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{{Short description|Commandery of the Chinese Han dynasty}}{{Chinese
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[[File:Hangunhyeon.PNG|thumb|260px|Xuantu Commandery(Orange)]]
[[File:Hyondo-rom.png|thumb|260px|Four Commanderies of Han]]


'''Xuantu Commandery''' (玄菟郡, 현도군) was a [[Jun (country subdivision)|commandery]] of the [[Han dynasty]]. It was one of [[Four Commanderies of Han]], established in 107 BCE in northern [[Korean Peninsula]] and part of the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], after the [[Han dynasty]] invaded [[Wiman Joseon]] of Korea. Korean kingdom of [[Goguryeo]] rose in this area in competition with the Chinese over the region. Although Goguryeo gained full control over the general region in 302, [[Eastern Han dynasty|Later Han]] had already lost the earlier territory of Xuantu, which retreated to Liaodong Peninsula in the 1st century CE. The populations of the respective prefectures were greatly reduced after they were transferred to Liaodong, but their prefectural identities were preserved albeit nominally.
'''Xuantu Commandery''' ({{zh|c=玄菟郡}}; {{langx|ko|현도군}}) was a [[Jun (country subdivision)|commandery]] of the Chinese [[Han dynasty]]. It was one of [[Four Commanderies of Han]], established in 107 BCE in the northern [[Korean Peninsula]] and part of the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], after the [[Han dynasty]] conquered [[Wiman Joseon]]. Xuantu moved its capital to Liaodong in 75 BC due to native resistance and the area formerly under the [[Lintun Commandery]] was transferred to the [[Lelang Commandery]]. Xuantu was conquered by Goguryeo in 319 AD.{{sfn|Park|2013|p=203-204}}


==History==
==History==
In 82 BCE, the Han dynasty reduced its commandery units; [[Lintun Commandery]] merged with Xuantu as a result. In 75 BCE, the Xuantu Commandery was forced to moved its seat from Fort [[Okjeo]] (沃沮城) to [[Gaogouli County]] due to raids by the [[Yemaek|Maek tribes]] (貊), a likely reference to Gaogouli. As a result, some of its previous counties had now to be abandoned or reassigned, seven of which were subject to [[Lelang Commandery]], the so-called "seven counties beyond the eastern pass" (嶺東七縣).
In 82 BCE, the Han dynasty reduced its commandery units; [[Lintun Commandery]] merged with Xuantu as a result. In 75 BCE, the Xuantu Commandery was forced to move its seat from Fort [[Okjeo]] (沃沮城) to [[Gaogouli County]] due to raids by the [[Yemaek|Maek tribes]] (貊), a likely reference to Gaogouli. As a result, some of its previous counties had now to be abandoned or reassigned, seven of which were subject to [[Lelang Commandery]], the so-called "seven counties beyond the eastern pass" (嶺東七縣).


As a result of the change, only three counties remained under Xuantu Commandery: [[Gaogouli County]], Shangyintai (上殷台) and Xigaima (西蓋馬).<ref>《漢書·地理志》：“玄菟郡......, 縣三：高句驪、上殷台、西蓋馬”</ref>
As a result of the change, only three counties remained under Xuantu Commandery: [[Gaogouli County]], Shangyintai (上殷台) and Xigaima (西蓋馬).<ref>《漢書·地理志》：“玄菟郡......, 縣三：高句驪、上殷台、西蓋馬”</ref>
Line 19: Line 18:
''[[The Book of Han]]'' records 45,006 households and 221,845 individuals in Xuantu Commandery for year 2 CE.<ref>玄菟郡......, 戶四萬五千六。口二十二萬一千八百四十五。[[:s:zh:漢書/卷028下|Wikisource: the Book of Han, volume 28-2]]</ref>
''[[The Book of Han]]'' records 45,006 households and 221,845 individuals in Xuantu Commandery for year 2 CE.<ref>玄菟郡......, 戶四萬五千六。口二十二萬一千八百四十五。[[:s:zh:漢書/卷028下|Wikisource: the Book of Han, volume 28-2]]</ref>


When General [[Sima Yi]] of [[Cao Wei]] conquered [[Gongsun Yuan]] in [[Sima Yi's Liaodong campaign|his military campaign against Liaodong]] in 238, there remained only four counties in the new Xuantu Commandery that had retreated west (present-day [[Fushun]]): Gaogouli, Gaoxian (高顯), Liaoyang (遼陽), and Wangping (望平). These would all fall within the influence of the fast-growing state of [[Goguryeo]] within the next century, and Goguryeo would end up ruling much of the previously Han-occupied part of the Northern Korean Peninsula.<ref>{{cite book |accessdate=2012-02-09 |year=1996|quote=Soon after, the Wei fell to the Jin and Koguryŏ grew stronger, until in 313 they finally succeeded in occupying Lelang and bringing to an end the 400 years of China's presence in the peninsula, a period sufficient to ensure that for the next 1,500 it would remain firmly within the sphere of its culture. After the fall of the Jin in 316, the proto-Mongol Xianbei occupied the North of China, of which the Murong clan took the Shandong area, moved up to the Liao, and in 341 sacked and burned the Koguryŏ capital at Hwando. They took away some thousands of prisoners to provive cheap labour to build more walls of their own, and in 346 went on to wreak even greater destruction on Puyŏ, hastening what seems to have been a continuing migration of its people into the north-eastern area of the peninsula, but Koguryŏ, though temporarily weakened, would soon|url=https://books.google.com/?id=tKTtAAAAMAAJ&dq=After+the+fall+of+the+Jin+in+316%2C+the+proto-Mongol+Xianbei+occupied+the+North+of+China%2C+of+which+the+Murong+clan+took+the+Shandong+area%2C+moved+up+to+the+Liao%2C+and+in+341+sacked+and+burned+the+Kogury6+capital+at+Hwando&q=murong+clan+burned|edition=illustrated|isbn=978-0-7103-0532-9|volume=|series=|location= |publisher=Kegan Paul International|title=A history of Korea|author=Charles Roger Tennant|authorlink = Roger Tennant|language=|page=22}}</ref>
When General [[Sima Yi]] of [[Cao Wei]] conquered [[Gongsun Yuan]] in [[Sima Yi's Liaodong campaign|his military campaign against Liaodong]] in 238, there remained only four counties in the new Xuantu Commandery that had retreated west (present-day [[Fushun]]): Gaogouli, Gaoxian (高顯), Liaoyang (遼陽), and Wangping (望平). Xuantu was conquered by [[Goguryeo]] in 319 AD.<ref>{{cite book|author=Charles Roger Tennant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKTtAAAAMAAJ&q=murong+clan+burned|title=A history of Korea|publisher=Kegan Paul International|year=1996|isbn=978-0-7103-0532-9|edition=illustrated|page=22|quote=|author-link=Roger Tennant|access-date=2012-02-09}}</ref>{{sfn|Park|2013|p=204}}


==Revisionism==
==Revisionism==
In the [[North Korea]]n academic community and some part of the [[South Korea]]n academic community, the Han dynasty's annexation of the Korean peninsula have been denied. Proponents of this revisionist theory claim that the Four Commandaries of Han actually existed outside of the Korean peninsula, and place them somewhere in [[Liaodong Commandery]], China instead. According to this theory, the Xuantu Commandery was said to be located in [[Shenyang]].
In the [[North Korea]]n academic community and some part of the [[South Korea]]n academic community, the Han dynasty's annexation of parts of the Korean peninsula have been denied. Proponents of this revisionist theory claim that the Four Commanderies of Han actually existed outside of the Korean peninsula, and place them somewhere in [[Liaodong Commandery]], China instead. According to this theory, the Xuantu Commandery was said to be located in [[Shenyang]].


These hypotheses are "[[dictatorial]]" in the academic community of North Korea, which is supported by the amateur historical enthusiasts in South Korea, but this theory is not recognized at all in the academic circles of the [[United States]], [[China]] and [[Japan]].
These hypotheses are authoritative in the academic community of North Korea, which is supported by the amateur historical enthusiasts in South Korea, but this theory is not recognized at all in the academic circles of the [[United States]], [[China]] and [[Japan]].<ref>{{citation|title=Constructing "Korean" Origins: A Critical Review of Archaeology, Historiography, and Racial Myth in Korean State Formation Theories|first=Hyung Il|last=Pai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QxztLeLoVkQC&pg=PA129|publisher=Harvard University Asia Center|pages=127–129|year=2000|isbn=9780674002449}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=United States Congress|title=North Korea: A Country Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybmFuqReAqUC&pg=PA6|year=2016|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|isbn=978-1590334430|page=6}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book|last=Connor|first=Edgar V.|title=Korea: Current Issues and Historical Background|year=2003|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|isbn=978-1590334430|page=112}}
</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kim|first=Jinwung|title=A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA18|year=2012 |publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253000248|page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lee|first=Peter H.|title=Sourcebook of Korean Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N66XyMJ_sNsC&pg=PA227|year=1993|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0231079129|page=227}}</ref>


==Maps==
==Maps==
<Gallery>
<gallery>
File:Hangunhyeon.PNG|Four Commanderies of Han with [[Jin (Korean state)|Jin]] in 106 BC
File:Hangunhyeon.PNG|Four Commanderies of Han with [[Jin (Korean state)|Jin]] in 106 BC
File:Ancient Korea Taihougun.png|Four Commanderies of Han in 3 AD
File:Ancient Korea Taihougun.png|Four Commanderies of Han in 3 AD
</Gallery>
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==
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*[[Daifang commandery]]
*[[Daifang commandery]]
*[[Canghai Commandery]]
*[[Canghai Commandery]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}
{{Reflist|group=note}}


==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>

==Bibliography==
* {{citation|last=Park|first=Jun-hyeong|year=2013|title=The Han Commanderies in Early Korean History: A Reconsideration of the Han Commanderies from a Broader East Asian Perspective}}


{{Four Commanderies of Han}}
{{Four Commanderies of Han}}
{{Han dynasty provinces}}


[[Category:Four Commanderies of Han]]
[[Category:Four Commanderies of Han]]
[[Category:Three Kingdoms]]
[[Category:Three Kingdoms]]
[[Category:1st-century BC establishments in China]]
[[Category:1st-century BC establishments in China]]
[[Category:Commanderies of the Jin dynasty (265–420)]]
[[Category:Commanderies of the Jin dynasty (266–420)]]

Latest revision as of 19:36, 19 October 2024

Xuantu Commandery
Chinese name
Chinese玄菟郡
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinXuántú Jùn
Korean name
Hangul현도군
Hanja玄菟郡
Transcriptions
Revised RomanizationHyeondo-gun
McCune–ReischauerHyŏndo-kun
Four Commanderies of Han

Xuantu Commandery (Chinese: 玄菟郡; Korean: 현도군) was a commandery of the Chinese Han dynasty. It was one of Four Commanderies of Han, established in 107 BCE in the northern Korean Peninsula and part of the Liaodong Peninsula, after the Han dynasty conquered Wiman Joseon. Xuantu moved its capital to Liaodong in 75 BC due to native resistance and the area formerly under the Lintun Commandery was transferred to the Lelang Commandery. Xuantu was conquered by Goguryeo in 319 AD.[1]

History

[edit]

In 82 BCE, the Han dynasty reduced its commandery units; Lintun Commandery merged with Xuantu as a result. In 75 BCE, the Xuantu Commandery was forced to move its seat from Fort Okjeo (沃沮城) to Gaogouli County due to raids by the Maek tribes (貊), a likely reference to Gaogouli. As a result, some of its previous counties had now to be abandoned or reassigned, seven of which were subject to Lelang Commandery, the so-called "seven counties beyond the eastern pass" (嶺東七縣).

As a result of the change, only three counties remained under Xuantu Commandery: Gaogouli County, Shangyintai (上殷台) and Xigaima (西蓋馬).[2]

The Book of Han records 45,006 households and 221,845 individuals in Xuantu Commandery for year 2 CE.[3]

When General Sima Yi of Cao Wei conquered Gongsun Yuan in his military campaign against Liaodong in 238, there remained only four counties in the new Xuantu Commandery that had retreated west (present-day Fushun): Gaogouli, Gaoxian (高顯), Liaoyang (遼陽), and Wangping (望平). Xuantu was conquered by Goguryeo in 319 AD.[4][5]

Revisionism

[edit]

In the North Korean academic community and some part of the South Korean academic community, the Han dynasty's annexation of parts of the Korean peninsula have been denied. Proponents of this revisionist theory claim that the Four Commanderies of Han actually existed outside of the Korean peninsula, and place them somewhere in Liaodong Commandery, China instead. According to this theory, the Xuantu Commandery was said to be located in Shenyang.

These hypotheses are authoritative in the academic community of North Korea, which is supported by the amateur historical enthusiasts in South Korea, but this theory is not recognized at all in the academic circles of the United States, China and Japan.[6][7][8][9][10]

Maps

[edit]
  • Four Commanderies of Han with Jin in 106 BC
    Four Commanderies of Han with Jin in 106 BC
  • Four Commanderies of Han in 3 AD
    Four Commanderies of Han in 3 AD

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Park 2013, p. 203-204.
  2. ^ 《漢書·地理志》：“玄菟郡......, 縣三：高句驪、上殷台、西蓋馬”
  3. ^ 玄菟郡......, 戶四萬五千六。口二十二萬一千八百四十五。Wikisource: the Book of Han, volume 28-2
  4. ^ Charles Roger Tennant (1996). A history of Korea (illustrated ed.). Kegan Paul International. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-7103-0532-9. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
  5. ^ Park 2013, p. 204.
  6. ^ Pai, Hyung Il (2000), Constructing "Korean" Origins: A Critical Review of Archaeology, Historiography, and Racial Myth in Korean State Formation Theories, Harvard University Asia Center, pp. 127–129, ISBN 9780674002449
  7. ^ United States Congress (2016). North Korea: A Country Study. Nova Science Publishers. p. 6. ISBN 978-1590334430.
  8. ^ Connor, Edgar V. (2003). Korea: Current Issues and Historical Background. Nova Science Publishers. p. 112. ISBN 978-1590334430.
  9. ^ Kim, Jinwung (2012). A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict. Indiana University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0253000248.
  10. ^ Lee, Peter H. (1993). Sourcebook of Korean Civilization. Columbia University Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-0231079129.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Park, Jun-hyeong (2013), The Han Commanderies in Early Korean History: A Reconsideration of the Han Commanderies from a Broader East Asian Perspective
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