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{{Short description|Extinct genus of mammals}}
{{Short description|Extinct genus of mammals}}
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'''''Uintatherium''''' ("Beast of the [[Uinta Mountains]]") is an extinct genus of [[herbivorous]] [[mammal]] that lived during the [[Eocene]] epoch. Two species are currently recognized: ''U. anceps'' from the [[United States]] during the Early to Middle [[Eocene]] (56–38 million years ago) and ''U. insperatus'' of Middle to Late [[Eocene]] (48–34 million years ago) [[China]].<ref name="TongWang">{{cite journal|last=Tong|first=Yongsheng|author2=Wang Jingwen |title=A Skull of ''Uintatherium'' from Henan|journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica|date=July 1981|volume=XIX|issue=3|pages=208–214|url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/200904/P020110413317457949207.pdf}}</ref>
'''''Uintatherium''''' ("Beast of the [[Uinta Mountains]]") is an extinct genus of [[herbivorous]] [[dinocerata]]n mammal that lived during the [[Eocene]] epoch. Two species are currently recognized: ''U. anceps'' from the [[United States]] during the Early to Middle [[Eocene]] (56–38 million years ago) and ''U. insperatus'' of Middle to Late [[Eocene]] (48–34 million years ago) [[China]].<ref name="TongWang">{{cite journal|last=Tong|first=Yongsheng|author2=Wang Jingwen |title=A Skull of ''Uintatherium'' from Henan|journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica|date=July 1981|volume=XIX|issue=3|pages=208–214|url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/200904/P020110413317457949207.pdf}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
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Its most unusual feature was the [[skull]], which was large and strongly built, but simultaneously flat and concave: this feature is rare and is found in no other known mammal except some [[brontothere]]s. The [[cranial cavity]] was exceptionally small because the walls of the cranium were exceedingly thick. The cranium was lightened by several [[Sinus (anatomy)|sinuses]], like those in an [[elephant]]'s skull.
Its most unusual feature was the [[skull]], which was large and strongly built, but simultaneously flat and concave: this feature is rare and is found in no other known mammal except some [[brontothere]]s. The [[cranial cavity]] was exceptionally small because the walls of the cranium were exceedingly thick. The cranium was lightened by several [[Sinus (anatomy)|sinuses]], like those in an [[elephant]]'s skull.


The teeth were [[Sexual dimorphism|larger in males than in females]]. The upper [[canine tooth|canine teeth]] were large and may have been formidable defensive weapons;<ref name=Rich2020/> superficially, they resembled those of [[saber-toothed cat]]s. However, they also may have been used to pluck the aquatic plants from marshes that seem to have been the source of the uintatherium.
The teeth were [[Sexual dimorphism|larger in males than in females]]. The upper [[canine tooth|canine teeth]] were large and may have been formidable defensive weapons;<ref name=Rich2020/> superficially, they resembled those of [[saber-toothed cat]]s.


The front of the male's skull bore six knob-like [[ossicone]]s, which projected {{cvt|5|-|25|cm}}.<ref name=Rich2020/> Their function is unknown. They may have been used in defense and/or sexual display.
The front of the male's skull bore six knob-like [[ossicone]]s, which projected {{cvt|5|-|25|cm}}.<ref name=Rich2020/> Their function is unknown. They may have been used in defense and/or [[sexual display]].


==Discovery and taxonomy ==
==Discovery and taxonomy ==
[[File:Rs-11415 1024x1024.jpg|thumb|Restoration of Edward Cope's proboscidean ''Loxolophodon'' theory from 1873|left]]Fossils of ''Uintatherium'' were first discovered in the [[Bridger Formation|Bridger Basin]] near Fort Bridger by Lieutenant W. N. Wann in September 1870 and were later described as a new species of [[Megacerops|''Titanotherium'']], ''Titanotherium anceps'', by [[Othniel Charles Marsh|Othniel Marsh]] in 1871.<ref name="wheeler1961">{{cite journal |last=Wheeler |first=W. H. |date=1961 |url=http://images.peabody.yale.edu/publications/bulletin/Bulletin14_1961.pdf |title=Revision of the Uintatheres |journal= Peabody Museum of Natural History Bulletin |volume=14 |publisher=Yale University}}</ref> The specimen (YPM 11030) only consisted of several skull pieces, including the right parietal horn, and fragmentary postcrania.<ref name="wheeler1961" /> The following year, Marsh and Joseph Leidy collected in the Eocene Beds near Fort Bridger while Edward Cope, Marsh's competitor, excavated in the [[Washakie Formation|Washakie Basin.]] In August 1872, Leidy named ''Uintatherium robustum'' based on a posterior skull and partial mandibles (ANSP 12607).<ref name="wheeler1961" /><ref name="leidy_1872">{{cite journal |last=Leidy |first=Joseph |date=1872 |title=On some new species of fossil mammalia from Wyoming |journal=Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. |pages=240–242}}</ref> Another specimen discovered by Leidy's crews consisting of a canine was named ''Uintamastix atrox'' and was thought to have been a saber-toothed and carnivorous.<ref name="leidy_1872" />
[[File:Rs-11415 1024x1024.jpg|thumb|Restoration of Edward Cope's proboscidean ''Loxolophodon'' theory from 1873|left]]Fossils of ''Uintatherium'' were first discovered in the [[Bridger Formation|Bridger Basin]] near Fort Bridger by Lieutenant W. N. Wann in September 1870 and were later described as a new species of [[Megacerops|''Titanotherium'']], ''Titanotherium anceps'', by [[Othniel Charles Marsh|Othniel Marsh]] in 1871.<ref name="wheeler1961">{{cite journal |last=Wheeler |first=W. H. |date=1961 |url=http://images.peabody.yale.edu/publications/bulletin/Bulletin14_1961.pdf |title=Revision of the Uintatheres |journal= Peabody Museum of Natural History Bulletin |volume=14 |publisher=Yale University}}</ref> The specimen (YPM 11030) only consisted of several skull pieces, including the right parietal horn, and fragmentary postcrania.<ref name="wheeler1961" /> The following year, Marsh and Joseph Leidy collected in the Eocene Beds near Fort Bridger while Edward Cope, Marsh's competitor, excavated in the [[Washakie Formation|Washakie Basin.]] In August 1872, Leidy named ''Uintatherium robustum'' based on a posterior skull and partial mandibles (ANSP 12607).<ref name="wheeler1961" /><ref name="leidy_1872">{{cite journal |last=Leidy |first=Joseph |date=1872 |title=On some new species of fossil mammalia from Wyoming |journal=Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. |pages=240–242}}</ref> Another specimen discovered by Leidy's crews consisting of a canine was named ''Uintamastix atrox'' and was thought to have been a saber-toothed and carnivorous.<ref name="leidy_1872" />


Eighteen days after the description of ''Uintatherium'', Cope and Marsh both named new genera of Uinta [[Dinocerata|dinoceratans]], Cope naming ''Loxolophodon'' in his "garbled" telegram<ref name="cope1872">{{Cite journal|last=Cope|first=Edward|date=1872|title=Telegram describing extinct Proboscidians from Wyoming|journal=Paleontological Bulletin|volume=5}}</ref> and Marsh dubbed ''Tinoceras''.<ref name="marsh">{{Cite journal|last=Anonymous|date=1 March 1885|title=Professor Marsh's monography of the dinocerata|url=https://www.ajsonline.org/content/s3-29/171/173|journal=American Journal of Science|language=en|volume=s3-29|issue=171|pages=173–204|doi=10.2475/ajs.s3-29.171.173|bibcode=1885AmJS...29..173A |s2cid=219246354 |issn=0002-9599}}</ref> Due to ''Uintatherium'' being named first, Cope and Marsh's genera are synonymous with ''Uintatherium''.<ref name="wheeler1961" /> Cope described two genera in his telegram, ''Loxolophodon'' and ''[[Eobasileus]]'';<ref name="cope1872" /><ref name="cope1873a">{{cite journal |last=Cope |first=E. D. |date=1873 |title=On the Short Footed Ungulata of the Eocene of Wyoming |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |volume=13 |issue=90 |pages=38–74}}</ref> the latter is currently considered separate from ''Uintatherium''.<ref name="wheeler1961" /> ''Tinoceras'' was a new genus made for ''Titanotherium anceps'' by Marsh.<ref name="marsh" /><ref name="wheeler1961" /> Several days later, Marsh erected the genus ''Dinoceras''.<ref name="wheeler1961" /> ''Dinoceras'' and ''Tinoceras'' would receive several additional species by Marsh throughout the 1870s and 1880s, many based on fragmentary material.<ref name="marsh" /><ref name="wheeler1961" /> Several complete skulls were found by Cope and Marsh crews, leading to theories like Cope's proboscidean assessment.<ref name="cope1873a" /><ref name="cope1873b">{{cite journal |last=Cope |first=E. D. |date=1873 |title=On Some of Prof. Marsh's Criticisms |journal=The American Naturalist |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=290–299|doi=10.1086/271139 |s2cid=85218504 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Because of Cope and Marsh's rivalry, the two would often publish scathing criticisms of each other's work, stating their respective genera were valid.<ref name="wheeler1961" /> The trio would name 25 species now considered synonymous with Marsh's original species, ''Titanotherium anceps'', which was placed in Leidy's genus, ''Uintatherium''.<ref name="wheeler1961" />
Eighteen days after the description of ''Uintatherium'', Cope and Marsh both named new genera of Uinta [[dinocerata]]ns, Cope naming ''Loxolophodon'' in his "garbled" telegram<ref name="cope1872">{{Cite journal|last=Cope|first=Edward|date=1872|title=Telegram describing extinct Proboscidians from Wyoming|journal=Paleontological Bulletin|volume=5}}</ref> and Marsh dubbed ''Tinoceras''.<ref name="marsh">{{Cite journal|last=Anonymous|date=1 March 1885|title=Professor Marsh's monography of the dinocerata|url=https://www.ajsonline.org/content/s3-29/171/173|journal=American Journal of Science|language=en|volume=s3-29|issue=171|pages=173–204|doi=10.2475/ajs.s3-29.171.173|bibcode=1885AmJS...29..173A |s2cid=219246354 |issn=0002-9599}}</ref> Due to ''Uintatherium'' being named first, Cope and Marsh's genera are synonymous with ''Uintatherium''.<ref name="wheeler1961" /> Cope described two genera in his telegram, ''Loxolophodon'' and ''[[Eobasileus]]'';<ref name="cope1872" /><ref name="cope1873a">{{cite journal |last=Cope |first=E. D. |date=1873 |title=On the Short Footed Ungulata of the Eocene of Wyoming |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |volume=13 |issue=90 |pages=38–74}}</ref> the latter is currently considered separate from ''Uintatherium''.<ref name="wheeler1961" /> ''Tinoceras'' was a new genus made for ''Titanotherium anceps'' by Marsh.<ref name="marsh" /><ref name="wheeler1961" /> Several days later, Marsh erected the genus ''Dinoceras''.<ref name="wheeler1961" /> ''Dinoceras'' and ''Tinoceras'' would receive several additional species by Marsh throughout the 1870s and 1880s, many based on fragmentary material.<ref name="marsh" /><ref name="wheeler1961" /> Several complete skulls were found by Cope and Marsh crews, leading to theories like Cope's proboscidean assessment.<ref name="cope1873a" /><ref name="cope1873b">{{cite journal |last=Cope |first=E. D. |date=1873 |title=On Some of Prof. Marsh's Criticisms |journal=The American Naturalist |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=290–299|doi=10.1086/271139 |s2cid=85218504 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Because of Cope and Marsh's rivalry, the two would often publish scathing criticisms of each other's work, stating their respective genera were valid.<ref name="wheeler1961" /> The trio would name 25 species now considered synonymous with Marsh's original species, ''Titanotherium anceps'', which was placed in Leidy's genus, ''Uintatherium''.<ref name="wheeler1961" />
[[File:Uintatherium insperatus Holotype IVPP.jpg|left|thumb|Holotype skull (IVPP V6379) of ''U. insperatus'', [[Paleozoological Museum of China]]]]

[[File:Distribució uintateri.png|right|thumb|200px|The fossil distributions of Uintatherium found in United States]]
[[File:Distribució uintateri.png|right|thumb|200px|The fossil distributions of Uintatherium found in United States]]


Many additional discoveries of ''Uintatherium'' have since occurred, making ''Uintatherium'' one of the best-known and popular American fossil mammals.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wheeler |first=W. H. |date=1960 |title=The uintatheres and the Cope–Marsh war |journal=Science |volume=131 |issue=3408 |pages=1171–1176|doi=10.1126/science.131.3408.1171 |pmid=17773922 |bibcode=1960Sci...131.1171W }}</ref><ref name="wheeler1961" /> [[Princeton University]] launched expeditions to the Eocene beds of Wyoming in the 1870s and 1880s, discovering several partial since skulls and naming several species of uintatheres that are now considered synonyms of ''U. anceps''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Scott |first=W. B. |date=1886 |title=On some new forms of the Dinocerata |journal=Am. Jour. Sci. |issue=3 |volume=31 |pages=303–307|doi=10.2475/ajs.s3-31.184.303 |bibcode=1886AmJS...31..303S |s2cid=130191459 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2036878 }}</ref><ref name="wheeler1961" /> Major reassesment came in the 1960s by Walter Wheeler who synonymized and re-described many of the ''Uintatherium'' fossils discovered during the 19th century<ref name="wheeler1961" /> A cast of a ''Uintatherium'' [[skeleton]] is on display at the [[Utah Field House of Natural History State Park Museum|Utah Field House of Natural History State Park]]. The skeleton of ''Uintatherium'' is also on display at the [[National Museum of Natural History|Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History]] in Washington, DC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paleobiology |publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|url=http://paleobiology.si.edu/geotime/main/htmlversion/evidence/eoc_02.html}}</ref> A new species was named based on almost intact skull, ''U. insperatus,'' found in the lower part of the Lushi Formation of the Lushi Basin in [[Henan]] Province, China.<ref name="TongWang" />
Many additional discoveries of ''Uintatherium'' have since occurred, making ''Uintatherium'' one of the best-known and popular American fossil mammals.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wheeler |first=W. H. |date=1960 |title=The uintatheres and the Cope–Marsh war |journal=Science |volume=131 |issue=3408 |pages=1171–1176|doi=10.1126/science.131.3408.1171 |pmid=17773922 |bibcode=1960Sci...131.1171W }}</ref><ref name="wheeler1961" /> [[Princeton University]] launched expeditions to the Eocene beds of Wyoming in the 1870s and 1880s, discovering several partial since skulls and naming several species of uintatheres that are now considered synonyms of ''U. anceps''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Scott |first=W. B. |date=1886 |title=On some new forms of the Dinocerata |journal=Am. Jour. Sci. |issue=3 |volume=31 |pages=303–307|doi=10.2475/ajs.s3-31.184.303 |bibcode=1886AmJS...31..303S |s2cid=130191459 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2036878 }}</ref><ref name="wheeler1961" /> Major reassessment came in the 1960s by Walter Wheeler who synonymized and re-described many of the ''Uintatherium'' fossils discovered during the 19th century<ref name="wheeler1961" /> A cast of a ''Uintatherium'' [[skeleton]] is on display at the [[Utah Field House of Natural History State Park Museum|Utah Field House of Natural History State Park]]. The skeleton of ''Uintatherium'' is also on display at the [[National Museum of Natural History|Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History]] in Washington, DC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paleobiology |publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|url=http://paleobiology.si.edu/geotime/main/htmlversion/evidence/eoc_02.html}}</ref> A new species was named based on almost intact skull, ''U. insperatus,'' found in the lower part of the Lushi Formation of the Lushi Basin in [[Henan]] Province, China.<ref name="TongWang" />


==References==
==References==
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==Further reading==
==Further reading==
⚫
{{Commons category|Uintatherium}}
⚫
{{Portal|Paleontology}}
*[http://www.ansp.org/museum/leidy/paleo/uintatherium.php Academy of Natural Sciences]
*[http://www.ansp.org/museum/leidy/paleo/uintatherium.php Academy of Natural Sciences]
*[http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/fobu/sec4b.htm National Park Service]
*[http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/fobu/sec4b.htm National Park Service]
*[http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/handle/2246/1309 Wood, Horace Elmer 1923, The problem of the Uintatherium molars, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History ; v. 48, article 18]
*[http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/handle/2246/1309 Wood, Horace Elmer 1923, The problem of the Uintatherium molars, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History; v. 48, article 18]
*[http://paleobiology.si.edu/geotime/main/htmlversion/evidence/eoc_02.html Fossil Evidence – Eocene: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History]
*[http://paleobiology.si.edu/geotime/main/htmlversion/evidence/eoc_02.html Fossil Evidence – Eocene: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History]
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{{Portal|Paleontology}}
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{{Commons category|Uintatherium}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q131558}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q131558}}
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[[Category:Paleontology in Henan]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Henan]]
[[Category:Prehistoric placental genera]]
[[Category:Prehistoric placental genera]]
[[Category:Eocene mammals of Asia]]

Latest revision as of 19:46, 19 October 2024

Uintatherium
Temporal range: Eocene, 56–34 Ma
Cast of the skeleton, French National Museum of Natural History in the Paris
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: †Dinocerata
Family: †Uintatheriidae
Subfamily: †Uintatheriinae
Genus: †Uintatherium
Leidy, 1872
Species
  • †U. anceps (Marsh, 1871)
  • †U. insperatus Tong & Wang 1981
Synonyms
Genus synonymy
  • Uintamastix
    Leidy, 1872
  • Loxolophodon
    Cope, 1872
  • Tinoceras
    Marsh, 1872
  • Dinoceras
    Marsh, 1872
  • Ditetrodon
    Cope, 1885
  • Octotomus
    Cope, 1885
  • Elachoceras
    Scott, 1886
Synonyms of U. anceps
  • Titanotherium anceps
    Marsh, 1871
  • Uintatherium robustum
    Leidy, 1872
  • Uintamastix atrox
    Leidy, 1872
  • Loxolophodon furcatus
    Cope, 1872
  • Loxolophodon pressicornis
    Cope, 1872
  • Tinoceras grande
    Marsh, 1872
  • Dinoceras mirabile
    Marsh, 1872
  • Dinoceras lacustre
    Marsh, 1872
  • Dinoceras lucare
    Marsh, 1873
  • Dinoceras laticeps
    Marsh, 1873
  • Eobasileus galeatus
    Cope, 1873
  • Dinoceras distans
    Marsh, 1885
  • Tinoceras pugnax
    Marsh, 1885
  • Uintatherium latifrons
    Marsh, 1885
  • Tinoceras vagans
    Marsh, 1885
  • Uintatherium segne
    Marsh, 1885
  • Dinoceras agreste
    Marsh, 1885
  • Dinoceras cuneum
    Marsh, 1885
  • Dinoceras reflexum
    Marsh, 1885
  • Tinoceras affine
    Marsh, 1885
  • Tinoceras crassifrons
    Marsh, 1885
  • Tinoceras hians
    Marsh, 1885
  • Tinoceras jugum
    Marsh, 1885
  • Tinoceras (Platoceras) latum
    Marsh, 1885
  • Tinoceras (Laoceras) pugnax
    Marsh, 1885
  • Elachoceras parvum
    Scott, 1886
  • Uintatherium alticeps
    Scott, 1886

Uintatherium ("Beast of the Uinta Mountains") is an extinct genus of herbivorous dinoceratan mammal that lived during the Eocene epoch. Two species are currently recognized: U. anceps from the United States during the Early to Middle Eocene (56–38 million years ago) and U. insperatus of Middle to Late Eocene (48–34 million years ago) China.[1]

Description

[edit]
Restoration

Uintatherium was a large browsing animal. With a skull 76 cm (30 in) long, 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) tall at the shoulder,[2] body length of about 4 m (13 ft) and a weight up to 2 tonnes, it was similar to today's rhinoceros, both in size and in shape.[3] Its legs were robust to sustain the weight of the animal and were equipped with hooves.[4] Moreover, a Uintatherium's sternum was made up of horizontal segments, unlike today's rhinos, which have compressed vertical segments.[5]

Skull

[edit]
Cast of U. anceps skull, French National Museum of Natural History, Paris

Its most unusual feature was the skull, which was large and strongly built, but simultaneously flat and concave: this feature is rare and is found in no other known mammal except some brontotheres. The cranial cavity was exceptionally small because the walls of the cranium were exceedingly thick. The cranium was lightened by several sinuses, like those in an elephant's skull.

The teeth were larger in males than in females. The upper canine teeth were large and may have been formidable defensive weapons;[2] superficially, they resembled those of saber-toothed cats.

The front of the male's skull bore six knob-like ossicones, which projected 5–25 cm (2.0–9.8 in).[2] Their function is unknown. They may have been used in defense and/or sexual display.

Discovery and taxonomy

[edit]
Restoration of Edward Cope's proboscidean Loxolophodon theory from 1873

Fossils of Uintatherium were first discovered in the Bridger Basin near Fort Bridger by Lieutenant W. N. Wann in September 1870 and were later described as a new species of Titanotherium, Titanotherium anceps, by Othniel Marsh in 1871.[6] The specimen (YPM 11030) only consisted of several skull pieces, including the right parietal horn, and fragmentary postcrania.[6] The following year, Marsh and Joseph Leidy collected in the Eocene Beds near Fort Bridger while Edward Cope, Marsh's competitor, excavated in the Washakie Basin. In August 1872, Leidy named Uintatherium robustum based on a posterior skull and partial mandibles (ANSP 12607).[6][7] Another specimen discovered by Leidy's crews consisting of a canine was named Uintamastix atrox and was thought to have been a saber-toothed and carnivorous.[7]

Eighteen days after the description of Uintatherium, Cope and Marsh both named new genera of Uinta dinoceratans, Cope naming Loxolophodon in his "garbled" telegram[8] and Marsh dubbed Tinoceras.[9] Due to Uintatherium being named first, Cope and Marsh's genera are synonymous with Uintatherium.[6] Cope described two genera in his telegram, Loxolophodon and Eobasileus;[8][10] the latter is currently considered separate from Uintatherium.[6] Tinoceras was a new genus made for Titanotherium anceps by Marsh.[9][6] Several days later, Marsh erected the genus Dinoceras.[6] Dinoceras and Tinoceras would receive several additional species by Marsh throughout the 1870s and 1880s, many based on fragmentary material.[9][6] Several complete skulls were found by Cope and Marsh crews, leading to theories like Cope's proboscidean assessment.[10][11] Because of Cope and Marsh's rivalry, the two would often publish scathing criticisms of each other's work, stating their respective genera were valid.[6] The trio would name 25 species now considered synonymous with Marsh's original species, Titanotherium anceps, which was placed in Leidy's genus, Uintatherium.[6]

Holotype skull (IVPP V6379) of U. insperatus, Paleozoological Museum of China
The fossil distributions of Uintatherium found in United States

Many additional discoveries of Uintatherium have since occurred, making Uintatherium one of the best-known and popular American fossil mammals.[12][6] Princeton University launched expeditions to the Eocene beds of Wyoming in the 1870s and 1880s, discovering several partial since skulls and naming several species of uintatheres that are now considered synonyms of U. anceps.[13][6] Major reassessment came in the 1960s by Walter Wheeler who synonymized and re-described many of the Uintatherium fossils discovered during the 19th century[6] A cast of a Uintatherium skeleton is on display at the Utah Field House of Natural History State Park. The skeleton of Uintatherium is also on display at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC.[14] A new species was named based on almost intact skull, U. insperatus, found in the lower part of the Lushi Formation of the Lushi Basin in Henan Province, China.[1]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Tong, Yongsheng; Wang Jingwen (July 1981). "A Skull of Uintatherium from Henan" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. XIX (3): 208–214.
  2. ^ a b c Rich, Patricia Vickers; Rich, Thomas Hewitt; Fenton, Mildred Adams; Fenton, Carroll Lane (15 January 2020). The Fossil Book: A Record of Prehistoric Life. Dover Publications. p. 555. ISBN 9780486838557. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  3. ^ "Ice Age Mammals". EnchantedLearning.com. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  4. ^ Leidy, Joseph (1873). "Contribution to the extinct vertebrate fauna of the Western Territories". Geological Survey of the Territories. 1.
  5. ^ Marsh, Othniel Charles (1881). "Restoration of Dinoceras mirabile" (PDF). American Journal of Science. XXII (127): 31. Bibcode:1881AmJS...22...31M. doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-22.127.31. S2CID 130429715.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wheeler, W. H. (1961). "Revision of the Uintatheres" (PDF). Peabody Museum of Natural History Bulletin. 14. Yale University.
  7. ^ a b Leidy, Joseph (1872). "On some new species of fossil mammalia from Wyoming". Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc.: 240–242.
  8. ^ a b Cope, Edward (1872). "Telegram describing extinct Proboscidians from Wyoming". Paleontological Bulletin. 5.
  9. ^ a b c Anonymous (1 March 1885). "Professor Marsh's monography of the dinocerata". American Journal of Science. s3-29 (171): 173–204. Bibcode:1885AmJS...29..173A. doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-29.171.173. ISSN 0002-9599. S2CID 219246354.
  10. ^ a b Cope, E. D. (1873). "On the Short Footed Ungulata of the Eocene of Wyoming". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 13 (90): 38–74.
  11. ^ Cope, E. D. (1873). "On Some of Prof. Marsh's Criticisms". The American Naturalist. 7 (5): 290–299. doi:10.1086/271139. S2CID 85218504.
  12. ^ Wheeler, W. H. (1960). "The uintatheres and the Cope–Marsh war". Science. 131 (3408): 1171–1176. Bibcode:1960Sci...131.1171W. doi:10.1126/science.131.3408.1171. PMID 17773922.
  13. ^ Scott, W. B. (1886). "On some new forms of the Dinocerata". Am. Jour. Sci. 31 (3): 303–307. Bibcode:1886AmJS...31..303S. doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-31.184.303. S2CID 130191459.
  14. ^ "Paleobiology". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.

Further reading

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