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{{short description|French critic, journalist, and novelist}}
{{short description|French critic, journalist, and novelist (1808–1890)}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Alphonse Karr
| name = Alphonse Karr
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| birth_place = [[Paris]], [[First French Empire]]
| birth_place = [[Paris]], [[First French Empire]]
| death_date = 29 September 1890 (aged 81)
| death_date = 29 September 1890 (aged 81)
| death_place = [[Paris]], [[French Third Republic]]
| death_place = [[Saint-Raphaël, Var|Saint-Raphaël]], [[French Third Republic]]
| resting_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Critic, journalist, novelist
| occupation = Critic, journalist, novelist
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}}
}}


'''Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Karr''' (24 November 1808 &ndash; 29 September 1890) was a French critic, journalist, and novelist.<ref>[https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11909455d.public Karr, Alphonse]. [[Bibliothèque Nationale de France]].</ref><ref name="tombes-sepultures">{{Cite web | url=http://www.tombes-sepultures.com/crbst_944.html |title=KARR Alphonse |work=Tombes Sépultures dans les cimetières et autres lieux |lang=fr }}</ref>
'''Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Karr''' (24 November 1808 &ndash; 29 September 1890) was a French critic, journalist, and novelist.<ref>[https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11909455d.public "Notice de personne 'Karr, Alphonse'"]. ''[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]'' (in French).</ref><ref name="tombes-sepultures">{{Cite web | url=http://www.tombes-sepultures.com/crbst_944.html |title=KARR Alphonse |work=Tombes Sépultures dans les cimetières et autres lieux |language=fr}}</ref>


== Life ==
== Life ==
Karr was born in Paris to German pianist and composer Henri Karr (1784&ndash;1842), and after being educated at the [[Collège Bourbon]], became a teacher there. Some of his novels, including his first, ''Sous les Tilleuls'' (1832), were autobiographical romances. A second novel, ''Une heure trop tard'', followed next year, and was succeeded by many other popular works. His ''Vendredi soir'' (1835) and ''Le Chemin le plus court'' (1836) continued the vein of autobiographical romance with which he had made his first success. ''Geneviève'' (1838) is one of his best stories, and his ''Voyage autour de mon jardin'' (1845) was deservedly popular. Others were ''Feu Bressier'' (1848), and ''Fort en thème'' (1853), which had some influence in stimulating educational reform.
Karr was born in Paris to German pianist and composer Henri Karr (1784&ndash;1842), and after being educated at the [[Collège Bourbon]], became a teacher there. Some of his novels, including his first, {{lang|fr|Sous les Tilleuls}} (1832), were autobiographical romances. A second novel, {{lang|fr|Une heure trop tard}}, followed next year, and was succeeded by many other popular works. His ''Vendredi soir'' (1835) and {{lang|fr|Le Chemin le plus court}} (1836) continued the vein of autobiographical romance with which he had made his first success. {{lang|fr|Geneviève}} (1838) is one of his best stories, and his {{lang|fr|Voyage autour de Mon Jardin}} (1845) was deservedly popular. Others were {{lang|fr|Feu Bressier}} (1848), and {{lang|fr|Fort en thème}} (1853), which had some influence in stimulating educational reform.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Karr, Jean Baptiste Alphonse|volume=15|page=682}}</ref>


In 1855 he went to live in [[Nice]], where he indulged his predilections for [[floriculture]], and gave his name to more than one new variety, notably the [[dahlia]] ([[New International Encyclopedia]]). Indeed, he practically founded the trade in cut flowers on the [[French Riviera]]. He was also devoted to fishing, and in ''Les Soirées de Sainte-Adresse'' (1853) and ''Au bord de la mer'' (1860) he made use of his experiences. His reminiscences, ''Livre de bord'', were published in 1879–1880. He died at [[Saint-Raphaël, Var|Saint-Raphaël]] ([[Var (département)|Var]]).
In 1855 he went to live in [[Nice]], where he indulged his predilections for [[floriculture]], and gave his name to more than one new variety, notably the [[dahlia]] (''[[New International Encyclopedia]]''). Indeed, he practically founded the trade in cut flowers on the [[French Riviera]]. He was also devoted to fishing, and in {{lang|fr|Les Soirées de Sainte-Adresse}} (1853) and {{lang|fr|Au bord de la mer}} (1860) he made use of his experiences. His reminiscences, {{lang|fr|Livre de bord}}, were published in 1879–1880. He died at [[Saint-Raphaël, Var]].<ref name="EB1911"/>


== Family ==
== Family ==
Karr's brother Eugène was a talented engineer, and his niece [[Carme Karr]] was a writer, journalist and suffragist in [[La Roche-Mabile]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
Karr's brother Eugène was a talented engineer, and his niece [[Carme Karr]] was a writer, journalist and suffragist in [[La Roche-Mabile]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}


⚫
In April 1832, Karr had a shortlived relationship with actress [[Juliette Drouet]]. He allegedly borrowed all of her money and never paid it back.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unmasking the Bourgeoise: Bella Juliette |work=The France of Victor Hugo |url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/jkr/juliette.html |publisher=Mount Holyoke |access-date=2020-12-11 |archive-date=2021-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703205057/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/jkr/juliette.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Karr was married to Louise Estelle Clémentine (née Renard de Mentule, born 9 December 1815).<ref name="Gazette-135-49">{{lang|fr|Gazette des beaux-arts}}, vol. 135, ed. J. Claye, p. 49.</ref> They first met in late 1833, and married on 10 February 1834. Their first and only child, Thérèse, was born on 2 September 1834.<ref>Stèle pour Alphonse Karr, Louis Virlogeux, Éditions de Cahiers Bourbonnais, 1975. {{Page needed|date=March 2024}}</ref><ref name="pseudos">Antoine Edmond Poinsot, {{lang|fr|Dictionnaire des pseudonymes}}, éd. Slatkine, 1887. {{Page needed|date=March 2024}}</ref><ref name="lefeuve">{{cite book |first=Charles |last=Lefeuve |title=Histoire du Lycée Bonaparte Collège Bourbon |year=1862 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6391323r/f217.image.r=Alphonse%20Karr |pages=210–216 |language=fr}}</ref> By 1845, the couple had been separated for eight and a half years.<ref>''Arts'', collected vol. 11, Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts, 1988. {{Page needed|date=March 2024}}</ref><ref name="Gazette-135-49" />
In April 1832, Karr had a shortlived relationship with actress [[Juliette Drouet]]. He allegedly borrowed all of her money and never paid it back.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unmasking the Bourgeoise: Bella Juliette
⚫
|work=The France of Victor Hugo |url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/jkr/juliette.html |publisher=Mount Holyoke}}</ref> Karr was married to Louise Estelle Clémentine (née Renard de Mentule, born 9 December 1815).<ref>Gazette des beaux-arts, vol. 135, ed. J. Claye, p. 49</ref> They first met in late 1833, and married on 10 February 1834. Their first and only child, Thérèse, was born on 2 September 1834.<ref>Stèle pour Alphonse Karr, Louis Virlogeux, Éditions de Cahiers Bourbonnais, 1975</ref><ref name="pseudos">Antoine Edmond Poinsot , ''Dictionnaire des pseudonymes'', éd. Slatkine, 1887.</ref><ref name="lefeuve">{{cite book |first=Charles |last=Lefeuve |title=Histoire du Lycée Bonaparte Collège Bourbon |year=1862 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6391323r/f217.image.r=Alphonse%20Karr |pages=210–216 |lang=fr}}</ref> By 1845, the couple had been separated for eight and a half years.<ref>Arts, collected vol. 11, Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts, 1988</ref><ref>Gazette des beaux-arts, vol. 135, ed. J. Claye, p. 49</ref>


==Writings==
==Writings==
===Novels===
===Novels===
[[File:Alphonse Karr by Antoine Samuel Adam-Salomon, c1876.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Woodburytype]] of Karr {{circa}} 1876. Photo by [[Antoine Samuel Adam-Salomon]].]]
[[File:Alphonse Karr by Antoine Samuel Adam-Salomon, c1876.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Woodburytype]] of Karr {{circa}} 1876. Photo by [[Antoine Samuel Adam-Salomon]].]]
* ''[[Sous les Tilleuls]]'' (1832)
* {{lang|fr|[[Sous les Tilleuls]]}} (1832)
* ''Une heure trop tard'' (1833)
* {{lang|fr|Une heure trop tard}} (1833)
* ''Vendredi soir'' (1835)
* {{lang|fr|Vendredi soir}} (1835)
* ''Le chemin le plus court'' (1836)
* {{lang|fr|Le chemin le plus court}} (1836)
* ''Geneviève'' (1838)
* {{lang|fr|Geneviève}} (1838)
* ''Voyage autour de mon jardin'' (1845)
* {{lang|fr|Voyage autour de mon Jardin}} (1845)
* ''Feu Bressier'' (1848)
* {{lang|fr|Feu Bressier}} (1848)
* ''Fort en thème'' (1853)
* {{lang|fr|Fort en thème}} (1853)
* ''Les Soirées de Sainte-Adresse'' (1853)
* {{lang|fr|Les Soirées de Sainte-Adresse}} (1853)
* ''Histoires Normandes'' (1855)
* {{lang|fr|Histoires Normandes}} (1855)
* ''Au bord de la mer'' (1860)
* {{lang|fr|Au bord de la mer}} (1860)
* ''Une poignee de verites (1866)
* {{lang|fr|Une poignee de verites}} (1866)
* ''Livre de bord'' (1879–80)
* {{lang|fr|Livre de bord}} (1879–80)


===Journalism===
===Journalism===
[[File:Alphonse Karr Les Guêpes 1843.jpg | thumb | right | Title page of 1843 edition of ''Les Guêpes'' magazine.]]
[[File:Alphonse Karr Les Guêpes 1843.jpg|thumb|right | Title page of 1843 edition of {{lang|fr|Les Guêpes}} magazine]]
In 1839, Karr became editor of ''[[Le Figaro]]'', to which he had been a constant contributor; and he also started a monthly journal, ''Les Guêpes'' (''The Wasps''), of a keenly satirical tone, a publication which brought him the reputation of someone of "imperishable words" and biting wit.<ref>Delbourg, Patrice (2008) ''Les Jongleurs de Mots de François Villon à Raymond Devos''. ECRITURE.</ref> The first volumes of the journal, or magazine, were published from 1839-43. Karr attempted to revive the publication of ''Les Guêpes'' from 1852-55, an undertaking doomed to failure given the conditions of state censorship (under the regime of [[Napoleon III]]).<ref>[https://revenant-archive.blogspot.com/p/les-guepes.html "Les Guêpes" Collection]. The Archive of the Revenant Avant-Garde.</ref>
In 1839, Karr became editor of ''[[Le Figaro]]'', to which he had been a constant contributor; and he also started a monthly journal, {{lang|fr|Les Guêpes}} (''The Wasps''), of a keenly satirical tone,<ref name="EB1911"/> a publication which brought him the reputation of someone of "imperishable words" and biting wit.<ref>{{cite book|last=Delbourg|first=Patrice|year=2008|title=Les Jongleurs de Mots de François Villon à Raymond Devos|lang=fr|publisher=Écriture|isbn=9782909240800}}{{Page needed|date=March 2024}}</ref> The first volumes of the journal, or magazine, were published from 1839-43. Karr attempted to revive the publication of ''Les Guêpes'' from 1852–55, an undertaking doomed to failure given the conditions of state censorship (under the regime of [[Napoleon III]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://revenant-archive.blogspot.com/p/les-guepes.html |title=The Archive of the Revenant Avant-Garde:'Les Guêpes' Collection |website=Revenant Archive}}</ref>


In 1848, he founded ''Le Journal''.
In 1848, he founded ''Le Journal''.


===Memorable quotes===
===Memorable quotations===
Karr is remembered for many quotes in his writings<ref>[http://evene.lefigaro.fr/citations/alphonse-karr Alphonse Karr a dit...] [[Le Figaro]].</ref> including the well-known [[aphorism]] [[wikiquote:Alphonse Karr|''plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose'']] <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/lesgupes06karruoft/ |page=[https://archive.org/details/lesgupes06karruoft/page/278 278] |title=Les Guêpes |publisher=Michel Lévy Frères |location=Paris |year=1862 |lang=fr}}</ref> usually translated as ''"the more things change, the more they stay the same"''.<ref>[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plus%20%C3%A7a%20change%2C%20plus%20c%27est%20la%20m%C3%AAme%20chose. Plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose.] Merriam-Webster.</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/atourroundmygar00woodgoog | page=[https://archive.org/details/atourroundmygar00woodgoog/page/n331 313] |title = A Tour Round My Garden| publisher=G. Routledge |last1 = Karr|first1 = Alphonse|last2 = Wood|first2 = Rev. J.|year = 1855}}</ref>
Karr is remembered for many of his statements,<ref>[http://evene.lefigaro.fr/citations/alphonse-karr Alphonse Karr a dit...] ''[[Le Figaro]]''.</ref> including the well-known [[aphorism]] [[wikiquote:Alphonse Karr|''plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose'']]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/lesgupes06karruoft/ |page=[https://archive.org/details/lesgupes06karruoft/page/278/ 278] |title=Les Guêpes |publisher=Michel Lévy Frères |location=Paris |year=1862 |language=fr}}</ref> usually translated as ''"the more things change, the more they stay the same"''.<ref>[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plus%20%C3%A7a%20change%2C%20plus%20c%27est%20la%20m%C3%AAme%20chose. Plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose.] Merriam-Webster.</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/atourroundmygar00woodgoog | page=[https://archive.org/details/atourroundmygar00woodgoog/page/n330 313] |title = A Tour Round My Garden| publisher=G. Routledge |last1 = Karr|first1 = Alphonse|last2 = Wood|first2 =J.G. |year = 1855}}</ref>


On the proposal to abolish capital punishment, he wrote: ''"je veux bien que messieurs les assassins commencent"'' (i.e. ''"let the gentlemen who do the murders take the first step"'').
On the proposal to abolish capital punishment, he wrote: "{{lang|fr|je veux bien que messieurs les assassins commencent}}" (i.e., "let the gentlemen who do the murders take the first step").<ref name="EB1911"/>


== Legacy ==
== Legacy ==
[[File:Arsenal, Paris, France - panoramio (16).jpg | thumb | right | Grand Chemin de la Postérité (1842)]]
[[File:"Grand chemin de la postérité" (16).jpg|thumb|right | {{lang|fr|Grand Chemin de la Postérité}} (1842)]]
[[File:Avenue Alphonse Karr - Saint-Maur-des-Fossés - 2.JPG | thumb | right]]
[[File:Avenue Alphonse Karr - Saint-Maur-des-Fossés - 2.JPG|thumb|right|Street sign in [[Saint-Maur-des-Fossés]]]]
Karr is one of the French artists and writers caricatured by [[Benjamin Roubaud]] in his drawing "Grand Chemin de la Postérité". Karr's head is drawn on the body of a wasp (alluding to ''Les Guêpes'') and annotated "KARicature" (sic).
Karr is one of the French artists and writers caricatured by [[Benjamin Roubaud]] in his drawing {{lang|fr|Grand Chemin de la Postérité}}. Karr's head is drawn on the body of a wasp (alluding to {{lang|fr|Les Guêpes}}) and annotated "KARicature" (sic).


The short story ''Les Willis'' was the basis of [[Giacomo Puccini]]'s opera ''[[Le Villi]]'' (1884).
The short story "Les Willis" was the basis of [[Giacomo Puccini]]'s opera {{lang|it|[[Le Villi]]}} (1884).


The [[bamboo]] species ''Bambusa multiplex Alphonse Karr'' was named in his honour.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.beautiful-tropical-gardens.com/bambusa-multiplex-alphonse-karr.html | title=Bambusa multiplex Alphonse Karr}}</ref>
The [[bamboo]] species ''Bambusa multiplex Alphonse Karr'' was named in his honour.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.beautiful-tropical-gardens.com/bambusa-multiplex-alphonse-karr.html | title=Bambusa multiplex Alphonse Karr |website=Beautiful-Tropical-Gardens.com}}</ref>


Numerous roads have been named after him including:
Numerous roads have been named after him including:
* Rue Alphonse Karr in [[Paris]]
* Rue Alphonse Karr in [[Paris]]
* Rue Alphonse Karr in [[Nice]]
* Avenue Alphonse Karr in [[Saint-Maur-des-Fossés]]
* Avenue Alphonse Karr in [[Saint-Maur-des-Fossés]]
* Place Alphonse Karr in [[Barentin]]
* Place Alphonse Karr in [[Barentin]]
* Allée Alphonse Karr in [[Châlons-en-Champagne]]
* Allée Alphonse Karr in [[Châlons-en-Champagne]]


The [https://www.collegekarr.fr/|Collège Alphonse Karr] college in the resort town of [[Saint-Raphaël (Var)|Saint-Raphaël]] on the Côte d'Azur.
The Collège Alphonse Karr is in the resort town of [[Saint-Raphaël (Var)|Saint-Raphaël]] on the Côte d'Azur.
{{clear}}
{{clear}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Karr, Jean Baptiste Alphonse}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
Line 83: Line 82:
{{Commons category|Alphonse Karr}}
{{Commons category|Alphonse Karr}}
* {{wikisource author-inline}}
* {{wikisource author-inline}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Karr,+Alphonse | name=Alphonse Karr}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=37873| name=Alphonse Karr}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Karr}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Karr}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUnmr4W5wMg Alphonse Karr, LETTRE X]. Text with audio (in French)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUnmr4W5wMg Alphonse Karr, LETTRE X] on YouTube. Text with audio (in French)


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

Latest revision as of 11:05, 20 October 2024

Alphonse Karr
Alphonse Karr by Antoine Samuel Adam-Salomon, c. 1876
Born24 November 1808
Paris, First French Empire
Died29 September 1890 (aged 81)
Saint-Raphaël, French Third Republic
Occupation(s)Critic, journalist, novelist
Years active1834–1880
Spouse
Clémentine Renard de Mentule
​
​
(m. 1834; div. 1836)​
Children1
RelativesCarme Karr (niece)

Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Karr (24 November 1808 – 29 September 1890) was a French critic, journalist, and novelist.[1][2]

Life

[edit]

Karr was born in Paris to German pianist and composer Henri Karr (1784–1842), and after being educated at the Collège Bourbon, became a teacher there. Some of his novels, including his first, Sous les Tilleuls (1832), were autobiographical romances. A second novel, Une heure trop tard, followed next year, and was succeeded by many other popular works. His Vendredi soir (1835) and Le Chemin le plus court (1836) continued the vein of autobiographical romance with which he had made his first success. Geneviève (1838) is one of his best stories, and his Voyage autour de Mon Jardin (1845) was deservedly popular. Others were Feu Bressier (1848), and Fort en thème (1853), which had some influence in stimulating educational reform.[3]

In 1855 he went to live in Nice, where he indulged his predilections for floriculture, and gave his name to more than one new variety, notably the dahlia (New International Encyclopedia). Indeed, he practically founded the trade in cut flowers on the French Riviera. He was also devoted to fishing, and in Les Soirées de Sainte-Adresse (1853) and Au bord de la mer (1860) he made use of his experiences. His reminiscences, Livre de bord, were published in 1879–1880. He died at Saint-Raphaël, Var.[3]

Family

[edit]

Karr's brother Eugène was a talented engineer, and his niece Carme Karr was a writer, journalist and suffragist in La Roche-Mabile.[citation needed]

In April 1832, Karr had a shortlived relationship with actress Juliette Drouet. He allegedly borrowed all of her money and never paid it back.[4] Karr was married to Louise Estelle Clémentine (née Renard de Mentule, born 9 December 1815).[5] They first met in late 1833, and married on 10 February 1834. Their first and only child, Thérèse, was born on 2 September 1834.[6][7][8] By 1845, the couple had been separated for eight and a half years.[9][5]

Writings

[edit]

Novels

[edit]
Woodburytype of Karr c. 1876. Photo by Antoine Samuel Adam-Salomon.
  • Sous les Tilleuls (1832)
  • Une heure trop tard (1833)
  • Vendredi soir (1835)
  • Le chemin le plus court (1836)
  • Geneviève (1838)
  • Voyage autour de mon Jardin (1845)
  • Feu Bressier (1848)
  • Fort en thème (1853)
  • Les Soirées de Sainte-Adresse (1853)
  • Histoires Normandes (1855)
  • Au bord de la mer (1860)
  • Une poignee de verites (1866)
  • Livre de bord (1879–80)

Journalism

[edit]
Title page of 1843 edition of Les Guêpes magazine

In 1839, Karr became editor of Le Figaro, to which he had been a constant contributor; and he also started a monthly journal, Les Guêpes (The Wasps), of a keenly satirical tone,[3] a publication which brought him the reputation of someone of "imperishable words" and biting wit.[10] The first volumes of the journal, or magazine, were published from 1839-43. Karr attempted to revive the publication of Les Guêpes from 1852–55, an undertaking doomed to failure given the conditions of state censorship (under the regime of Napoleon III).[11]

In 1848, he founded Le Journal.

Memorable quotations

[edit]

Karr is remembered for many of his statements,[12] including the well-known aphorism plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose[13] usually translated as "the more things change, the more they stay the same".[14][15]

On the proposal to abolish capital punishment, he wrote: "je veux bien que messieurs les assassins commencent" (i.e., "let the gentlemen who do the murders take the first step").[3]

Legacy

[edit]
Grand Chemin de la Postérité (1842)
Street sign in Saint-Maur-des-Fossés

Karr is one of the French artists and writers caricatured by Benjamin Roubaud in his drawing Grand Chemin de la Postérité. Karr's head is drawn on the body of a wasp (alluding to Les Guêpes) and annotated "KARicature" (sic).

The short story "Les Willis" was the basis of Giacomo Puccini's opera Le Villi (1884).

The bamboo species Bambusa multiplex Alphonse Karr was named in his honour.[16]

Numerous roads have been named after him including:

The Collège Alphonse Karr is in the resort town of Saint-Raphaël on the Côte d'Azur.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Notice de personne 'Karr, Alphonse'". Bibliothèque nationale de France (in French).
  2. ^ "KARR Alphonse". Tombes Sépultures dans les cimetières et autres lieux (in French).
  3. ^ a b c d  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Karr, Jean Baptiste Alphonse". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 682.
  4. ^ "Unmasking the Bourgeoise: Bella Juliette". The France of Victor Hugo. Mount Holyoke. Archived from the original on 2021-07-03. Retrieved 2020-12-11.
  5. ^ a b Gazette des beaux-arts, vol. 135, ed. J. Claye, p. 49.
  6. ^ Stèle pour Alphonse Karr, Louis Virlogeux, Éditions de Cahiers Bourbonnais, 1975. [page needed]
  7. ^ Antoine Edmond Poinsot, Dictionnaire des pseudonymes, éd. Slatkine, 1887. [page needed]
  8. ^ Lefeuve, Charles (1862). Histoire du Lycée Bonaparte Collège Bourbon (in French). pp. 210–216.
  9. ^ Arts, collected vol. 11, Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts, 1988. [page needed]
  10. ^ Delbourg, Patrice (2008). Les Jongleurs de Mots de François Villon à Raymond Devos (in French). Écriture. ISBN 9782909240800.[page needed]
  11. ^ "The Archive of the Revenant Avant-Garde:'Les Guêpes' Collection". Revenant Archive.
  12. ^ Alphonse Karr a dit... Le Figaro.
  13. ^ "Les Guêpes" (in French). Paris: Michel Lévy Frères. 1862. p. 278.
  14. ^ Plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose. Merriam-Webster.
  15. ^ Karr, Alphonse; Wood, J.G. (1855). A Tour Round My Garden. G. Routledge. p. 313.
  16. ^ "Bambusa multiplex Alphonse Karr". Beautiful-Tropical-Gardens.com.
[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to Alphonse Karr.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alphonse Karr.
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