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Salihiyya (Somali: Saalixiya; Urwayniya, Arabic: الصالحية) is a Tariqa (order) of Sufi Islam prevalent in Somalia and the adjacent Somali region of Ethiopia. It was founded in the Sudan by Sayyid Muhammad Salih (1854-1919). The order is characterized by fundementalism.

History

The order ultimately traces its origins back to the Sufi scholar of Moroccan origin Ahmad ibn Idris al-Fasi (1760-1837). His followers and students spread al-Fasi's teachings across the globe. His nephew, Sayyid Muhammad Salih, was one of them; he spread the Idrisiyya to the Sudan and Somalia, establishing his own eponymous path, the Salihiyya.^[1] A former slave, Muhammad Gulid (d. 1918), was instrumental in popularizing the Salihiyya in the Jowhar region of Somalia, while Isma'il ibn Ishaq al-Urwayni spread it in the Middle Juba region. ^[2]

The Salihiyya path which rejects seeking intercession from Saints in one's invocation of God, which it labels as Shirk^[3] and is staunchly opposed to the Qadiriyya order (which is the largest and longest-established in Somalia), taking issue with the Qadiri doctrine of Tawassul (intercession), while the Qadiriyya upheld the traditional Sufi belief in the power of intercession held by Saints.^[3] The Salihiyya was also militantly anti-colonial.^[4] Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, a Salihiyya shaykh and poet, spread the Salihiyya (particularly in Ogaden) and led an armed anticolonial resistance movement in the Horn of Africa under the auspices of the order.^[5]

Bibliography

Scott Steven Reese: Urban Woes and Pious Remedies: Sufism in Nineteenth-Century Benaadir (Somalia). Africa Today, Vol. 46, No. 3–4, 1999, pp. 169–192.

References

^ B.W. Andrzejewski; I.M. Lewis (1994). "New Arabic Documents from Somalia". Sudanic Africa. 5. Brill: 39–56. JSTOR 25653242.
^ J. Spencer Trimingham (1998). The Sufi Orders in Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 121. ISBN 9780198028239.
^ ^a ^b I. M. Lewis (1998). Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society. The Red Sea Press. p. 37-38. ISBN 9781569021033.
^ Nehemia Levtzion; Randall Pouwels (2000). The History of Islam in Africa. Ohio University Press. p. 235. ISBN 9780821444610.
^ B. G. Martin (2003). Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 179. ISBN 9780521534512.

[1] B.W. Andrzejewski; I.M. Lewis (1994). "New Arabic Documents from Somalia". Sudanic Africa. 5. Brill: 39–56. JSTOR 25653242.

[SufiOrders-2] J. Spencer Trimingham (1998). The Sufi Orders in Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 121. ISBN 9780198028239.

[SaintsandSomalis-3] I. M. Lewis (1998). Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society. The Red Sea Press. p. 37-38. ISBN 9781569021033.

[IslamAfrica2-4] Nehemia Levtzion; Randall Pouwels (2000). The History of Islam in Africa. Ohio University Press. p. 235. ISBN 9780821444610.

[Brotherhoods2-5] B. G. Martin (2003). Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 179. ISBN 9780521534512.

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[4]

[5]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Islamic Sufi order}}
+{{Short description|Sufi mystic order in Sunni Islam}}
 {{about|the Sufi order|other uses}}
-[[File:Muslim self-identification.jpg|thumb|400px|Diagram showing Urwayniya as well as other Sufi orders.]]
 {{Sufism|Orders}}
+[[File:Muslim self-identification.jpg|thumb|260px|Diagram showing Urwayniya as well as other Sufi orders.]]
-'''Salihiyya''' ({{lang-so|Saalixiya; Urwayniya}}, {{lang-ar|الصالحية}}) is a ''[[tariqa]]'' (order) of [[Sufism|Sufi Islam]] prevalent in [[Somalia]] and the adjacent [[Somali Region|Somali]] region of Ethiopia. It was founded in the Sudan by Sayyid Muhammad Salih (1854-1919). The order is characterized by a puritanism typical of other [[Islamic revival|revivalist]] movements.
+'''Salihiyya''' ({{langx|so|Saalixiya; Urwayniya}}, {{langx|ar|الصالحية}}) is a ''[[Tariqa]]'' (order) of [[Sufism|Sufi Islam]] prevalent in [[Somalia]] and the adjacent [[Somali Region|Somali]] region of Ethiopia. It was founded in the Sudan by Sayyid Muhammad Salih (1854-1919). The order is characterized by [[Islamic fundamentalism|fundementalism]].
-== History ==
+== History ==
-The order ultimately traces its origins back to the Sufi scholar of Moroccan origin [[Ahmad ibn Idris al-Fasi]] (1760-1837). His followers and students spread al-Fasi's teachings across the globe. Among his students was Ibrahim ibn Salih ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Duwayhi (1813-1874), known as al-Rashid. In his native Sudan, al-Rashid popularized the [[Idrisiyya|teachings of al-Fasi]], eventually establishing his own ''tariqa'', the Rashidiyya. Having been at al-Fasi's side when he died, al-Rashid was recognized as the successor to his teacher, and the Rashidiyya found many followers in Mecca. His nephew, Sayyid Muhammad Salih, was one of them; he spread the Rashidiyya to the Sudan and Somalia, establishing his own eponymous branch, the Salihiyya. (However, the order continues to be known as the Rashidiyya in the Sudan.<ref>{{cite journal| author1= B.W. Andrzejewski|author2=I.M. Lewis| title= New Arabic Documents from Somalia| journal=Sudanic Africa|volume= 5| year= 1994| pages= 39–56| publisher=Brill|jstor=25653242}}</ref>) A former slave, Muhammad Guled (d. 1918), was instrumental in popularizing the Salihiyya in the [[Jowhar]] region of Somalia, while Isma'il ibn Ishaq al-Urwayni spread it in the [[Middle Juba]] region. <ref name="SufiOrders">{{cite book|author1=J. Spencer Trimingham|title=The Sufi Orders in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhXqWLd_AMQC&q=%22muhammad+guled%22&pg=PA121|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198028239|page=121}}</ref> Related orders also spread to Malaysia.
+The order ultimately traces its origins back to the Sufi scholar of Moroccan origin [[Ahmad ibn Idris al-Fasi]] (1760-1837). His followers and students spread [[Idrisiyya|al-Fasi's teachings]] across the globe. His nephew, Sayyid Muhammad Salih, was one of them; he spread the Idrisiyya to the Sudan and Somalia, establishing his own eponymous path, the Salihiyya.<ref>{{cite journal| author1= B.W. Andrzejewski|author2=I.M. Lewis| title= New Arabic Documents from Somalia| journal=Sudanic Africa|volume= 5| year= 1994| pages= 39–56| publisher=Brill|jstor=25653242}}</ref> A former slave, Muhammad Gulid (d. 1918), was instrumental in popularizing the Salihiyya in the [[Jowhar]] region of Somalia, while Isma'il ibn Ishaq al-Urwayni spread it in the [[Middle Juba]] region. <ref name="SufiOrders">{{cite book|author1=J. Spencer Trimingham|title=The Sufi Orders in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhXqWLd_AMQC&q=%22muhammad+guled%22&pg=PA121|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198028239|page=121}}</ref>
-The Salihiyya order, like the closely related Idrisiyya, Rashidiyya, and [[Senussi|Sanusiyya]] orders, is a revivalist reform movement and historically was staunchly opposed to the [[Qadiriyya]] order (which is the largest and longest-established in Somalia), taking issue with the Qadiri doctrine of ''[[tawassul]]'' (intermediation). While the Qadiriyya upheld the traditional Sufi belief in the power of intercession held by dead [[Wali|saints]], the Salihiyya maintained that only living saints held this power.<ref name="SaintsandSomalis">{{cite book|author1=I. M. Lewis|title=Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5AZyEhMtbkC&q=tawasul&pg=PA38|year=1998|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=9781569021033|page=37-38}}</ref> The Salihiyya was also militantly anti-colonial.<ref name="IslamAfrica2">{{cite book|author1=Nehemia Levtzion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1Ipt5A9mLMC&dq=salihiyya+qadiriyya&pg=PA235|title=The History of Islam in Africa|author2=Randall Pouwels|publisher=Ohio University Press|year=2000|isbn=9780821444610|page=235}}</ref> [[Mohammed Abdullah Hassan]], a Salihiyya shaykh and poet, spread the Salihiyya (particularly in [[Ogaden]]) and led an [[Dervish movement (Somali)|armed anticolonial resistance movement]] in the Horn of Africa under the auspices of the order.<ref name="Brotherhoods2">{{cite book|author1=B. G. Martin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0XhcUWa1_4C&dq=%22muhammad+qulid%22&pg=PA179|title=Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=9780521534512|page=179}}</ref>
+The Salihiyya path which rejects [[Tawassul|seeking intercession]] from [[Wali|Saints]] in one's [[Dua|invocation]] of God, which it labels as Shirk<ref name="SaintsandSomalis"/> and is staunchly opposed to the [[Qadiriyya]] order (which is the largest and longest-established in Somalia), taking issue with the Qadiri doctrine of ''[[Tawassul]]'' (intercession), while the Qadiriyya upheld the traditional Sufi belief in the power of intercession held by [[Wali|Saints]].<ref name="SaintsandSomalis">{{cite book|author1=I. M. Lewis|title=Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5AZyEhMtbkC&q=tawasul&pg=PA38|year=1998|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=9781569021033|page=37-38}}</ref> The Salihiyya was also militantly anti-colonial.<ref name="IslamAfrica2">{{cite book|author1=Nehemia Levtzion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1Ipt5A9mLMC&dq=salihiyya+qadiriyya&pg=PA235|title=The History of Islam in Africa|author2=Randall Pouwels|publisher=Ohio University Press|year=2000|isbn=9780821444610|page=235}}</ref> [[Mohammed Abdullah Hassan]], a Salihiyya shaykh and poet, spread the Salihiyya (particularly in [[Ogaden]]) and led an [[Dervish movement (Somali)|armed anticolonial resistance movement]] in the Horn of Africa under the auspices of the order.<ref name="Brotherhoods2">{{cite book|author1=B. G. Martin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0XhcUWa1_4C&dq=%22muhammad+qulid%22&pg=PA179|title=Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=9780521534512|page=179}}</ref>
-== Present ==
+== See also ==
-The Salihiyya remains one of the largest Sufi orders in Somalia, after the Qadiriyya. The opposition between the Salihiyya and the Qadiriyya has also endured into the postcolonial period.
+{{portal|Morocco|Islam
+}}
+* [[List of Sufis]]
+* [[Idrisiyya]]
+* [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundementalism]]
+* [[Ahmad ibn Idris al-Fasi]]
 == Bibliography ==
 * Scott Steven Reese: ''Urban Woes and Pious Remedies: Sufism in Nineteenth-Century Benaadir (Somalia).'' Africa Today, Vol. 46, No. 3–4, 1999, pp. 169–192.
-==Notes==
+==References==
 <references/>
 [[Category:Sufi orders]]