Žilina: Difference between revisions

Žilina
Žilina
City
	Top: Žilina Holy Trinity Cathedral, Mariánske námestie with burgher heritage houses in Mariánske Square, Middle: An inside view of Žilina St.Stephen Church, A heritage of Žilina Town Hall, St.Paul the Apostle and Jesuit Church, Bottom: Budatín Castle, Mirage Commerce Complex Center (all item from left to right)
	Flag Coat of arms
	Nickname(s): Komix City, Pearl of Vah
	Motto(s): Žilina ,the City with face
	Žilina Location in Slovakia Žilina Žilina (Slovakia)
	Coordinates: 49°13′22″N 18°44′24″E / 49.22278°N 18.74000°E
Country	Slovakia
Region	Žilina
District	Žilina
First mentioned	1208
Government
• Mayor	Peter Fiabáne
Area
• City	80.04 km2 (30.90 sq mi)
	(2022)
Elevation	378 m (1,240 ft)
Population (2022)
• City	81,219
• Rank	4th
• Density	1,000/km2 (2,600/sq mi)
• Urban	108,000
• Metro	160,000
Demonym(s)	Žilinian; Žilinčan (masculine); Žilinčanka (feminine)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	010 01
Area code	+421 41
Car plate	ZA
Website	www.zilina.sk

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Žilina (Slovak: [ˈʒilina] ^ⓘ; Hungarian: Zsolna [ˈʒolnɒ]; German: Sillein [zɪˈlaɪn, ˈzɪlaɪn]; Polish: Żylina [ʐɨˈlina] ^ⓘ; names in other languages) is a city in north-western Slovakia, around 170 kilometres (110 mi) from the capital Bratislava, close to both the Czech and Polish borders. It is the fourth largest city of Slovakia with a population of approximately 80,000, an important industrial center, the largest city on the Váh river, and the seat of a kraj (Žilina Region) and of an okres (Žilina District). It belongs to the Upper Váh region of tourism.

Etymology

The name is derived from Slavic/Slovak word žila - a "(river) vein".^[4]^[5] Žilina means "a place with many watercourses". Alternatively, it is a secondary name derived from Žilinka river or from the name of the local people, Žilín/Žiliňane.^[4]

History

Panorama of the historic center

The area around today's Žilina was inhabited in the late Stone Age (about 20,000 BC). In the 5th century, Slavs started to move into the area. However, the first written reference to Žilina was in 1208 as terra de Selinan. From the second half of the 10th century until 1918, it was part of the Kingdom of Hungary.

In the middle of the 13th century, terra Sylna was the property of the Cseszneky de Milvány family.^[6] The city started to develop around 1300, and, according to records in 1312, it was already a town. In 1321, King Charles I made Žilina a free royal town. On 7 May 1381, King Louis I issued Privilegium pro Slavis, which made the Slav inhabitants equal to the Germans by allocating half of the seats at the city council to Slavs.^[7] The town was burned in 1431 by the Hussites.

During the 17th century, Žilina gained position as a center of manufacturing, trade, and education, and, during the Baroque age, many monasteries and churches, as well as the Budatín Castle, were built. In the Revolutions of 1848, Slovak volunteers, part of the Imperial Army, won a battle near the city against Hungarian honveds and gardists.^{[citation needed]}

The city boomed in the second half of the 19th century as new railway tracks were built: the Kassa Oderberg Railway was finished in 1872 and the railway to Bratislava (Pozsony in Hungarian) in 1883, and new factories started to spring up, such as the drapery factory Slovena (1891) and the Považie chemical works (1892).

It was one of the first municipalities to sign the Martin Declaration (30 October 1918), and until March 1919, it was the seat of the Slovak government. On 6 October 1938, shortly after the Munich Agreement, the autonomy of Slovakia within Czechoslovakia was declared in Žilina.

During the Holocaust in Slovakia, tens of thousands of Jews were deported from Žilina.^[8] Žilina was captured on 30 April 1945 by Czechoslovak and Soviet troops of the 4th Ukrainian Front, after which it again became part of Czechoslovakia. After the war, the city continued its development with many new factories, schools and housing projects being built. It was the seat of the Žilina Region from 1949 to 1960 and again since 1996.

Today, Žilina is the fourth largest city in Slovakia, the third most important industrial center and the seat of a university, the Žilinská univerzita (founded in 1953). Since 1990 the historical center of the city has been largely restored and the city has built trolleybus lines.

Geography

Žilina lies at an altitude of 342 metres (1,122 ft) above sea level and covers an area of 80.03 square kilometres (30.9 sq mi).^[9] It is located in the Upper Váh region (Slovak: Horné Považie) at the confluence of three rivers: Váh, flowing from the east into the south-west, Kysuca, flowing from the north and Rajčanka rivers from the south, in the Žilina Basin. The city is surrounded by these mountain ranges: Malá Fatra, Súľovské vrchy, Javorníky and Kysucká vrchovina. Protected areas nearby include the Strážov Mountains Protected Landscape Area, the Kysuce Protected Landscape Area, and the Malá Fatra National Park. There are two hydroelectric dams on the Váh river around Žilina: the Žilina dam in the east and the Hričov dam in the west.

Climate

Žilina lies in the north temperate zone and has a continental climate with four distinct seasons. It is characterized by a significant variation between hot summers and cold, snowy winters. The average temperature in July is 18 °C (64 °F), in January, −4 °C (25 °F). The average annual rainfall is 600–700 mm (23.6–27.6 in); most of the rainfall occurs in June and in the first half of July. Snow cover lasts from 60 to 80 days per year.

Climate data for Žilina
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	0 (33)	3 (38)	8 (47)	14 (58)	20 (68)	22 (72)	25 (76)	25 (77)	20 (67)	14 (58)	6 (44)	1 (35)	13 (56)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−5 (22)	−5 (23)	−1 (30)	3 (37)	8 (46)	10 (51)	12 (54)	12 (53)	9 (47)	5 (41)	0 (33)	−4 (26)	4 (39)
Average precipitation cm (inches)	2.85 (1.12)	2.67 (1.05)	3.10 (1.22)	4.08 (1.61)	4.82 (1.90)	6.99 (2.75)	6.84 (2.69)	5.19 (2.04)	4.74 (1.87)	4.19 (1.65)	3.91 (1.54)	3.42 (1.35)	52.8 (20.79)
Source: MSN Weather^[10]

Symbol

The coat of arms of Žilina is a golden double-cross (so-called cross of Lorraine) with roots and two golden stars on an olive-green background. The double-cross is of Byzantine origin and stems from Cyrillic-methodic tradition. This is one of the oldest municipal coat of arms, not only in Slovakia, but in Europe. It has been used as the city's symbol since 1378.

Demographics

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1970	54,397	—
1980	70,025	+28.7%
1991	83,911	+19.8%
2001	85,400	+1.8%
2011	81,494	−4.6%
2021	82,656	+1.4%
Source: Censuses^[11]^[12]

Municipality	Urban	Metro
Žilina	85,302	85,302
Kysucké Nové Mesto	-	16,420
Varín	-	3,537
Teplička nad Váhom	3,502	3,502
Belá	-	3,361
Rajecké Teplice	-	2,950
Rosina	2,925	2,925
Strečno	-	2,661
Višňové	2,610	2,610
Divina	-	2,483
Dlhé Pole	-	2,029
Turie	1,981	1,981
Kamenná Poruba	-	1,826
Stráňavy	-	1,822
Lietavská Lúčka	1,786	1,786
Rudina	-	1,669
Lietavská Svinná - Babkov	-	1,596
Lietava	1,422	1,422
Radoľa	-	1,391
Konská	-	1,393
Dolná Tižiná	-	1,243
Gbeľany	1,239	1,239
Krasňany	1,223	1,223
Snežnica	-	1,013
Svederník	1,003	1,003
Kunerad	-	949
Nededza	927	927
Divinka	-	882
Lysica	-	864
Lutiše	-	795
Podhorie	-	781
Horný Hričov	-	763
Dolný Hričov	1,506	1,506
Hričovské Podhradie	-	374
Hôrky	635	635
Bitarová	630	630
Ovčiarsko	511	511
Brezany	462	462
Mojš	450	450
Porúbka	-	447
Rudinka	-	384
Nezbudská Lúčka	-	366
Total	108,114	159,729

Žilina has a population of 82,664 (as of September 2020), with the population of the urban area of 108,114 and the population of the metro area of 159,729. According to the 2001 census, 96.9% of inhabitants were Slovaks, 1.6% Czechs, 0.2% Romani, 0.1% Hungarians and 0.1% Moravians. The religious makeup was 74.9% Roman Catholics, 16.7% people with no religious affiliation, and 3.7% Lutherans.^[9]

Economy

Žilina is the main industrial hub of the upper Váh river basin region, with a fast-growing economy as north-west Slovakia's business center with large retail and construction sectors.

By far the biggest and most important employer is Korean car maker Kia Motors. By 2009, the plant produced 300,000 cars a year and had up to 3,000 employees. Kia Motors' direct investment in the Žilina car plant amounts to over 1.5 billion USD. In 2009 the Žilina car plant produced Kia Cee'd, Kia Sportage and Hyundai ix35 car models. Kia Motors is further upgrading its capacity to be ready to produce engines for a sister company, Hyundai, located at Nošovice in the Czech Republic with a planned investment of US$200 million.

Žilina is also the seat of the biggest Slovak construction and transportation engineering company, Vahostav. The chemical industry is represented by Považské chemické závody and Tento, a paper mill company. Siemens Mobility also has an engineering center in Žilina.^[13]

Main sights

The historical center of the city, reconstructed in the early 1990s is protected as a city monument reserve (Slovak: Mestská pamiatková rezervácia). It is centered on the Mariánske námestie and Andrej Hlinka squares. The Mariánske námestie square has 106 arcade passages and 44 burgher houses along the whole square.^[14] It is dominated by the Church of St. Paul the Apostle, the old building of the city council, and the baroque statue of the Virgin Mary. Nearby is the Church of the Holy Trinity, a sacral building built around 1400, which is since February 2008 the cathedral of the Diocese of Žilina.

The Church of Saint Stephen the King (Slovak: Kostol Sv. Štefana kráľa) is the oldest architectural relic of town Zilina,^[15] located just 1 kilometre (0.6 miles) southwest from the center. It is one of the first Romanesque churches in Slovakia,^[16] dating back to the years 1200–1250, by the experts. The legend goes that the Hungarian King István I himself ordered to build it. Valuable is the inner decoration of the church. Wall paintings originate from approximately 1260; in 1950 they were discovered and later on restored by the Žilina fine artist Mojmír Vlkoláček.^[17] Nowadays it is a popular place for wedding ceremonies.

Other landmarks around the city include:

Budatín Castle, housing Považie Museum with its tinker trade exhibition
The wooden Roman Catholic church of St. George in the Trnové section (one of the few outside north-eastern Slovakia)
The Orthodox synagogue, which now houses the Museum of Jewish culture
The New Synagogue, now a cultural centre

The city is a starting point for various locations of western and eastern Slovakia, including hiking trails into the Lesser Fatra and Greater Fatra mountains. Other locations of interest include Bojnice Castle, Strečno, Orava region, and the villages of Čičmany and Vlkolínec.

Culture

Žilina is candidate city for the title of European Capital of Culture 2026.

Žilina host several cultural institutions:

Mestské divadlo Žilina (Žilina City Theater)
Rosenfeld Palace (Žilina city cultural centre Rosenfeld Palace)
Považská galéria umenia v Žiline (Považie galerie of contemporary art)
Považské múzeum (Považie museum), situated in the Budatín castle but also running Strečno castle, Palace in Bytča,

open-air museum Čičmany, manor-house in Divinka

Bábkové divadlo Žilina (Žilina Puppet Theatre)
Múzeum židovskej kultúry (Museum of Jewish culture)
Štátny komorný orchester Žilina (Slovak Sinfonietta Žilina)
Krajská knižnica v Žiline (Regional Library in Žilina)
Stanica Žilina-Záriečie (Cultural Center Stanica)
Nová synagóga Žilina (New Synagogue Žilina)

Žilina is also home of two multi 3D digital theaters, in Mirage Shopping Centre - Ster Century Cinemas and Cinemax MAX in Max Shopping Centre OC Max Solinky.

The city host also several cultural events:

Žilina Cultural Summer
Fest Anca - Animated film festival
Žilina Literary festival
KIOSK – festival of new Slovak theater
Allegretto Žilina – International music Festival
Puppet Žilina
Jánošik's Days

Sport

Football (soccer) club MŠK Žilina plays in the top Slovak division Fortuna liga and is one of the most successful teams in recent years, having won five domestic titles and been runners-up three times between 2001 and 2010. The team's colors are the yellow and green, taken from the city's flag. Home games are played at the Stadium Pod Dubňom which is situated at the edge of city center in the neighborhood of the ice hockey stadium. They played in the 2010-11 UEFA Champions League in the group stage for the first time in their history.

Ice hockey club MsHK Žilina plays in the Slovak Extraliga. They have won one domestic title so far.

Slovak professional road bicycle racer for World Tour team Bora-Hansgrohe, three-time world champion Peter Sagan, was born in Žilina in 1990, and is considered one of cycling's most promising young talents, having earned many prestigious victories in his early twenties. He was the winner of the points classification in the Tour de France in 2012 through 2016; as a result, Sagan became the first rider to win the classification in his first five attempts. In 2015, he was also the first Slovak cyclist to win the UCI Road World Championships.

Government

The city is governed by a mayor (Slovak: primátor) and a city council (Slovak: mestské zastupiteľstvo). The mayor is the head of the city and its chief executive, with a four-year term of office. The current mayor is Peter Fiabáne . The council is the city's legislative body, with 31 councillors. The last municipal election was held in 2014 and councillors are elected to four-year terms, concurrent with the mayor's. Žilina is divided into eight electoral districts, consisting of the following neighborhoods:^[18]

Staré mesto, Hliny I-IV, Hliny VIII (5 councillors)
Hliny V-VII, Bôrik (4 councillors)
Solinky (5 councillors)
Vlčince (6 councillors)
Hájik (3 councillors)
Bytčica, Rosinky, Trnové, Mojšová Lúčka (2 councillors)
Závodie, Bánová, Strážov, Žilinská Lehota (2 councillors)
Budatín, Považský Chlmec, Vranie, Brodno, Zádubnie, Zástranie (3 councillors)

Žilina is the capital of one of eight considerably autonomous Regions of Slovakia.^[19] It is also the capital of a smaller district. The Žilina District (Slovak: okres Žilina) is nested within the Žilina Region.

The city also hosts a regional branch of the National Bank of Slovakia.

Education

The city is home to the University of Žilina, which has seven faculties and 12,402 students, including 625 doctoral students.^[20]

There are 18 public primary schools, one private primary school, and three church primary schools.^[21] Overall, they enroll 7,484 pupils.^[21] The city's system of secondary education (some middle schools and all high schools) consists of eight gymnasia with 3,514 students,^[22] ten specialized high schools with 3,696 students,^[23] and nine vocational schools with 4,870 students.^[24]^[25]

Transport

The city is an important international road junction, and Žilina railway station is a major rail junction.

Roads and railways connect the city with Bratislava and Prievidza in the south, Čadca in the north, and Martin in the east. The construction of the D1, and D3 motorways and their feeders continues towards Žilina.

The city is also served by international Žilina Airport, which is about 10 kilometres (6 miles) away from the city center.

Public transport within the city is operated by DPMZ^[26] and consists of buses (since 1949) and trolleybuses (since 1994).

Night bus services started in Žilina in 1970 with the introduction of one route, the 50,^[27] which continues to operate as the sole night bus in the city, operating from 22:55 to 04:22.^[28]^[29] Route 50 makes a circuitous route of all major residential areas, and includes a stop at Železničná stanica, the principal railway station.^[30]

Trolleybus transport
Aerial view of Žilina

Notable people

AYA (band)
Zuzana Babiaková
Pavol Bajza
Peter Baláž
Štefan Beniač (1869–1942), Slovak priest, preacher and publicist
Tomáš Bezdeda (born 1985, here), singer
Peter Cehlárik (born 1995), Slovak hockey player
Jakab Cseszneky de Csesznek et Visk, medieval magnate
Martin Dúbravka, footballer
Martin Ďurica, footballer
Ľubomír Feldek (born 1936, here), Slovak poet
Ján Franek (born 1960, here)
Ľudovít Fulla
Stanislav Griga (born 1961, here), football coach
Ladislav Hecht (1909–2004), tennis player
Tomáš Hellebrandt, (born 1982), Slovak economist and politician
Peter Hoferica, footballer
Anton Hrnko (born 1955, here), historian and politician
Tomáš Hubočan, footballer
Miroslav Hýll, footballer
Juraj Jánošík, Slovak national hero
Michael Kolář, cyclist
Karol Križan, ice hockey player
Dušan Kuciak
Martin Kuciak
Branislav Labant
Gwido Langer
Dávid Leimdörfer (1851–1922), rabbi and author
Vladimír Leitner (born 1974), association football player
Nela Lopušanová (born 2008), ice hockey player
Ján Mikolaj (born 1953), Minister of Education of Slovakia (2006–2010)
Marek Mintál (born 1977), association football player
Juraj Okoličány (1943–2008), ice hockey referee
Roman Ondak
Emil Pažický
Peter Pekarík, football player
Ronald Petrovický, ice hockey player
Lukáš Pohůnek, conductor
Dárius Rusnák
Branislav Rzeszoto
Juraj Sagan, cyclist
Peter Sagan, cyclist
Ján Slota (born 1953), MP (1992–2002, 2006–2012), Mayor of Žilina (1992–2006)
Ľuboš Šoška
Peter Šoška
Martin Šulík, actor
Miroslav Šustek, writer
Viktor Tausk, psychoanalyst
Jozef Vengloš
Radoslav Židek, snowboarder, first Slovak medal winner at the Winter Olympic Games

Twin towns – sister cities

Žilina is twinned with:^[31]

Bielsko-Biała, Poland
Changchun, China
Dnipro, Ukraine
Essen, Belgium
Frýdek-Místek, Czech Republic
Grodno, Belarus
Kikinda, Serbia
Krasnoyarsk, Russia
Nanterre, France
Plzeň, Czech Republic
Prague 15, Czech Republic
Třinec, Czech Republic

References

^ Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (www.statistics.sk). "Hustota obyvateľstva - obce". www.statistics.sk. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Základná charakteristika". www.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2015-04-17. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
^ Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (www.statistics.sk). "Počet obyvateľov podľa pohlavia - obce (ročne)". www.statistics.sk. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
^ ^a ^b Štefánik, Martin; Lukačka, Ján, eds. (2010). Lexikón stredovekých miest na Slovensku [Lexicon of Medieval Towns in Slovakia] (PDF) (in Slovak). Bratislava: Historický ústav SAV. p. 577. ISBN 978-80-89396-11-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-02. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
^ Krško, Jaromír (2011). Hydronymia horného povodia Váhu [Hydronymy of the Upper Váh Basin] (in Slovak). Banská Bystrica: Univerzita Mateja Bela. p. 125.
^ Monumenta Hungariae historica
^ Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (1995). A history of Slovakia : the struggle for survival. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-16125-5.
^ Fatran, Gila (2007). Boj o prežitie [The Struggle for Survival] (in Slovak). Bratislava: SNM - Múzeum Židovskej Kultúry. pp. 180–181. ISBN 978-80-8060-206-2.
^ ^a ^b "Municipal Statistics". Statistical Office of the Slovak republic. Archived from the original on 2007-12-17. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
^ "Monthly Averages for Žilina, Slovakia". MSN. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2008.
^ "Statistical lexikon of municipalities 1970-2011" (PDF) (in Slovak).
^ "Census 2021 - Population - Basic results". Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2021-01-01.
^ "Railway Gazette: Rail Automation Business Unit opens". Retrieved 2010-10-31.
^ Spectacular Slovakia 2004: Žilina and Northern Slovakia, the Malá Fatra mountains
^ "Tourist information office Žilina". Tikzilina.eu. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
^ "What to see in Zilina". Slovakiatravels.com. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
^ "Church of St. Stephen the King / Kostol Sv. Štefana krála (Zilina, Slovakia) - Medieval Churches on". Waymarking.com. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
^ "Členovia Mestského zastupiteľstva" (in Slovak). Archived from the original on 2009-07-24. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
^ Brusis, Martin (2002). "Between EU Requirements, Competitive Politics, and National Traditions: Re-creating Regions in the Accession Countries of Central and Eastern Europe". Governance. 15 (4): 531–559. doi:10.1111/1468-0491.00200.
^ "Žilinská univerzita" (PDF) (in Slovak). Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-05-08. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
^ ^a ^b "Prehľad základných škôl v školskom roku 2006/2007" (PDF) (in Slovak). Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
^ "Prehľad gymnázií v školskom roku 2006/2007" (PDF) (in Slovak). Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva. Retrieved 2008-02-15.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ "Prehľad stredných odborných škôl v školskom roku 2006/2007" (PDF) (in Slovak). Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva. Retrieved 2008-02-15.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ "Prehľad združených stredných škôl v školskom roku 2006/2007" (PDF) (in Slovak). Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
^ "Prehľad stredných odborných učilíšť a učilíšť v školskom roku 2006/2007" (PDF) (in Slovak). Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
^ DPMZ
^ Mihalik, Tomáš (2021-01-08). "Topic: Nightlines / Téma: Nočné linky". imhd.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 2022-05-21.
^ Juraj, Milo (2012-12-11). "The nightline will be free on New Year's Eve / Nočná linka bude počas Silvestra zadarmo". myzilina.sme.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 2022-05-21.
^ "50. Timetable / Cestovný". dpmz.sk. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
^ "Municipal Bus Lines Network / Sieť liniek MHD Žilina (Effective 2021-04-01)" (PDF). dpmz.sk. 2021-04-01. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
^ "Partnerské mestá" (in Slovak). Žilina. Retrieved 2021-12-29.

External links

[1] Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (www.statistics.sk). "Hustota obyvateľstva - obce". www.statistics.sk. Retrieved 2024-02-08.

[base_info-2] "Základná charakteristika". www.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2015-04-17. Retrieved 2022-03-31.

[3] Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (www.statistics.sk). "Počet obyvateľov podľa pohlavia - obce (ročne)". www.statistics.sk. Retrieved 2024-02-08.

[lexicon-4] Štefánik, Martin; Lukačka, Ján, eds. (2010). Lexikón stredovekých miest na Slovensku [Lexicon of Medieval Towns in Slovakia] (PDF) (in Slovak). Bratislava: Historický ústav SAV. p. 577. ISBN 978-80-89396-11-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-02. Retrieved 2016-11-06.

[5] Krško, Jaromír (2011). Hydronymia horného povodia Váhu [Hydronymy of the Upper Váh Basin] (in Slovak). Banská Bystrica: Univerzita Mateja Bela. p. 125.

[6] Monumenta Hungariae historica

[kirschbaum-7] Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (1995). A history of Slovakia : the struggle for survival. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-16125-5.

[8] Fatran, Gila (2007). Boj o prežitie [The Struggle for Survival] (in Slovak). Bratislava: SNM - Múzeum Židovskej Kultúry. pp. 180–181. ISBN 978-80-8060-206-2.

[statistics-9] "Municipal Statistics". Statistical Office of the Slovak republic. Archived from the original on 2007-12-17. Retrieved 2007-12-23.

[msn-10] "Monthly Averages for Žilina, Slovakia". MSN. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2008.

[11] "Statistical lexikon of municipalities 1970-2011" (PDF) (in Slovak).

[12] "Census 2021 - Population - Basic results". Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2021-01-01.

[13] "Railway Gazette: Rail Automation Business Unit opens". Retrieved 2010-10-31.

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