Lisp: Difference between revisions
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{{for multi|the programming language|Lisp (programming language)|other uses}} |
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A '''lisp''' is a [[speech impediment]]. People with a lisp are unable to pronounce [[sibilant]]s (like the sound of "s") and replace them with [[interdental]]s (like the sound of "th"). It is somewhat [[irony|ironic]] that this handicap is called a "lisp", as this is unpronounceable to those with the condition. |
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{{Infobox medical condition (new) |
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| name = Lisp |
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| synonyms = Sigmatism |
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| field = [[Pediatrics]] |
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A '''lisp''' is a [[speech impairment]] in which a person misarticulates [[sibilant]]s ({{IPAblink|s}}, {{IPAblink|z}}, {{IPAblink|ts}}, {{IPAblink|dz}}, {{IPAblink|ʃ}}, {{IPAblink|ʒ}}, {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}}, {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}}).<ref name="Bowen">{{cite web |url = http://www.speech-language-therapy.com/~speech/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=86:lisp&catid=11:admin&Itemid=122 |title = Lisping - when /s/ and /z/ are hard to say |first = Caroline |last = Bowen |access-date = 2006-03-07 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120424035340/http://www.speech-language-therapy.com/~speech/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=86:lisp&catid=11:admin&Itemid=122 |archive-date = 2012-04-24 }}</ref> These misarticulations often result in unclear speech in languages with [[phonemic]] sibilants. |
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==Types== |
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=== A lisp in Spanish? === |
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* A '''frontal lisp''' occurs when the tongue is placed anterior to the target. '''Interdental lisping''' is produced when the tip of the tongue protrudes between the front teeth and '''dentalized lisping''' is produced when the tip of the tongue just touches the front teeth. The transcription in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] for interdental sibilants is {{IPA|[s̪͆]}} and {{IPA|[z̪͆]}} and for simple dental sibilants is {{IPA|[s̟]}} and {{IPA|[z̟]}}. When a fronted lisp does not have a sibilant quality, due to placing the lack of a grooved articulation, the IPA transcription would be {{IPA|[θ, ð]}} or variants thereof. |
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There is a widespread misconception, especially among [[Latin America]]n speakers of [[Spanish language|Spanish]], that speakers of Castilian Spanish "speak with a lisp". According to this [[urban legend]], which you will not hear from a Spaniard, the lisp became common in Castilian because one of the Spanish kings (generally identified as [[Philip V of Spain|Felipe V]] or [[Carlos V of Spain|Carlos V]]) spoke with a lisp, and his courtiers did not want to embarrass him by speaking otherwise. Actually, if speakers of Castilian Spanish spoke with a lisp, they would be unable to pronounce the sound [s] ("s") and would substitute a [θ] ("th") for it, but reality is that they pronounce and distinguish those two sounds just as fine and sharply as English speakers, and if a [θ] is pronounced in place of a [s], the result is a completely different word in Castilian, as reflected in the orthography (''caza'' ≠ ''casa''), just like what happens in English (''thing'' ≠ ''sing''). If speakers of Castilian Spanish were speaking with a lisp just because they pronounce the sound [θ] (and distinguish it from [s]), then speakers of standard English would also be speaking with a lisp because they do just the same. |
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* A '''{{vanchor|lateral lisp}}''' occurs when the {{IPA|[s]}} and {{IPA|[z]}} sounds are produced with air-flow over the sides of the tongue. It is also called "slushy ess" or a "slushy lisp" in part due to its wet, spitty sound. The symbols for these [[lateral consonant|lateralised]] sounds in the [[extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet]] for disordered speech are {{IPA|[ʪ]}} and {{IPA|[ʫ]}}. |
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* A '''{{vanchor|nasal lisp}}''' occurs when part or the entire air stream is directed through the nasal cavity. The transcription for sibilants with nasal frication in the extensions to the IPA is {{IPA|[s͋]}} and {{IPA|[z͋]}}; simple [[nasal fricative]]s are {{IPA|[s̃]}} and {{IPA|[z̃]}}. |
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* A '''strident lisp''' results in a high-frequency whistle or hissing sound caused by stream passing between the tongue and the hard surface. In the extensions to the IPA, whistled sibilants are transcribed {{IPA|[s͎]}} and {{IPA|[z͎]}}. |
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* A '''palatal lisp''' is where the speaker attempts to make a sibilant while the middle of the tongue is in contact with the soft palate,<ref name="Bowen"/> or with a posterior articulation of the sibilant. The latter may be transcribed {{IPA|[s̠]}} and {{IPA|[z̠]}}, {{IPA|[ʃ]}} and {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, or the like.<ref name="Reisman1986">{{cite book|author=John M. Reisman|title=Behavior Disorders in Infants, Children, and Adolescents|year=1986|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-394-35576-4}}</ref> |
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==Causes== |
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The real story of why Castilian speakers distinguish those two sounds while Latin American and Andalusian speakers do not is quite different and has nothing to do with lisping. 15th-century Spanish had six sibilant phonemes, more than any current variety of Spanish, and those six phonemes merged differently as they evolved into the pronunciation of the modern dialects. There were three pairs of [[voiceless]] versus [[voiced]] sibilants: [[dentoalveolar]] [[affricate]]s (spelled ''c/ç'' vs. ''z''), [[apicoalveolar]] [[fricative]]s (''-ss-/s-/-s'' vs. ''-s-''), and [[prepalatal]] fricatives (''x'' vs. ''j/g''). The first step away from that system was to fricativize the dentoalveolar affricates. |
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Successful treatments have shown that causes are functional rather than physical: that is, most lisps are caused by errors in tongue placement or density of the tongue within the mouth rather than caused by any injury or congenital or acquired deformity to the mouth. The most frequently discussed of these problems is [[tongue thrust]] in which the tongue protrudes beyond the front teeth.<ref name="Peters2004">{{cite book|vauthors = Peters M|title=BMA A-Z Family Medical Encyclopedia|date=2006-11-01|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited|isbn=1-4053-0264X|page=470}}</ref> This protrusion affects speech as well as swallowing and can lead to lisping. [[Ankyloglossia]] or tongue tie can also be responsible for lisps in children — however, it is unclear whether these deficiencies are caused by the tongue tie itself or the muscle weakness following the correction of the tongue tie.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rege |first=Vivek |title=Tongue Tie in Infants |url=http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/HeadAndNeck/tongue_tie.asp |access-date=14 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415095352/http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/HeadAndNeck/tongue_tie.asp |archive-date=15 April 2013 }}</ref> [[Overbite]]s and [[underbite]]s may also contribute to non lingual lisping. Temporary lisps can be caused by dental work, excess saliva, mouthguards, dental appliances such as dentures, [[dental braces]], or retainers or by swollen or bruised tongues.{{cn|date=March 2024}} |
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==Treatment== |
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Then, in Castilian Spanish the second step was to lose the voiceless/voiced distinction in favour of the voiceless member, and the final step was to alter the pronunciation of the three resulting phonemes so as to boost their acoustic distinction (because they were used to distinguish many [[minimal pair]]s, but phonetically they were too similar and thus prone to cause confusion). The dentoalveolar was moved "forward" to interdental (the sound of ''th'') and the prepalatal was moved "backwards" to [[velar]] (the sound of ''ch'' in Scottish ''loch''), resulting in the three-way distinction used in modern Castilian: interdental /θ/ (spelled ''c/z''), apicoalveolar /s/ (''s'', note that this sound of Castilian is different from an English ''s'', because it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue instead of with its blade), and velar /x/ (''j/g''). |
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=== Frenectomy === |
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In Andalusian, however, the phonological evolution since the fricativization of the affricates differed from that of Castilian. The second step in Andalusian was to merge the members of the dentoalveolar and apicoalveolar pairs according to [[voicing]], before voicing was lost (the voiceless ''c/ç'' and ''-ss-/s-/-s'' merged together, and the voiced ''z'' and ''-s-'' merged together), which resulted in only one merger phoneme /s/ (instead of the two, /θ/ and /s/, that resulted in Castilian) for all of the four original sibilants once the third step (losing voicing) took place. The single phoneme /s/ that resulted from all this merging was pronounced differently in different parts of Andalusia; in some places (areas of [[seseo]]), it sounds just like an English ''s'', and this was the pronunciation that reached Latin America; while in others (areas of [[ceceo]]), it is a sound that resembles an English ''th'' (or Castilian ''c/z'') more than an English ''s'' (or Latin American ''s''), but that is [[coronal]] instead of interdental (in an English ''th'' or a Castilian ''c/z'' there is no sibilance, while the sound in "ceceante" Andalusian ''is'' a sibilant, that is, it is actually an unusual kind of ''s'' rather than a true ''th''). Another widespread misconception is to confuse the use of this particular kind of ''th''-like sibilant in those varieties of Andalusian with lisping. |
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Lisps caused by [[ankyloglossia|tongue tie]] can be treated by a dentist or otolaryngologist (ENT) with a [[lingual frenectomy]], or laser incision, which takes less than 10 to 15 minutes to complete.<ref name="pmid17872781">{{cite journal | vauthors = Segal LM, Stephenson R, Dawes M, Feldman P | title = Prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of ankyloglossia: methodologic review | journal = Can Fam Physician | volume = 53 | issue = 6 | pages = 1027–33 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17872781 | pmc = 1949218}}</ref><ref name="pmid15839394">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kupietzky A, Botzer E | title = Ankyloglossia in the infant and young child: clinical suggestions for diagnosis and management | journal = Pediatr Dent | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | pages = 40–6 | date = 2005 | pmid = 15839394}}</ref><ref name="pmid19656020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Suter VG, Bornstein MM | title = Ankyloglossia: facts and myths in diagnosis and treatment | journal = J. Periodontol. | volume = 80 | issue = 8 | pages = 1204–19 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19656020 | doi = 10.1902/jop.2009.090086 }}</ref> |
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=== Speech therapy === |
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All in all, a word like ''zapatos'' (shoes) is pronounced (more or less) like ''thah-PAH-toss'' in Castilian, like ''sah-PAH-toss'' in [[American Spanish]], and (more or less) like ''thah-PAH-toth'' in some varieties of Andalusian. Likewise, the words ''caza'' (hunting) and ''casa'' (house) are perfectly distinguishable in speech for Castilian speakers, which pronounce them (more or less) like ''KAH-thah'' and ''KAH-sah'', respectively; while those words are [[homophonous]] for the speakers of other dialects, who only differentiate them in writing, both sounding ''KAH-sah'' for Latin Americans, and both (more or less) ''KAH-thah'' for some Andalusians. |
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With an interdental lisp, the therapist teaches the student how to keep the tongue behind the two front incisors.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wilson LB| title = Unlearning a lisp| journal = Parenting| volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 172| date = April 1999 |url = http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/1677599/unlearning-lisp}}{{dead link|date=November 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> |
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One popular method of correcting articulation or lisp disorders is to isolate sounds and work on correcting the sound in isolation. The basic sound, or [[phoneme]], is selected as a target for treatment. Typically the position of the sound within a word is considered and targeted. The sound appears in the beginning of the word, middle, or end of the word (initial, medial, or final). |
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In short, the phonological phenomena just described for Spanish have nothing to do with true lisping and calling them "lisping" or saying that the speakers of certain varieties of Spanish "speak with a lisp" is an improper use of the term which leads to misunderstanding and falsehood. True lisping (i.e. the speech disorder that prevents a person from being able to pronounce [s]) is just as (un)common among speakers of (any variety of) Spanish as it is among speakers of other languages such as English. |
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Take for example, correction of an "S" sound (lisp). Most likely, a speech language pathologist (SLP) would employ exercises to work on {{clarify-span|"Sssssss."|reason=No explanation; looks like the keyboard got stuck.|date=December 2022}} Starting practice words would most likely consist of "S-initial" words such as "say, sun, soap, sip, sick, said, sail." According to this protocol, the SLP slowly increases the complexity of tasks (context of pronunciations) as the production of the sound improves. Examples of increased complexity could include saying words in phrases and sentences, saying longer multi syllabic words, or increasing the [[Speech tempo|tempo]] of pronunciation. |
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Using this method, the SLP achieves success with their student by targeting a sound in a phonetically consistent manner. Phonetic consistency means that a target sound is isolated at the smallest possible level (phoneme, [[Phone (phonetics)|phone]], or [[allophone]]) and that the context of production must be consistent. Consistency is critical, because factors such as the position within the word, grouping with other sounds (vowels or consonants), and the complexity all may affect production. |
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| ⚫ | |||
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Another popular method for treating a lisp is using specially designed devices that go in the mouth to provide a tactile cue of exactly where the tongue should be positioned when saying the "S" sound. This tactile feedback has been shown to correct lisp errors twice as fast as traditional therapy. |
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Using either or both methods, the repetition of consistent contexts allows the student to align all the necessary processes required to properly produce language; language skills (ability to formulate correct sounds in the brain: What sounds do I need to make?), [[motor planning]] (voicing and jaw and tongue movements: How do I produce the sound?), and auditory processing (receptive feedback: Was the sound produced correctly? Do I need to correct?). |
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A student with an articulation or lisp disorder has a deficiency in one or more of these areas. To correct the deficiency, adjustments have to be made in one or more of these processes. The process to correct it is more often than not, trial and error. With so many factors, however, isolating the variables (the sound) is imperative to getting to the result faster. |
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A phonetically consistent treatment strategy means practicing the same thing over and over. What is practiced is consistent and does not change. The words might change, but the phoneme and its positioning is the same (say, sip, sill, soap, ...). Thus, successful correction of the disorder is found in manipulating or changing the other factors involved with speech production (tongue positioning, cerebral processing, etc.). Once a successful result (speech) is achieved, then consistent practice becomes essential to reinforcing correct productions. |
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When the difficult sound is mastered, the student will then learn to say the sound in syllables, then words, then phrases and then sentences. When a student can speak a whole sentence without lisping, attention is then focused on making correct sounds throughout natural conversation. Towards the end of the course of therapy, the student will be taught how to monitor his or her own speech, and how to correct as necessary. Speech therapy can sometimes fix the problem, but in some cases speech therapy fails to work. |
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* [[Rhotacism (speech impediment)]], 'lisp' on the letter R |
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* [[Speech sound disorder]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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{{Medical resources |
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| ICD10 = {{ICD10|F|80|8|f|80}} |
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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|307.9}} |
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}} |
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* [http://www.speechdisorder.co.uk/Lisps.html Beth Morrisey MLIS (25 September 2012) "Lisps", SpeechDisorder.co.uk] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120424035340/http://www.speech-language-therapy.com/~speech/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=86:lisp&catid=11:admin&Itemid=122 Caroline Bowen (23 November 2011) "Lisping - When /s/ and /z/ are hard to say", speech-language-therapy dot com] |
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{{Dyslexia and specific developmental disorders}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Speech disorders]] |
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[[Category:Specific developmental disorders]] |
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[[fr:Sigmatisme]] |
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Latest revision as of 03:29, 21 October 2024
| Lisp | |
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| Other names | Sigmatism |
| Specialty | Pediatrics |
A lisp is a speech impairment in which a person misarticulates sibilants ([s], [z], [ts], [dz], [ʃ], [ʒ], [t͡ʃ], [d͡ʒ]).[1] These misarticulations often result in unclear speech in languages with phonemic sibilants.
Types
[edit]- A frontal lisp occurs when the tongue is placed anterior to the target. Interdental lisping is produced when the tip of the tongue protrudes between the front teeth and dentalized lisping is produced when the tip of the tongue just touches the front teeth. The transcription in the International Phonetic Alphabet for interdental sibilants is [s̪͆] and [z̪͆] and for simple dental sibilants is [s̟] and [z̟]. When a fronted lisp does not have a sibilant quality, due to placing the lack of a grooved articulation, the IPA transcription would be [θ, ð] or variants thereof.
- A lateral lisp occurs when the [s] and [z] sounds are produced with air-flow over the sides of the tongue. It is also called "slushy ess" or a "slushy lisp" in part due to its wet, spitty sound. The symbols for these lateralised sounds in the extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for disordered speech are [ʪ] and [ʫ].
- A nasal lisp occurs when part or the entire air stream is directed through the nasal cavity. The transcription for sibilants with nasal frication in the extensions to the IPA is [s͋] and [z͋]; simple nasal fricatives are [s̃] and [z̃].
- A strident lisp results in a high-frequency whistle or hissing sound caused by stream passing between the tongue and the hard surface. In the extensions to the IPA, whistled sibilants are transcribed [s͎] and [z͎].
- A palatal lisp is where the speaker attempts to make a sibilant while the middle of the tongue is in contact with the soft palate,[1] or with a posterior articulation of the sibilant. The latter may be transcribed [s̠] and [z̠], [ʃ] and [ʒ], or the like.[2]
Causes
[edit]Successful treatments have shown that causes are functional rather than physical: that is, most lisps are caused by errors in tongue placement or density of the tongue within the mouth rather than caused by any injury or congenital or acquired deformity to the mouth. The most frequently discussed of these problems is tongue thrust in which the tongue protrudes beyond the front teeth.[3] This protrusion affects speech as well as swallowing and can lead to lisping. Ankyloglossia or tongue tie can also be responsible for lisps in children — however, it is unclear whether these deficiencies are caused by the tongue tie itself or the muscle weakness following the correction of the tongue tie.[4] Overbites and underbites may also contribute to non lingual lisping. Temporary lisps can be caused by dental work, excess saliva, mouthguards, dental appliances such as dentures, dental braces, or retainers or by swollen or bruised tongues.[citation needed]
Treatment
[edit]Frenectomy
[edit]Lisps caused by tongue tie can be treated by a dentist or otolaryngologist (ENT) with a lingual frenectomy, or laser incision, which takes less than 10 to 15 minutes to complete.[5][6][7]
Speech therapy
[edit]With an interdental lisp, the therapist teaches the student how to keep the tongue behind the two front incisors.[8]
One popular method of correcting articulation or lisp disorders is to isolate sounds and work on correcting the sound in isolation. The basic sound, or phoneme, is selected as a target for treatment. Typically the position of the sound within a word is considered and targeted. The sound appears in the beginning of the word, middle, or end of the word (initial, medial, or final).
Take for example, correction of an "S" sound (lisp). Most likely, a speech language pathologist (SLP) would employ exercises to work on "Sssssss."[clarify] Starting practice words would most likely consist of "S-initial" words such as "say, sun, soap, sip, sick, said, sail." According to this protocol, the SLP slowly increases the complexity of tasks (context of pronunciations) as the production of the sound improves. Examples of increased complexity could include saying words in phrases and sentences, saying longer multi syllabic words, or increasing the tempo of pronunciation.
Using this method, the SLP achieves success with their student by targeting a sound in a phonetically consistent manner. Phonetic consistency means that a target sound is isolated at the smallest possible level (phoneme, phone, or allophone) and that the context of production must be consistent. Consistency is critical, because factors such as the position within the word, grouping with other sounds (vowels or consonants), and the complexity all may affect production.
Another popular method for treating a lisp is using specially designed devices that go in the mouth to provide a tactile cue of exactly where the tongue should be positioned when saying the "S" sound. This tactile feedback has been shown to correct lisp errors twice as fast as traditional therapy.
Using either or both methods, the repetition of consistent contexts allows the student to align all the necessary processes required to properly produce language; language skills (ability to formulate correct sounds in the brain: What sounds do I need to make?), motor planning (voicing and jaw and tongue movements: How do I produce the sound?), and auditory processing (receptive feedback: Was the sound produced correctly? Do I need to correct?).
A student with an articulation or lisp disorder has a deficiency in one or more of these areas. To correct the deficiency, adjustments have to be made in one or more of these processes. The process to correct it is more often than not, trial and error. With so many factors, however, isolating the variables (the sound) is imperative to getting to the result faster.
A phonetically consistent treatment strategy means practicing the same thing over and over. What is practiced is consistent and does not change. The words might change, but the phoneme and its positioning is the same (say, sip, sill, soap, ...). Thus, successful correction of the disorder is found in manipulating or changing the other factors involved with speech production (tongue positioning, cerebral processing, etc.). Once a successful result (speech) is achieved, then consistent practice becomes essential to reinforcing correct productions.
When the difficult sound is mastered, the student will then learn to say the sound in syllables, then words, then phrases and then sentences. When a student can speak a whole sentence without lisping, attention is then focused on making correct sounds throughout natural conversation. Towards the end of the course of therapy, the student will be taught how to monitor his or her own speech, and how to correct as necessary. Speech therapy can sometimes fix the problem, but in some cases speech therapy fails to work.
See also
[edit]- Rhotacism (speech impediment), 'lisp' on the letter R
- Gay male speech
- Speech sound disorder
References
[edit]- ^ a b Bowen, Caroline. "Lisping - when /s/ and /z/ are hard to say". Archived from the original on 2012-04-24. Retrieved 2006-03-07.
- ^ John M. Reisman (1986). Behavior Disorders in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-35576-4.
- ^ Peters M (2006-11-01). BMA A-Z Family Medical Encyclopedia. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 470. ISBN 1-4053-0264X.
- ^ Rege, Vivek. "Tongue Tie in Infants". Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
- ^ Segal LM, Stephenson R, Dawes M, Feldman P (June 2007). "Prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of ankyloglossia: methodologic review". Can Fam Physician. 53 (6): 1027–33. PMC 1949218. PMID 17872781.
- ^ Kupietzky A, Botzer E (2005). "Ankyloglossia in the infant and young child: clinical suggestions for diagnosis and management". Pediatr Dent. 27 (1): 40–6. PMID 15839394.
- ^ Suter VG, Bornstein MM (August 2009). "Ankyloglossia: facts and myths in diagnosis and treatment". J. Periodontol. 80 (8): 1204–19. doi:10.1902/jop.2009.090086. PMID 19656020.
- ^ Wilson LB (April 1999). "Unlearning a lisp". Parenting. 13 (3): 172.[dead link]
External links
[edit]- Beth Morrisey MLIS (25 September 2012) "Lisps", SpeechDisorder.co.uk
- Caroline Bowen (23 November 2011) "Lisping - When /s/ and /z/ are hard to say", speech-language-therapy dot com
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