Pascalina Lehnert: Difference between revisions

Pascalina Lehnert
Pascalina Lehnert
	Madre Pascalina in 1983 at age 88
Born	Josefina Lehnert; 25 August 1894; Ebersberg, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire
Died	13 November 1983 (aged 89); Vienna, Austria
Occupation(s)	Religious sister ; Papal secretary and organizer ; Papal charity office manager

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Pascalina Lehnert (25 August 1894 – 13 November 1983), born Josefina Lehnert, was a German religious sister who served as Pope Pius XII's housekeeper, confidant, and secretary from his period as Apostolic Nuncio to Bavaria in 1917 until his death as pope in 1958.^[1] She managed the papal charity office for Pius XII from 1944 until the pontiff's death in 1958. She was a Sister of the Holy Cross Menzingen.

Early career

"Madre Pascalina", as she was called, led Eugenio Pacelli's household in the nunciature in Munich, Bavaria, from 1917 to 1925 and in the nunciature to Germany and Prussia in Berlin from 1925 to 1929, where Nuncio Pacelli was Dean of the Diplomatic Corps. There she became known for organizing the Pacelli parties, "which were auspicious, tastefully sprinkling glitter with the strictest European etiquette. [...] The nunciature was soon a major center of Germany's social and official worlds. Streams of aristocrats, including President Paul von Hindenburg [(in office 1925-1934), who had served as one of Germany's Field Marshals during World War I], were frequent callers, blending with students and workers, anyone whom Pacelli, the shrewdest of diplomats, chose to smile upon."^[2]

Pacelli was recalled to Rome in 1929 to become Cardinal Secretary of State. Pascalina soon resided as housekeeper with two other sisters in the Vatican.^[3]

Papacy of Pius XII

Papal Charities

Pius XII responded to Madre Pascalina in the aftermath of the war by organizing a two-tier papal charity. Monsignore Ferdinando Baldelli, Carlo Egger and Otto Faller started on behalf of the pope the official Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza.^[4] Madre Pascalina was asked by the Pope to direct his personal charity efforts, officially under Monsignor Montini, later Pope Paul VI, with whom she seemed to have a complicated relationship. To assist the pope in the many calls for his help and charity, Pascalina organized and led the Magazzino, a private papal charity office which employed up to 40 helpers and continued until 1959. "It started from modest beginnings and became a gigantic charity."^[5]

By Christmas 1944, housing had been provided at the Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo for 15,000 refugees from the invading Nazi forces. Inside the Vatican, Mother Pascalina was in charge of housing, clothing and food for as many Jewish refugees as the walls could hold. By the end of the war, no less than 200,000 Jews had been sheltered and fed inside the Holy City under her supervision.^[6] In addition to this, 12,000 packages were delivered to the children of Rome alone, many of which were handed out by Pope Pius XII himself.^[7]

Later life

In recognition of her achievements, John XXIII awarded Mother Pascalina the papal honor Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice.^[8]

Autobiography

Madre Pascalina wrote her autobiography in 1959. Church authorities permitted its publication only in 1982.^[9]

Works

Lehnert, Pascalina. Ich durfte Ihm Dienen, Erinnerungen an Papst Pius XII. Naumann, Würzburg, 1986
Lehnert, Pascalina; Susan Johnson (transl.). His Humble Servant: Sister M. Pascalina Lehnert's Memoirs of Her Years of Service to Eugenio Pacelli, Pope Pius XII. Saint Augustine's Press, South Bend. February 2014. ISBN 978-1-58731-367-7. (first English translation)

References

^ Gerard Noel, The Hound of Hitler, p. 9 Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Reflections on the Holocaust: Further Reading; web 26 April 2013
^ Murphy, Paul I. and Arlington, R. Rene. (1983). La Popessa: The Controversial Biography of Sister Pascalina, the Most Powerful Woman in Vatican History. New York: Warner Books Inc. ISBN 0-446-51258-3. p. 59
^ Cornwell, John (1999). Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII. Viking. ISBN 0-670-87620-8. Murphy, Paul I.; Arlington, R. Rene (1983). La Popessa: The Controversial Biography of Sister Pascalina, the Most Powerful Woman in Vatican History. New York: Warner Books Inc. ISBN 0-446-51258-3. For a short interval, she stayed in private quarters due to renovations of the Vatican quarters of the Secretary of State, which Cornwell and Murphy take as an indication that her position in Rome was not secure. Schad, Martha (2007). Gottes Mächtige Dienerin, Schwester Pascalina und Papst Pius XII. Herbig, München. During this time Pacelli's sister Elisabetta reportedly displayed some rivalry toward Madre Pascalina.
^ Mazzolari, Primo. La Carita Del Papa, Pio XII.e la ricostruzione dell'Italia, Edizione Paoline, 1991
^ Lehnert, Pascalina. Ich durfte Ihm Dienen, Naumann, Würzburg, 1986, p. 104
^ Murphy, Paul. La Popessa. Warner Books, 1983. pp. 209–229
^ Schad, Martha. Gottes Mächtige Dienerin, Schwester Pascalina und Papst Pius XII. Herbig, München, 2007, p. 112
^ Doino, William. Jr. (13 September 2014). ""La Popessa" speaks". First Things.
^ Pascalina Lehnert, Ich durfte Ihm Dienen, Naumann, Würzburg, 1982, 1986.

External links

Media related to Pascalina Lehnert at Wikimedia Commons

[1] Gerard Noel, The Hound of Hitler, p. 9 Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Reflections on the Holocaust: Further Reading; web 26 April 2013

[2] Murphy, Paul I. and Arlington, R. Rene. (1983). La Popessa: The Controversial Biography of Sister Pascalina, the Most Powerful Woman in Vatican History. New York: Warner Books Inc. ISBN 0-446-51258-3. p. 59

[3] Cornwell, John (1999). Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII. Viking. ISBN 0-670-87620-8. Murphy, Paul I.; Arlington, R. Rene (1983). La Popessa: The Controversial Biography of Sister Pascalina, the Most Powerful Woman in Vatican History. New York: Warner Books Inc. ISBN 0-446-51258-3. For a short interval, she stayed in private quarters due to renovations of the Vatican quarters of the Secretary of State, which Cornwell and Murphy take as an indication that her position in Rome was not secure. Schad, Martha (2007). Gottes Mächtige Dienerin, Schwester Pascalina und Papst Pius XII. Herbig, München. During this time Pacelli's sister Elisabetta reportedly displayed some rivalry toward Madre Pascalina.

[4] Mazzolari, Primo. La Carita Del Papa, Pio XII.e la ricostruzione dell'Italia, Edizione Paoline, 1991

[5] Lehnert, Pascalina. Ich durfte Ihm Dienen, Naumann, Würzburg, 1986, p. 104

[6] Murphy, Paul. La Popessa. Warner Books, 1983. pp. 209–229

[7] Schad, Martha. Gottes Mächtige Dienerin, Schwester Pascalina und Papst Pius XII. Herbig, München, 2007, p. 112

[8] Doino, William. Jr. (13 September 2014). ""La Popessa" speaks". First Things.

[9] Pascalina Lehnert, Ich durfte Ihm Dienen, Naumann, Würzburg, 1982, 1986.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|German Catholic religious sister}}
-{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2022}}
-{{short description|German Roman Catholic nun who was  Pope Pius XII's housekeeper and secretary}}
 {{Infobox person
-| honorific_prefix   = Mother
+| honorific_prefix   =
 | name               = Pascalina Lehnert
 | honorific_suffix   =
@@ Line 9: / Line 8: @@
 | caption            = Madre Pascalina in 1983 at age 88
 | birth_name         = Josefina Lehnert
-| birth_date         = {{birth date|1894|8|25}}
+| birth_date         = {{birth date|1894|8|25|df=y}}
 | birth_place        = [[Ebersberg]], [[Kingdom of Bavaria]], [[German Empire]]
-| death_date         = {{death date and age|1983|11|13|1894|8|25}}
+| death_date         = {{death date and age|1983|11|13|1894|8|25|df=y}}
 | death_place        = [[Vienna, Austria]]
 | other_names        =
-| occupation         = [[Religious sister]]
+| occupation         = [[Religious sister]] <br>Papal secretary and organizer <br>Papal charity office manager
 | known_for          =
 }}
-'''Madre (Mother) Pascalina Lehnert''' (25 August 1894 – 13 November 1983), born '''Josefina Lehnert''', was a German [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Religious sister (Catholic)|sister]] who served as [[Pope Pius XII]]'s housekeeper and secretary from his period as [[Apostolic Nuncio to Bavaria]] in 1917 until his death as pope in 1958. She managed the papal charity office for Pius XII from 1944 until the pontiff's death in 1958. She was a Sister of the Holy Cross, [[Sisters of the Holy Cross Menzingen|Menzingen order]].
+'''Pascalina Lehnert''' (25 August 1894 – 13 November 1983), born '''Josefina Lehnert''', was a German [[religious sister]] who served as [[Pope Pius XII]]'s housekeeper, confidant, and secretary from his period as [[Apostolic Nuncio to Bavaria]] in 1917 until his death as [[pope]] in 1958.<ref>Gerard Noel, The Hound of Hitler, p. 9 Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Reflections on the Holocaust: Further Reading; web 26 April 2013</ref> She managed the papal charity office for Pius XII from 1944 until the pontiff's death in 1958. She was a [[Sisters of the Holy Cross Menzingen|Sister of the Holy Cross Menzingen]].
-==Households==
+==Early career==
-"Madre Pascalina", as she was called, led Eugenio Pacelli's household in the nunciature in [[Munich]], Bavaria, from 1917 to 1925 and in the [[Apostolic Nuncio to Germany|nunciature to Germany]] and [[Free State of Prussia|Prussia]] in [[Berlin]] from 1925 to 1929, where Nuncio Pacelli was [[Dean of the Diplomatic Corps]]. There she became known for organizing the Pacelli parties, "which were auspicious, tastefully sprinkling glitter with the strictest European etiquette. ...The nunciature was soon a major center of Germany’s social and official worlds. Streams of aristocrats, including President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (one of Germany’s [[Field Marshal]]s during World War I) were frequent callers, blending with students and workers, anyone whom Pacelli, the shrewdest of diplomats, chose to smile upon."<ref>Murphy, Paul I. and Arlington, R. Rene. (1983). ''La Popessa: The Controversial Biography of Sister Pascalina, the Most Powerful Woman in Vatican History''. New York: Warner Books Inc. {{ISBN|0-446-51258-3}}. p. 59</ref>
+"Madre Pascalina", as she was called, led [[Eugenio Pacelli]]'s household in the nunciature in [[Munich]], Bavaria, from 1917 to 1925 and in the [[Apostolic Nuncio to Germany|nunciature to Germany]] and [[Free State of Prussia|Prussia]] in [[Berlin]] from 1925 to 1929, where Nuncio Pacelli was [[Dean of the Diplomatic Corps]]. There she became known for organizing the Pacelli parties, "which were auspicious, tastefully sprinkling glitter with the strictest European etiquette. [...] The nunciature was soon a major center of Germany's social and official worlds. Streams of aristocrats, including President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] [(in office 1925-1934), who had served as one of Germany's [[Field Marshal]]s during [[World War I]]], were frequent callers, blending with students and workers, anyone whom Pacelli, the shrewdest of diplomats, chose to smile upon."<ref>Murphy, Paul I. and Arlington, R. Rene. (1983). ''La Popessa: The Controversial Biography of Sister Pascalina, the Most Powerful Woman in Vatican History''. New York: Warner Books Inc. {{ISBN|0-446-51258-3}}. p. 59</ref>
-Pacelli was recalled to [[Rome]] in 1929 to become [[Cardinal Secretary of State]]. Madre Pascalina soon resided as housekeeper with two other sisters in the [[Apostolic Palace|Vatican]]<ref>Cornwell, John (1999). ''Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII''. Viking. {{ISBN|0-670-87620-8}}. Murphy, Paul I.; Arlington, R. Rene (1983). ''La Popessa: The Controversial Biography of Sister Pascalina, the Most Powerful Woman in Vatican History''. New York: Warner Books Inc. {{ISBN|0-446-51258-3}}. For a short interval, she stayed in private quarters due to renovations of the Vatican quarters of the Secretary of State, which Cornwell and Murphy take as an indication that her position in Rome was not secure.  Schad, Martha (2007). ''Gottes Mächtige Dienerin, Schwester Pascalina und Papst Pius XII''. Herbig, München. During this time Pacelli's sister Elisabetta reportedly displayed some rivalry toward Madre Pascalina.</ref> and were the only women inside the [[Papal conclave]], which, on 2 March 1939, elected Pacelli to become the successor of [[Pope Pius XI]].
+Pacelli was recalled to [[Rome]] in 1929 to become [[Cardinal Secretary of State]]. Pascalina soon resided as housekeeper with two other sisters in the [[Apostolic Palace| Vatican]].<ref>Cornwell, John (1999). ''Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII''. Viking. {{ISBN|0-670-87620-8}}. Murphy, Paul I.; Arlington, R. Rene (1983). ''La Popessa: The Controversial Biography of Sister Pascalina, the Most Powerful Woman in Vatican History''. New York: Warner Books Inc. {{ISBN|0-446-51258-3}}. For a short interval, she stayed in private quarters due to renovations of the Vatican quarters of the Secretary of State, which Cornwell and Murphy take as an indication that her position in Rome was not secure.  Schad, Martha (2007). ''Gottes Mächtige Dienerin, Schwester Pascalina und Papst Pius XII''. Herbig, München. During this time Pacelli's sister Elisabetta reportedly displayed some rivalry toward Madre Pascalina.
+</ref>
+==Papacy of Pius XII==
-==Papal charities 1944–1958==
+===Papal Charities===
-Pius XII responded to Madre Pascalina in the aftermath of the war by organizing a two-tier papal charity. Monsignore [[Ferdinando Baldelli]], Carlo Egger and [[Otto Faller]] started on behalf of the pope the official [[Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza]].<ref>Mazzolari, Primo. ''La Carita Del Papa, Pio XII.e la ricostruzione dell’Italia'', Edizione Paoline, 1991</ref> Madre Pascalina was asked by the Pope to direct his personal charity efforts, officially under Monsignor Montini, later [[Pope Paul VI]], with whom she seemed to have a complicated relationship. To assist the pope in the many calls for his help and charity, Pascalina organized and led the ''Magazzino'', a private papal charity office which employed up to 40 helpers and continued until 1959. "It started from modest beginnings and became a gigantic charity."<ref>Lehnert, Pascalina. ''Ich durfte Ihm Dienen'', Naumann, Würzburg, 1986, p. 104</ref>
+[[Pius XII]] responded to Madre Pascalina in the aftermath of the war by organizing a two-tier papal charity. Monsignore [[Ferdinando Baldelli]], Carlo Egger and [[Otto Faller]] started on behalf of the pope the official [[Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza]].<ref>Mazzolari, Primo. ''La Carita Del Papa, Pio XII.e la ricostruzione dell'Italia'', Edizione Paoline, 1991</ref> Madre Pascalina was asked by the Pope to direct his personal charity efforts, officially under Monsignor Montini, later [[Pope Paul VI]], with whom she seemed to have a complicated relationship. To assist the pope in the many calls for his help and charity, Pascalina organized and led the ''Magazzino'', a private papal charity office which employed up to 40 helpers and continued until 1959. "It started from modest beginnings and became a gigantic charity."<ref>Lehnert, Pascalina. ''Ich durfte Ihm Dienen'', Naumann, Würzburg, 1986, p. 104</ref>
-By Christmas 1944, housing had been provided at the [[Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo]], a papal residence in [[Castel Gandolfo]], for 15,000 refugees from the invading Nazi forces. Inside the Vatican, Mother Pascalina was in charge of housing, clothing and food for as many Jewish refugees as the walls could hold. By the end of the war, no less than 200,000 Jews had been sheltered and fed inside the Holy City under her supervision.<ref>Murphy, Paul. ''La Popessa''. Warner Books, 1983. pp. 209–229</ref> In addition to this, 12,000 packages were delivered to the children of Rome alone, many of which were handed out by Pope Pius XII himself.<ref>Schad, Martha. ''Gottes Mächtige Dienerin, Schwester Pascalina und Papst Pius XII''. Herbig, München, 2007, p. 112</ref> Lehnert organized truck caravans filled with medicine, clothing, shoes and food to prison camps and hospitals, provided first aid, food and shelter for bomb victims, fed the hungry population of Rome, answered emergency calls to the Pope for aid, and sent care packages to [[France]], [[Poland]], [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Germany]] and [[Austria]] and other countries.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}
+By Christmas 1944, housing had been provided at the [[Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo]] for 15,000 refugees from the invading [[Nazi army|Nazi]] forces. Inside the Vatican, Mother Pascalina was in charge of housing, clothing and food for as many [[Jews|Jewish]] refugees as the walls could hold. By the end of the war, no less than 200,000 Jews had been sheltered and fed inside the Holy City under her supervision.<ref>Murphy, Paul. ''La Popessa''. Warner Books, 1983. pp. 209–229</ref> In addition to this, 12,000 packages were delivered to the children of Rome alone, many of which were handed out by Pope Pius XII himself.<ref>Schad, Martha. ''Gottes Mächtige Dienerin, Schwester Pascalina und Papst Pius XII''. Herbig, München, 2007, p. 112</ref>
+==Later life==
-After the war, the calls for papal help continued in war-torn Europe: Madre Pascalina organized emergency aid to displaced persons, prisoners of war, victims of floods, and many victims of the war. She distributed also hundreds of religious items to needy priests. In later years, priests with very large parishes received small cars or motor bikes. The Pope would ask bishops from the [[United States]], [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Switzerland]], [[Canada]], [[Mexico]], and other countries for help.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}
+In recognition of her achievements, John XXIII awarded Mother Pascalina the papal honor [[Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Doino|first=William. Jr.|title="La Popessa" speaks|url=https://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2014/10/la-popessa-speaks|work=First Things|date=13 September 2014}}</ref>
-==Autobiography==
+===Autobiography===
-Madre Pascalina wrote her autobiography in 1959. Church authorities permitted its publication only in 1982.<ref>Pascalina Lehnert, ''Ich durfte Ihm Dienen'', Naumann, Würzburg, 1982, 1986.</ref> In some 200 pages she describes the human qualities and sense of humor of Eugenio Pacelli (Pope Pius XII), whom she served for 41 years. It also describes historical events such the [[papal conclave]] of 1939, occurrences during [[World War II]], the [[papal consistory|consistory]] of 1946, [[beatification]]s, the [[Jubilee (Christian)|Holy Year]] 1950, and the illness and death of the pope. Madre Pascalina also published several articles, in which she described the daily life and routine of the pontiff.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}
+Madre Pascalina wrote her autobiography in 1959. Church authorities permitted its publication only in 1982.<ref>Pascalina Lehnert, ''Ich durfte Ihm Dienen'', Naumann, Würzburg, 1982, 1986.</ref>
-==Honors==
-In 1958 Madre Pascalina was awarded the ''[[Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice]]'' (For the Church and the Pope) medal by [[Pope John XXIII]]. In 1969 she received the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]] (''Bundesverdienstkreuz'') from [[Germany|West Germany]] and in 1980 the [[Bavarian Order of Merit]]. In 1981, the Austrian President awarded her the [[Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria]] (''Goldenes Ehrenzeichen für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich'').
-==Death==
-Madre Pascalina died from a cerebral hemorrhage in Vienna, aged 89, in 1983. She is buried at the Vatican ''Camposanto'' (cemetery). Several bishops and cardinals, among them [[Pope Benedict XVI|Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger]], also [[Bavaria]]n, attended her funeral.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}}
 ==Works==
@@ Line 45: / Line 41: @@
 *Lehnert, Pascalina; Susan Johnson (transl.). ''His Humble Servant: Sister M. Pascalina Lehnert's Memoirs of Her Years of Service to Eugenio Pacelli, Pope Pius XII''. Saint Augustine's Press, South Bend. February 2014. {{ISBN|978-1-58731-367-7}}. (first English translation)
-==Sources==
+==References==
+{{reflist|2}}
+==Further reading==
 *Lehnert, Pascalina. ''Ich durfte Ihm Dienen, Erinnerungen an Papst Pius XII.'' Naumann, Würzburg, 1986
-*Lehnert, P. ''Brief ''(Letter of Madre Pascalina), Archiv Institut Menzingen, 1 February 1944
-*Lehnert, P. ''Brief'' (Letter of Madre Pascalina), Archiv Institut Menzingen, 16 February 1944
-*Lehnert, P. ''Brief'' (Letter of Madre Pascalina), Archiv Institut Menzingen, 7 April 1944
-*Lehnert, P. ''Brief'' (Letter of Madre Pascalina), Archiv Institut Menzingen, 19 May 1944
 *Lehnert, P. ''La giornata del pontefice Pio XII'', Osservatore Romano, Città del Vaticano, 22 March 1952
-*[[Primo Mazzolari|Mazzolari, Primo]]. ''La carità del papa, Pio XII e la ricostruzione dell’Italia'', Edizione Paoline, 1991
+*[[Primo Mazzolari|Mazzolari, Primo]]. ''La carità del papa, Pio XII e la ricostruzione dell'Italia'', Edizione Paoline, 1991
 *Schad, Marta. ''Gottes mächtige Dienerin, Schwester Pascalina und Papst Pius XII''. Herbig, München, 2007
-==References==
+==External links==
+* {{Commons category-inline}}
-{{reflist|2}}
 {{Pope Pius XII}}
@@ Line 66: / Line 61: @@
 [[Category:1983 deaths]]
 [[Category:Pope Pius XII advisers]]
-[[Category:German Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns]]
+[[Category:20th-century German Roman Catholic nuns]]
 [[Category:People from Ebersberg (district)]]
 [[Category:People from the Kingdom of Bavaria]]

v t e Pope Pius XII
Born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, 2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958 Pope (1939–1958) Camerlengo (1935–1939) Cardinal Secretary of State (1930–1939) Archpriest of Saint Peter's Basilica (1930–1939)
Biography	Early life Nunciature US visit Election Later years Illness and death Testament Canonization
Encyclicals in chronological order	Summi Pontificatus Sertum laetitiae Saeculo exeunte Mystici Corporis Christi Divino afflante Spiritu Orientalis Ecclesiae Communium interpretes dolorum Orientales omnes Ecclesias Quemadmodum Deiparae Virginis Mariae Fulgens radiatur Mediator Dei Optatissima pax Auspicia quaedam In multiplicibus curis Redemptoris nostri cruciatus Anni sacri Summi maeroris Humani generis Mirabile illud Evangelii praecones Sempiternus Rex Christus Ingruentium malorum Orientales Ecclesias Doctor Mellifluus Fulgens corona Sacra virginitas Ecclesiae fastos Ad Sinarum gentem Ad Caeli Reginam Musicae sacrae Haurietis aquas Luctuosissimi eventus Laetamur admodum Datis nuperrime Fidei donum Invicti athletae Le pèlerinage de Lourdes Miranda prorsus Ad Apostolorum principis Meminisse iuvat
World War II	The Holocaust statements conversion of Jews Persecution of Church German Resistance Nazi euthanasia Catholic Resistance Roman razzia Occupied dioceses Ustaše involvement Jewish orphans controversy Pontifical Relief Commission 1942 Christmas address Alleged kidnapping plot Yad Vashem Bombing of Rome
Foreign relations	Nazi Germany (Reichskonkordat) Post–World War II "Ratlines" Persecutions China Poland Russia
Theology	Social teachings Mariology Judaism Liturgy Eastern canon law Canonizations Beatifications Fátima and Balazar
Writings	Apostolic constitutions and bulls Encyclicals Apostolic writings Magisterium
Appointments	Tisserant Maglione Montini Tardini Orsenigo Muench Cardinals
Advisers	Bea Galeazzi-Lisi Kaas Lehnert Leiber Nogara Spellman Spiazzi
Works on Pius XII	The Deputy Three Popes and the Jews Actes et documents Hitler's Pope International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission Under His Very Windows The Myth of Hitler's Pope Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War The Pope's Jews
Related	Pius Wars

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People	Deutsche Biographie DDB
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