Jabal al-ʿHayn: Difference between revisions
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⚫ | '''Jabal al-ʿHayn''' ({{langx|ar|جبل العهين}}, sometimes; Jabal Uhayn, Uhain or Uhain mount, literally the 'mount of censure') is a prominent outcrop of red sandstone in [[Saudi Arabia]], known for its pre-historic petroglyphs, tribal markings (''wusūm'') and inscriptions in early Semitic languages as well as [[Arabic]]. The mountain is located in [[Al Madinah Province|Medina Province]], about 17.5 km north-east of the town of al-Hanākīyā (الحناكية) at 24°59'21"N 40°38'27"E. |
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⚫ | '''Jabal al-ʿHayn''' (جبل العهين sometimes Jabal Uhayn, Uhain or Uhain mount, literally the 'mount of censure') is |
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[[File:جبل العهين الحناكية.png|thumb|جبل العهين الحناكية]] |
[[File:جبل العهين الحناكية.png|thumb|جبل العهين الحناكية]] |
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==Petroglyphs== |
==Petroglyphs== |
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[[File:Hanakiya, tribal markings and camels.jpg|thumb|Jabal al-ʿHayn, Saudi Arabia. Tribal markings and a petroglyph showing a camel.]] |
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Ancient petroglyphs carved on the rock faces of Jabal al-ʿHayn depict horned bison, standing figures and an exceptional |
Ancient petroglyphs carved on the rock faces of Jabal al-ʿHayn depict horned bison, standing figures and an exceptional wild cat with a curling tail.<ref>A general examination of rock art can be found in Majeed Khan, "Rock Art of Saudi Arabia," ''Arts'' 2013, 2, 447-475; doi:10.3390/arts2040447.</ref> Camels are shown in some petroglyphs that seem to be less ancient. |
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==Inscriptions== |
==Inscriptions== |
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Among the many inscriptions at Jabal al-ʿHayn are a number in Arabic which date to the earliest years of the [[Islamic calendar]]. One inscription quotes [[Quran]], [[Surah]] 18 [[Al-Kahf]] verse 21. |
Among the many inscriptions at Jabal al-ʿHayn are a number in Arabic which date to the earliest years of the [[Islamic calendar]]. One inscription quotes [[Quran]], [[Surah]] 18 [[Al-Kahf]] verse 21.<ref>For illustrations, see الحناكية al-Ḥanākīyā. جبل العهين Arabic inscription quoting Qur'ān 18: 21. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4630352.</ref> The inscription was studied by [[Fred Donner]] and published in 1984.<ref>Fred M. Donner, Some Early Arabic Inscriptions from Al-Ḥanākiyya, Saudi Arabia. 1984 http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4575259. The site is also discussed in Sa'ad al-Rashid, ''Darb Zubayda: The Pilgrim Road from Kufa to Mecca'' (Riyadh: Dar al-Watan, 1993).</ref> Following a frequently found formula, the inscription implores God to grant forgiveness and then bears witness to the hour of final judgement. In a second record of singular historical importance, an individual named Rāfiʿ bin 'Alī declares "I believe that there is no God except Him in whom the children of Israel believed, (believing as) a Muslim [[Hanif]]; nor am I among the polytheists."<ref>Fred M. Donner, Some Early Arabic Inscriptions from Al-Ḥanākiyya, Saudi Arabia. 1984 http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4575259.</ref> This gives a direct quote of [[Quran]], [[Surah]] 10 [[Yunus]] verse 90.<ref>For illustration see الحناكية al-Ḥanākīyā. جبل العهين Arabic inscription offering a confession and quoting Qur'ān 10:90. Photo mosaic. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5593343</ref> |
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[[File:Religious maxim in Arabic.jpg|thumb|Jabal al-ʿHayn, Saudi Arabia. Rock inscribed with the name of God and a religious maxim.]] |
[[File:Religious maxim in Arabic.jpg|thumb|Jabal al-ʿHayn, Saudi Arabia. Rock inscribed with the name of God and a religious maxim.]] |
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Also published by Donner is an inscription on a boulder invoking the name of God and giving an exceptional religious maxim.<ref>Fred M. Donner, Some Early Arabic Inscriptions from Al-Ḥanākiyya, Saudi Arabia. 1984 http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4575259.</ref> This and the other inscriptions from the site are listed in ''Thesaurus d'épigraphie islamique'', an online research resource supported by the Max van Berchem Foundation, founded in 1973 in honour of the celebrated epigraphist [[Max van Berchem]] ( |
Also published by Donner is an inscription on a boulder invoking the name of God and giving an exceptional religious maxim.<ref>Fred M. Donner, Some Early Arabic Inscriptions from Al-Ḥanākiyya, Saudi Arabia. 1984 http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4575259.</ref> This and the other inscriptions from the site are listed in ''Thesaurus d'épigraphie islamique'', an online research resource supported by the Max van Berchem Foundation, founded in 1973 in honour of the celebrated epigraphist [[Max van Berchem]] (1863–1921).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epigraphie-islamique.uliege.be/Thesaurus/User/Default.aspx|title=Thesaurus d'épigraphie islamique}}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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[[Category:Archaeological sites in Saudi Arabia]] |
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Saudi Arabia]] |
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[[Category:Quranic words and phrases]] |
[[Category:Quranic words and phrases]] |
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[[Category:Islamic terminology]] |
Latest revision as of 21:01, 20 October 2024
Jabal al-ʿHayn (Arabic: جبل العهين, sometimes; Jabal Uhayn, Uhain or Uhain mount, literally the 'mount of censure') is a prominent outcrop of red sandstone in Saudi Arabia, known for its pre-historic petroglyphs, tribal markings (wusūm) and inscriptions in early Semitic languages as well as Arabic. The mountain is located in Medina Province, about 17.5 km north-east of the town of al-Hanākīyā (الحناكية) at 24°59'21"N 40°38'27"E.
Petroglyphs
[edit]Ancient petroglyphs carved on the rock faces of Jabal al-ʿHayn depict horned bison, standing figures and an exceptional wild cat with a curling tail.[1] Camels are shown in some petroglyphs that seem to be less ancient.
Inscriptions
[edit]Among the many inscriptions at Jabal al-ʿHayn are a number in Arabic which date to the earliest years of the Islamic calendar. One inscription quotes Quran, Surah 18 Al-Kahf verse 21.[2] The inscription was studied by Fred Donner and published in 1984.[3] Following a frequently found formula, the inscription implores God to grant forgiveness and then bears witness to the hour of final judgement. In a second record of singular historical importance, an individual named Rāfiʿ bin 'Alī declares "I believe that there is no God except Him in whom the children of Israel believed, (believing as) a Muslim Hanif; nor am I among the polytheists."[4] This gives a direct quote of Quran, Surah 10 Yunus verse 90.[5]
Also published by Donner is an inscription on a boulder invoking the name of God and giving an exceptional religious maxim.[6] This and the other inscriptions from the site are listed in Thesaurus d'épigraphie islamique, an online research resource supported by the Max van Berchem Foundation, founded in 1973 in honour of the celebrated epigraphist Max van Berchem (1863–1921).[7]
References
[edit]- ^ A general examination of rock art can be found in Majeed Khan, "Rock Art of Saudi Arabia," Arts 2013, 2, 447-475; doi:10.3390/arts2040447.
- ^ For illustrations, see الحناكية al-Ḥanākīyā. جبل العهين Arabic inscription quoting Qur'ān 18: 21. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4630352.
- ^ Fred M. Donner, Some Early Arabic Inscriptions from Al-Ḥanākiyya, Saudi Arabia. 1984 http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4575259. The site is also discussed in Sa'ad al-Rashid, Darb Zubayda: The Pilgrim Road from Kufa to Mecca (Riyadh: Dar al-Watan, 1993).
- ^ Fred M. Donner, Some Early Arabic Inscriptions from Al-Ḥanākiyya, Saudi Arabia. 1984 http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4575259.
- ^ For illustration see الحناكية al-Ḥanākīyā. جبل العهين Arabic inscription offering a confession and quoting Qur'ān 10:90. Photo mosaic. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5593343
- ^ Fred M. Donner, Some Early Arabic Inscriptions from Al-Ḥanākiyya, Saudi Arabia. 1984 http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4575259.
- ^ "Thesaurus d'épigraphie islamique".
External links
[edit]- Thesaurus d'épigraphie islamique [1]