into the high-pressure turbine.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}
 ==Safety==
-The mPower was designed to eliminate the potential [[Loss-of-coolant accident|loss of coolant accidents]] as the integral reactor vessel would not have large cold or hot leg piping; it contains the entire primary coolant loop within the reactor pressure vessel with automatic primary loop depressurization. If secondary cooling was lost, creating an effective loss of standard heat removal, there are water supplies located above and within the containment that can cool the vessel with gravity-driven cooling. Heat removal can be used in the event that these systems are exhausted, such as by flooding the containment and establishing natural circulation, as no electrically driven pumps are required.<ref name=bulletin>{{cite journal|title=Moving to passive designs|first1=Robert|last1=Rosner|first2=Rebecca|last2=Lordan|first3=Stephen|last3=Goldberg|journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|year=2011|url=https://epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/Passive-Designs-Bulletin-paper.pdf|issue=4|volume=67|page=27|format=PDF|accessdate=2012-02-21|doi=10.1177/0096340211413374
+The mPower was designed to eliminate the potential [[Loss-of-coolant accident|loss of coolant accidents]] as the integral reactor vessel would not have a large cold or hot leg piping; it contains the entire primary coolant loop within the reactor pressure vessel with automatic primary loop [[depressurization]]. If secondary cooling was lost, creating an effective loss of standard heat removal, there are water supplies located above and within the containment that can cool the vessel with gravity-driven cooling. Heat removal can be used if these systems are exhausted, such as by flooding the containment and establishing natural circulation, as no electrically driven pumps are required.<ref name=bulletin>{{cite journal|title=Moving to passive designs|first1=Robert|last1=Rosner|first2=Rebecca|last2=Lordan|first3=Stephen|last3=Goldberg|journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|year=2011|url=https://epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/Passive-Designs-Bulletin-paper.pdf|issue=4|volume=67|page=27|accessdate=2012-02-21|doi=10.1177/0096340211413374
-}}{{dead link|date=October 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
+|bibcode=2011BuAtS..67d..23R|s2cid=144323935 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 55: / Line 58: @@
 ==External links==
 * [http://www.babcock.com/products/modular_nuclear/ B&W mPower reactor (Babcock & Wilcox website)]
-* [http://www.nrc.gov/reactors/advanced/mpower/documents.html Pre-Application Documents for the B&W mPower Design (NRC website)]
+* [https://www.nrc.gov/reactors/advanced/mpower/documents.html Pre-Application Documents for the B&W mPower Design (NRC website)]
 {{Emerging nuclear power markets}}
@@ Line 61: / Line 64: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:BandW Mpower}}
 [[Category:Nuclear power reactor types]]
-[[Category:Nuclear energy in the United States]]
+[[Category:Nuclear power in the United States]]

v t e Emerging nuclear power markets
Partnerships	Global Nuclear Energy Partnership United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Agreement Next Generation Nuclear Plant
Specialized plant designs	B&W mPower CAREM Fuji MSR Gen4 Energy IRIS Kairos Power NuScale PRISM Russian floating nuclear power station SC-HTGR SmAHTR SSTAR TerraPower Thorcon Toshiba 4S Transatomic Power