Tobolsk Governorate: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|1796–1920 unit of Russia}} |
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{{noref|date=October 2018}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} |
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[[File:Coat of Arms of Tobolsk gubernia (Russian empire).png|thumb|Coat of arms of Tobolsk Governorate]] |
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{{Infobox former subdivision |
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[[File:Тобольская губерния 1829 года.JPG|thumb|1829 map of the Tobolsk Governorate.]] |
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| native_name = {{native name|ru|Тобольская губерния}} |
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'''Tobolsk Governorate''' ({{lang-ru|Тобольская губерния}}) was an administrative division (a ''[[guberniya]]'') of the [[Russian Empire]], located in the [[Ural Mountains]] and [[Siberia]]. It existed from 1796 to 1920; its seat was in the city of [[Tobolsk]]. |
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| common_name = Tobolsk Governorate |
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| capital = [[Tobolsk]] (1796–1919) <br /> [[Tyumen]] (1919–1920) |
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| preceding_entity1 = |
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| succeeding_entity1 = |
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| conventional_long_name = Tobolsk Governorate |
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| year_start = 1796 |
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| year_end = 1920 |
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| image_coat = Coat of arms of Tobolsk Governorate 1878.svg |
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| image_map = Tobolsk in Russian Empire (1914).svg |
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| image_map_caption = Location in the Russian Empire |
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| stat_year1 = |
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| stat_area1 = 1385000 |
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| footnotes = {{commons|Category=Tobolsk Governorate}} |
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| subdivision = [[Governorate (Russia)|Governorate]] |
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| nation = the [[Russian Empire]] (1796–1917), [[Russian Republic]] and [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|RSFSR]] (1917–1920) |
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| p1 = Tobolsk Viceroyalty |
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| p2 = Oblast of Siberian Kirghiz |
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| s1 = Tyumen Governorate |
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| s2 = Tomsk Governorate |
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| s3 = Akmolinsk Oblast (Russian Empire){{!}}Akmolinsk Oblast |
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| s4 = Oblast of Siberian Kirghiz |
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| stat_pop1 = 1,433,043 |
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| ref_pop1 = 1897 |
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| ref_area1 = 1916 |
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| today = [[Russia]] |
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}} |
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'''Tobolsk Governorate''' ({{langx|ru|Тобольская губерния|Tobol'skaya guberniya}}) was an administrative-territorial unit (''[[guberniya]]'') of the [[Russian Empire]], [[Russian Republic]] and [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] located in the [[Ural Mountains]] and [[Siberia]]. It existed from 1796 to 1920; its seat was in the city of [[Tobolsk]], and from 1919 to 1920, in the city of [[Tyumen]]. |
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[[File:Gorskii 03965u windmills.jpg|thumb|[[Windmill]]s in the [[Yalutorovsky Uyezd|Yalutorovsky ''uezd'']] of the Tobolsk Governorate (1912). Color photo by [[Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky|Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii]].{{commons|Category=Category:Photos_of_Tobolsk_Governorate_by_Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky|Category:Photos_of_Tobolsk_Governorate_by_Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky|Photos of Tobolsk Governorate by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky}}|272x272px]] |
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== General information == |
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Its total area as of 1913 was {{Convert|1,300,000|km2|abbr=on}}. According to data at the end of the 19th century, the area of the Governorate was divided into 10 ''[[uezd]]s'' (until 1898, ''[[okrug]]s''). |
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== History == |
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=== 18th century === |
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In official documents of the second half of the 18th century, the name ''Tobolsk Governorate'' is often used as a designation for [[Siberia Governorate]] in the last stage of its existence (1764–1782).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ТОБОЛЬСКАЯ ГУБЕРНИЯ • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия |trans-title=TOBOLSK Governorate • Great Russian encyclopedia - electronic version |url=https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/4194589 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=bigenc.ru}}</ref> |
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On 19 January ([[Gregorian calendar|30 January]]) 1782, Tobolsk Governorate was formed by decree of the Empress of Russia [[Catherine the Great|Catherine II]] as part of the Tobolsk [[List of viceroyalties of the Russian Empire|Viceroyalty]] with two [[oblast]]s: Tobolsk Oblast (included ten ''uezds'') and Tomsk Oblast (six ''uezds''), which became part of the [[Governorate-General (Russian Empire)|Governorate-General]]. |
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On 12 December 1796, the Tobolsk Governorate was formed by Emperor [[Paul I of Russia|Paul I]]'s Decree to the Senate "On the new division of the State into the Governorates".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Полное собрание законов Российской империи: Собрание (1649 - 1825) : Том 24 (1796 - 1797) : Законы (17530 - 18301) №17634 |trans-title=Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire: Assembly (1649 - 1825) : Volume 24 (1796 - 1797) : Laws (17530 - 18301) №17634 |url=https://nlr.ru/e-res/law_r/search.php |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=nlr.ru |page=229 |language=ru |publication-date=1796}}</ref> Kolyvan Oblast was annexed to Tobolsk Governorate.<ref name=":0" /> |
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In 1797, Tobolsk Governorate consisted of 16 ''uezds'': [[Kuznetsk Uezd]], [[Semipalatinsk Uezd]], [[Krasnoyarsk Uezd]], [[Ishimsky Uyezd|Ishimsky Uezd]], [[Yalutorovsky Uyezd|Yalutorovsky Uezd]], [[Kurgansky Uyezd|Kurgansky Uezd]], [[Beryozovsky Uyezd|Beryozovsky Uezd]], [[Tarsky Uyezd|Tarsky Uezd]], [[Turinsky Uyezd|Turinsky Uezd]], [[Tyumensky Uyezd|Tyumensky Uezd]], [[Tobolsky Uyezd|Tobolsky Uezd]], [[Surgutsky Uyezd|Surgutsky Uezd]], [[Tomsk Uezd]], [[Narymsky Uezd]], [[Yenisei Uezd]], and [[Turukhansky Uezd]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Полное собрание законов Российской империи:Собрание (1649 - 1825) : Том 24 (1796 - 1797) : Законы (17530 - 18301) №18233 |trans-title=Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire: Collection (1649 - 1825): Volume 24 (1796 - 1797): Laws (17530 - 18301) No. 18233 |url=https://nlr.ru/e-res/law_r/search.php |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=nlr.ru |page=789 |language=ru |publication-date=1797}}</ref> |
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[[File:Atlas of Russian Empire (1800). Tobolsk governorate.jpg|left|thumb|329x329px|Tobolsk Governorate (16 ''uezds''), Atlas of Russian Empire ({{Ill|Alexander Wilbrecht|lt=Alexander Wilbrecht Mikhaylovich|ru|Вильбрехт, Александр Михайлович|ee|Alexander Wilbrecht}}, 1800).<ref>{{Cite web |title=41. Карта Тобольской губернии из 16 уездов {{!}} Геопортал Русского географического общества |trans-title=41. Map of the Tobolsk province of 16 counties {{!}} Geoportal of the Russian Geographical Society |url=http://geoportal.rgo.ru/record/5979 |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=geoportal.rgo.ru}}</ref><ref name=":1" />]] |
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=== 19th century === |
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The map of Tobolsk Governorate (16 ''uezds'') from the publication "The Russian Atlas of forty-three maps consisting of forty-one provinces dividing the Empire" ({{Ill|Alexander Wilbrecht|ru|Вильбрехт, Александр Михайлович|et|Alexander Wilbrecht}}, 1800) shows the vast Siberian province of Tobol'sk with the borders of the province and its districts, population centers, monasteries, winter encampments, fortresses, mines, salt and fish industries, and the routes of voyages by [[Stepan Malygin|Malygin Stepan]] (1734, 1735), [[:ru: Скуратов, Алексей Иванович|Aleksej Ivanovič Skuratov]] (1734, 1735), [[Dmitry Ovtsyn]] (1735), [[:ru: Муравьёв, Степан Воинович|Stepan Voinovich Muravyov]] (1737), [[:ru: Павлов, Михаил Степанович|Pavlov Mikhail Stepanovich]] (1737), [[:ru: Розмыслов, Фёдор|Rozmyslov Feodor]] (1768), and the location where [[Netherlands|Dutch]] ships wintered in 1596. The title of this map is in an artistic [[cartouche]] with a drawing of a hunting scene, mining symbols, and a maiden with an urn – an allegorical symbol of the [[Ob (river)|Ob]]' River.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Karta Tobol'skoĭ gubernii iz 16 uezdov. |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2018693877/ |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> |
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In 1802, the Tobolsk Governorate along with the [[Irkutsk Governorate]], became part of the Siberian General Governorate by decree of Emperor [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]]. |
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In 1822, the Siberian General Governorate was divided into the West Siberian General Governorate and East Siberian General Governorate. Tobolsk Governorate became part of the West Siberian General Governorate, which existed until 1882. |
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On 26 February ([[Gregorian calendar|9 March]]) 1804, part of the territory of the Tobolsk Governorate was allocated to the [[Tomsk Governorate]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Полное собрание законов Российской Империи. Собрание Первое. Том XXVIII. Закон 21.183 |trans-title=Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. Assembly First. Volume XXVIII. Law 21.183. |url=https://runivers.ru/bookreader/book9836/#page/155/mode/1up |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=runivers.ru |page=156 |language=ru |publication-date=26 February 1804}}</ref> As part of the Tobolsk Governorate nine ''uezds'' remained: Beryozovsky Uezd, Ishimsky Uezd, Kurgansky Uezd, Omsky Uezd, Tarsky Uezd, Tobolsky Uezd, Turinsky Uezd, Tyumensky Uezd and Yalutorovsky Uezd. |
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In 1822, the Omsk Uezd and other territories were transferred to the Omsk Oblast (until 1838); the ''uezds'' of the Tobolsk Governorate were renamed ''okrugs'', and the new Tyukalinsky Okrug was formed (which remained until 1838).<ref name=":0" /> |
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In 1838, the ''okrug'' city of Omsk became part of the Tobolsk Governorate. |
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In 1868 Omsk was transferred to the newly formed the [[Akmolinsk Oblast (Russian Empire)|Akmolinsk Oblast]]. The Surgut Okrug was newly formed by separation from the Berezovsky Okrug. |
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In 1876, the Omsk District was transformed into the Tyukalinsky District. |
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Tobolsk Governorate was among the 17 regions recognized as seriously affected during the [[Russian famine of 1891–1892|famine of 1891–1892]]. |
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In 1898, the ''okrugs'' of the governorate were renamed ''uyezds''. |
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In 1885, permanent traffic was opened along the railway lines [[Yekaterinburg]]–Tura ([[Tyumen]]), and in 1896 [[Chelyabinsk]]–[[Omsk]]–[[Novonikolaevsk]] of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]]. |
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=== 20th century === |
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Between 1909 and 1916, [[Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky|Sergey Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky]], pioneer of [[color photography]], traveled a significant part of the [[Russian Empire]] including Tobolsk Governorate, photographing ancient temples, monasteries, factories, types of cities and various household scenes. |
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In 1917, after the [[Bolsheviks]] came to power, the first attempt to organize Kalachinsky Uezd from part of [[Tyukalinsky Uyezd|Tyukalinsky Uezd]] occurred for convenient control of the remote southeastern territories of the governorate. The first member of the food committee from Kalachinsky Uezd was Yakov Martynovich Kalnin, a [[Latvians|Latvian]] poet and teacher. From 1917 to 1919, in the ups and downs of the [[Russian Civil War|Civil War]], the ''uezd'' was liquidated more than once and re-created by different authorities, transferred from the Tobolsk Governorate to the Akmolinsk Oblast (Omsk).[[File:Coat of Arms of Tobolsk gubernia (Russian empire).png|thumb|Coat of arms of the Tobolsk Governorate (1878)|left]] |
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On 1 January (14 January), 1918, according to the decree Article No.158 of administration of the [[Council of People's Commissars]] of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]], the Troitskaya [[volost]] of the Tyukalinsky Uezd was included in the newly formed Tatarsky Uezd of the Akmolinsk Oblast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=№ 158. О сформировании из 20 волостей Каинского уезда, Томской губ., и Троицкой волости, Тюкалинского уезда, самостоятельного Татарского уезда, с созданием уездного центра в гор. Татарске. {{!}} Проект "Исторические Материалы" |trans-title=No. 158. On the formation of the 20 volosts of the Kainsky district, the Tomsk province, and the Troitsk volost, the Tyukalinsky district, an independent Tatar district, with the creation of a county center in the mountains. Tatarsk. Project "Historical Materials" |url=https://istmat.org/node/28223 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=istmat.org}}</ref> |
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On 1 February (10 February), 1918, the First Extraordinary Session of the Tobolsk Governorate [[Zemstvo]] Assembly approved the separation of Kalachinsky Uezd from Tyukalinsky Uezd; Tarsky Uezd and Tyukalinsky Uezd moved to the Omsk Oblast. Kurgan Uezd remained an independent governorate, proclaimed Tyumen Governorate{{Clarify|date=October 2022}} with Ishimsky Uezd, Yalutorovsky Uezd, Tyumensky Uezd and Turinsky Uezd. |
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Soviet power was established by the spring of 1918.<ref name=":0" /> |
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On 3–5 April 1918, the Soviet governorate conference decided to transfer the administrative center from Tobolsk to Tyumen and rename the province to Tyumen. The Tobolsk Soviets opposed this and on 30 April 1918 proclaimed themselves a separate governorate.<ref name=":0" /> |
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In June 1918, the Tobolsk Governorate came under the control of the [[White Army]].<ref name=":0" /> The [[revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion]] temporarily restored the [[status quo]]. |
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From August to November 1919, as a result of the offensive of the [[Eastern Front (RSFSR)|Eastern Front]], Tyumen and [[Tobolsk]] passed to the [[Bolsheviks]] and the governorate institutions moved to Tyumen. |
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On 27 August 1919, by the decree of the [[All-Russian Central Executive Committee]] of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|RSFSR]], Tobolsk Governorate consisted of the following six ''uezds'': Obdorsky Uezd, Beryozovsky Uezd, Surgutsky Uezd, Tobolsky Uezd, Tyumensky Uezd and Yalutorovsky Uezd. Ishimsky Uezd, Tarsky Uezd and Tyukalinsky Uezd (including the territory of Kalachinsky Uezd, which actually existed since 1918, but was not officially registered) went to the Omsk Governorate.<ref name=":0" /> Kurgansky Uezd became part of the Chelyabinsk Governorate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 27, 1919 |title=№ 437. Постановление Всероссийского Центрального Исполнительного Комитета Советов. Об организации гражданского управления Сибири. {{!}} Проект "Исторические Материалы" |trans-title=No. 437. Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets. On the organization of the civil administration of Siberia. Project "Historical Materials" |url=https://istmat.org/node/38473 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=istmat.org}}</ref> |
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By a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee dated 6 October 1919, Turin Uezd was returned to the Tobolsk Governorate.<ref name=":0" /> |
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From October 1919 to April 1920 the governorate was called either Tobolsk or Tyumen; the renaming of Tobolsk Governorate to Tyumen Governorate was finally fixed by the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of 21 April (2 March), 1920. |
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== Coat of arms of the Tobolsk Governorate == |
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The coat of arms of the Tobolsk Governorate was approved on 5 July 1878: |
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"In the golden shield there is a scarlet [[ataman]]'s mace, on which is [[Yermak Timofeyevich|Yermak]]'s black shield, round, decorated with precious stones, between two scarlet banners with black shafts and points from a spear placed obliquely across. The shield is surmounted by the Imperial crown and surrounded by golden oak leaves connected by St. Andrew's ribbon."{{Quote without source|date=October 2022}} |
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==Subdivisions== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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!No. |
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![[Uezd]] |
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!Uezd Town (population) |
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! |
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!Area sq. [[verst]] |
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!Population |
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(1916) |
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|- |
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|1 |
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|[[Beryozovsky Uyezd|Beryozovsky Uezd]] |
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|[[Beryozovo, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug|Beryozovo]] (1,301) |
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| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Berezovo COA (Tobolsk Governorate) (1785).png|center|thumb|70x70px]] |
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| style="text-align:right" |604,442.2 |
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| style="text-align:right" |29,190 |
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|- |
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|2 |
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|[[Ishimsky Uyezd|Ishimsky Uezd]] |
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|[[Ishim, Tyumen Oblast|Ishim]] (14,226) |
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| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Ishim COA (Tobolsk Governorate) (1785).png|center|thumb|70x70px]] |
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| style="text-align:right" |37,604.6 |
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| style="text-align:right" |367,066 |
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|- |
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|3 |
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|[[Kurgansky Uyezd|Kurgansky Uezd]] |
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|[[Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast|Kurgan]] (39,854) |
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| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Kurgan COA (Tobolsk Governorate) (1785).png|center|thumb|70x70px]] |
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| style="text-align:right" |20,281.6 |
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| style="text-align:right" |359,223 |
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|- |
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|4 |
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|[[Surgutsky Uyezd|Surgutsky Uezd]] |
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|[[Surgut]] (1,602) |
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| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Coat of Arms of Surgut (1785).svg|center|thumb|70x70px]] |
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| style="text-align:right" |220,452.4 |
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| style="text-align:right" |11,561 |
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|- |
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|5 |
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|[[Tarsky Uyezd|Tarsky Uezd]] |
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|[[Tara, Omsk Oblast|Tara]] (11,229) |
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| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Tara COA (Tobolsk Governorate) (1785).gif|center|thumb|70x70px]] |
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| style="text-align:right" |71,542.1 |
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| style="text-align:right" |268,410 |
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|- |
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|6 |
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|[[Tobolsky Uyezd|Tobolsky Uezd]] |
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|[[Tobolsk]] (23,357) |
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| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Tobolsk COA (Tobolsk Governorate) (1785).png|center|thumb|70x70px]] |
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| style="text-align:right" |108,296.0 |
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| style="text-align:right" |147,719 |
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|- |
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|7 |
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|[[Turinsky Uyezd|Turinsky Uezd]] |
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|[[Turinsk]] (2,821) |
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| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Turinsk COA (Tobolsk Governorate) (1785).png|center|thumb|70x70px]] |
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| style="text-align:right" |67,008.6 |
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| style="text-align:right" |96,942 |
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|- |
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|8 |
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|[[Tyukalinsky Uyezd|Tyukalinsky Uezd]] |
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|[[Tyukalinsk]] (2,702) |
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| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Герб Тюкалинского уезда Тобольской губернии.png|center|thumb|70x70px]] |
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| style="text-align:right" |55,049.3 |
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| style="text-align:right" |344,601 |
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|- |
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|9 |
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|[[Tyumensky Uyezd|Tyumensky Uezd]] |
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|[[Tyumen]] (56,668) |
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| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Tyumen COA (Tobolsk Governorate) (1785).png|center|thumb|70x70px]] |
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| style="text-align:right" |15,608.0 |
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| style="text-align:right" |171,032 |
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|- |
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|10 |
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|[[Yalutorovsky Uyezd|Yalutorovsky Uezd]] |
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|[[Yalutorovsk]] (3,835) |
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| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Yalutorovsk COA (Tobolsk Governorate) (1785).png|center|thumb|70x70px]] |
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| style="text-align:right" |18,944.9 |
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| style="text-align:right" |216,792 |
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|} |
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==Demographics== |
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The Tobolsk area long served the [[List of Russian monarchs|Tsars]] as a place of [[exile]] for dissidents and suspects.<ref>Note the exile of [[Juraj Križanić]] to Tobolsk from 1661 to 1676.</ref> From its founding in 1796, the Tobolsk Governorate operated as a destination for convicts, including for the [[Decembrist revolt|Decembrists]].<ref name=":0" /> Sending exiled Decembrists to [[Siberia]] took two years - from 1826 to 1828.{{Clarify|date=October 2022}} Wives, brides, sisters, and mothers of the Decembrists sentenced to hard labor voluntarily followed their men-folk to Siberia. Some of the exiles settled and remained in the Tobolsk area, even after amnesty. Others moved elsewhere. (The [[Russian Provisional Government]] moved the household of the deposed and arrested [[House of Romanov|Imperial family]] to Tobolsk in August 1917, but the Bolsheviks transferred them to Yekaterinburg in April 1918.) |
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From the 18th to the early-20th centuries in the southern [[uyezd]]y (counties) of the Tobolsk province, peasant colonization continued.<ref name=":0" /> |
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The Governorate's population was 831,100 in 1846, 1,433,043 in 1897, and 2,100,000 in 1916.<ref name=":0" /> |
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At the time of the [[Russian Empire Census]] of 1897, the Tobolsk Governorate had a population of 1,433,043, of which 87,351 people lived in cities. Of these, 88.6% spoke [[Russian language|Russian]], 4.0% [[Siberian Tatar language|Siberian Tatar]], 2.6% [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], 1.3% [[Khanty language|Khanty]], 0.5% [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], 0.5% [[Komi-Zyrian language|Komi-Zyrian]], 0.4% [[Polish language|Polish]], 0.3% [[Mansi language|Mansi]], 0.3% [[Nenets languages|Nenets]], 0.3% [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], 0.2% [[Latvian language|Latvian]], 0.2% [[Yiddish]], 0.1% [[Estonian language|Estonian]], 0.1% [[Romani language|Romani]], 0.1% [[Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]], 0.1% [[German language|German]] and 0.1% [[Finnish language|Finnish]] as their native language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897. Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |trans-title=The first general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897 |url= http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=704 |access-date=2019-12-17 |website= www.demoscope.ru}}</ref> |
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The religious composition of the population in 1897 was dominated by the [[Russian Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] with 89.0%. 5.1% were [[Old Believers]] and "devoids of Orthodoxy;"{{Clarify|reason=devoids?|date=October 2022}} 4.5% were [[Muslims]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897. Распределение населения по полу, десятилетним возрастным группам и грамотности. Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |trans-title= The first general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897. Distribution of the population by sex, ten-year age groups and literacy |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_age10_97.php?reg=108 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website= www.demoscope.ru}}</ref> |
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The percentage of literacy was 11.3% (men 17.7%, women 5.0%) |
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== Economics == |
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In the southern and central regions, agriculture played the main role in the economy.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Animal husbandry developed (including deer breeding in the north of the Tobolsk province), and butter-making was common.<ref name=":0" /> |
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In the northern and central regions of the Tobolsk Governorate, hunting, fishing, collecting pine nuts (predominant among ''[[inorodtsy]]''), woodworking, etc. were important.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Permanent traffic was opened along the Yekaterinburg–Tura (Tyumen) railway line (1885), as well as the Chelyabinsk–Omsk–Novonikolaevsk stretch (1896) of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]].<ref name=":0" /> |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle = Tobolsk (government)|volume = 26 |last1= Kropotkin |first1= Peter Alexeivitch |author1-link=Peter Kropotkin|last2= Bealby |first2=John Thomas |page = 1042| short=1}} |
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Latest revision as of 21:50, 21 October 2024
| Tobolsk Governorate Тобольская губерния (Russian) | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Governorate of the Russian Empire (1796–1917), Russian Republic and RSFSR (1917–1920) | |||||||||||||||||
| 1796–1920 | |||||||||||||||||
 Coat of arms
| |||||||||||||||||
.svg) Location in the Russian Empire | |||||||||||||||||
| Capital | Tobolsk (1796–1919) Tyumen (1919–1920) | ||||||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||||||
• 1916 | 1,385,000 km2 (535,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||||||||
• 1897 | 1,433,043 | ||||||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||||||
• Established | 1796 | ||||||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1920 | ||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
| Today part of | Russia | ||||||||||||||||
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tobolsk Governorate. | |||||||||||||||||
Tobolsk Governorate (Russian: Тобольская губерния, romanized: Tobol'skaya guberniya) was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of the Russian Empire, Russian Republic and Russian SFSR located in the Ural Mountains and Siberia. It existed from 1796 to 1920; its seat was in the city of Tobolsk, and from 1919 to 1920, in the city of Tyumen.
General information
[edit]Its total area as of 1913 was 1,300,000 km2 (500,000 sq mi). According to data at the end of the 19th century, the area of the Governorate was divided into 10 uezds (until 1898, okrugs).
History
[edit]18th century
[edit]In official documents of the second half of the 18th century, the name Tobolsk Governorate is often used as a designation for Siberia Governorate in the last stage of its existence (1764–1782).[1]
On 19 January (30 January) 1782, Tobolsk Governorate was formed by decree of the Empress of Russia Catherine II as part of the Tobolsk Viceroyalty with two oblasts: Tobolsk Oblast (included ten uezds) and Tomsk Oblast (six uezds), which became part of the Governorate-General.
On 12 December 1796, the Tobolsk Governorate was formed by Emperor Paul I's Decree to the Senate "On the new division of the State into the Governorates".[2] Kolyvan Oblast was annexed to Tobolsk Governorate.[1]
In 1797, Tobolsk Governorate consisted of 16 uezds: Kuznetsk Uezd, Semipalatinsk Uezd, Krasnoyarsk Uezd, Ishimsky Uezd, Yalutorovsky Uezd, Kurgansky Uezd, Beryozovsky Uezd, Tarsky Uezd, Turinsky Uezd, Tyumensky Uezd, Tobolsky Uezd, Surgutsky Uezd, Tomsk Uezd, Narymsky Uezd, Yenisei Uezd, and Turukhansky Uezd.[3]
._Tobolsk_governorate.jpg)
19th century
[edit]The map of Tobolsk Governorate (16 uezds) from the publication "The Russian Atlas of forty-three maps consisting of forty-one provinces dividing the Empire" (Alexander Wilbrecht, 1800) shows the vast Siberian province of Tobol'sk with the borders of the province and its districts, population centers, monasteries, winter encampments, fortresses, mines, salt and fish industries, and the routes of voyages by Malygin Stepan (1734, 1735), Aleksej Ivanovič Skuratov (1734, 1735), Dmitry Ovtsyn (1735), Stepan Voinovich Muravyov (1737), Pavlov Mikhail Stepanovich (1737), Rozmyslov Feodor (1768), and the location where Dutch ships wintered in 1596. The title of this map is in an artistic cartouche with a drawing of a hunting scene, mining symbols, and a maiden with an urn – an allegorical symbol of the Ob' River.[5]
In 1802, the Tobolsk Governorate along with the Irkutsk Governorate, became part of the Siberian General Governorate by decree of Emperor Alexander I.
In 1822, the Siberian General Governorate was divided into the West Siberian General Governorate and East Siberian General Governorate. Tobolsk Governorate became part of the West Siberian General Governorate, which existed until 1882.
On 26 February (9 March) 1804, part of the territory of the Tobolsk Governorate was allocated to the Tomsk Governorate.[6] As part of the Tobolsk Governorate nine uezds remained: Beryozovsky Uezd, Ishimsky Uezd, Kurgansky Uezd, Omsky Uezd, Tarsky Uezd, Tobolsky Uezd, Turinsky Uezd, Tyumensky Uezd and Yalutorovsky Uezd.
In 1822, the Omsk Uezd and other territories were transferred to the Omsk Oblast (until 1838); the uezds of the Tobolsk Governorate were renamed okrugs, and the new Tyukalinsky Okrug was formed (which remained until 1838).[1]
In 1838, the okrug city of Omsk became part of the Tobolsk Governorate.
In 1868 Omsk was transferred to the newly formed the Akmolinsk Oblast. The Surgut Okrug was newly formed by separation from the Berezovsky Okrug.
In 1876, the Omsk District was transformed into the Tyukalinsky District.
Tobolsk Governorate was among the 17 regions recognized as seriously affected during the famine of 1891–1892.
In 1898, the okrugs of the governorate were renamed uyezds.
In 1885, permanent traffic was opened along the railway lines Yekaterinburg–Tura (Tyumen), and in 1896 Chelyabinsk–Omsk–Novonikolaevsk of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
20th century
[edit]Between 1909 and 1916, Sergey Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky, pioneer of color photography, traveled a significant part of the Russian Empire including Tobolsk Governorate, photographing ancient temples, monasteries, factories, types of cities and various household scenes.
In 1917, after the Bolsheviks came to power, the first attempt to organize Kalachinsky Uezd from part of Tyukalinsky Uezd occurred for convenient control of the remote southeastern territories of the governorate. The first member of the food committee from Kalachinsky Uezd was Yakov Martynovich Kalnin, a Latvian poet and teacher. From 1917 to 1919, in the ups and downs of the Civil War, the uezd was liquidated more than once and re-created by different authorities, transferred from the Tobolsk Governorate to the Akmolinsk Oblast (Omsk).
.png)
On 1 January (14 January), 1918, according to the decree Article No.158 of administration of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Troitskaya volost of the Tyukalinsky Uezd was included in the newly formed Tatarsky Uezd of the Akmolinsk Oblast.[7]
On 1 February (10 February), 1918, the First Extraordinary Session of the Tobolsk Governorate Zemstvo Assembly approved the separation of Kalachinsky Uezd from Tyukalinsky Uezd; Tarsky Uezd and Tyukalinsky Uezd moved to the Omsk Oblast. Kurgan Uezd remained an independent governorate, proclaimed Tyumen Governorate[clarification needed] with Ishimsky Uezd, Yalutorovsky Uezd, Tyumensky Uezd and Turinsky Uezd.
Soviet power was established by the spring of 1918.[1]
On 3–5 April 1918, the Soviet governorate conference decided to transfer the administrative center from Tobolsk to Tyumen and rename the province to Tyumen. The Tobolsk Soviets opposed this and on 30 April 1918 proclaimed themselves a separate governorate.[1]
In June 1918, the Tobolsk Governorate came under the control of the White Army.[1] The revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion temporarily restored the status quo.
From August to November 1919, as a result of the offensive of the Eastern Front, Tyumen and Tobolsk passed to the Bolsheviks and the governorate institutions moved to Tyumen.
On 27 August 1919, by the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR, Tobolsk Governorate consisted of the following six uezds: Obdorsky Uezd, Beryozovsky Uezd, Surgutsky Uezd, Tobolsky Uezd, Tyumensky Uezd and Yalutorovsky Uezd. Ishimsky Uezd, Tarsky Uezd and Tyukalinsky Uezd (including the territory of Kalachinsky Uezd, which actually existed since 1918, but was not officially registered) went to the Omsk Governorate.[1] Kurgansky Uezd became part of the Chelyabinsk Governorate.[8]
By a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee dated 6 October 1919, Turin Uezd was returned to the Tobolsk Governorate.[1]
From October 1919 to April 1920 the governorate was called either Tobolsk or Tyumen; the renaming of Tobolsk Governorate to Tyumen Governorate was finally fixed by the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of 21 April (2 March), 1920.
Coat of arms of the Tobolsk Governorate
[edit]The coat of arms of the Tobolsk Governorate was approved on 5 July 1878:
"In the golden shield there is a scarlet ataman's mace, on which is Yermak's black shield, round, decorated with precious stones, between two scarlet banners with black shafts and points from a spear placed obliquely across. The shield is surmounted by the Imperial crown and surrounded by golden oak leaves connected by St. Andrew's ribbon."[This quote needs a citation]
Subdivisions
[edit]| No. | Uezd | Uezd Town (population) | Area sq. verst | Population
(1916) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Beryozovsky Uezd | Beryozovo (1,301) | _(1785).png) |
604,442.2 | 29,190 |
| 2 | Ishimsky Uezd | Ishim (14,226) | _(1785).png){kind=spacer} |
37,604.6 | 367,066 |
| 3 | Kurgansky Uezd | Kurgan (39,854) | _(1785).png) |
20,281.6 | 359,223 |
| 4 | Surgutsky Uezd | Surgut (1,602) | .svg) |
220,452.4 | 11,561 |
| 5 | Tarsky Uezd | Tara (11,229) | _(1785).gif) |
71,542.1 | 268,410 |
| 6 | Tobolsky Uezd | Tobolsk (23,357) | _(1785).png) |
108,296.0 | 147,719 |
| 7 | Turinsky Uezd | Turinsk (2,821) | _(1785).png) |
67,008.6 | 96,942 |
| 8 | Tyukalinsky Uezd | Tyukalinsk (2,702) |  |
55,049.3 | 344,601 |
| 9 | Tyumensky Uezd | Tyumen (56,668) | _(1785).png) |
15,608.0 | 171,032 |
| 10 | Yalutorovsky Uezd | Yalutorovsk (3,835) | _(1785).png) |
18,944.9 | 216,792 |
Demographics
[edit]The Tobolsk area long served the Tsars as a place of exile for dissidents and suspects.[9] From its founding in 1796, the Tobolsk Governorate operated as a destination for convicts, including for the Decembrists.[1] Sending exiled Decembrists to Siberia took two years - from 1826 to 1828.[clarification needed] Wives, brides, sisters, and mothers of the Decembrists sentenced to hard labor voluntarily followed their men-folk to Siberia. Some of the exiles settled and remained in the Tobolsk area, even after amnesty. Others moved elsewhere. (The Russian Provisional Government moved the household of the deposed and arrested Imperial family to Tobolsk in August 1917, but the Bolsheviks transferred them to Yekaterinburg in April 1918.)
From the 18th to the early-20th centuries in the southern uyezdy (counties) of the Tobolsk province, peasant colonization continued.[1]
The Governorate's population was 831,100 in 1846, 1,433,043 in 1897, and 2,100,000 in 1916.[1]
At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, the Tobolsk Governorate had a population of 1,433,043, of which 87,351 people lived in cities. Of these, 88.6% spoke Russian, 4.0% Siberian Tatar, 2.6% Ukrainian, 1.3% Khanty, 0.5% Kazakh, 0.5% Komi-Zyrian, 0.4% Polish, 0.3% Mansi, 0.3% Nenets, 0.3% Belarusian, 0.2% Latvian, 0.2% Yiddish, 0.1% Estonian, 0.1% Romani, 0.1% Mordvin, 0.1% German and 0.1% Finnish as their native language.[10]
The religious composition of the population in 1897 was dominated by the Orthodox with 89.0%. 5.1% were Old Believers and "devoids of Orthodoxy;"[clarification needed] 4.5% were Muslims.[11]
The percentage of literacy was 11.3% (men 17.7%, women 5.0%)
Economics
[edit]In the southern and central regions, agriculture played the main role in the economy.[1]
Animal husbandry developed (including deer breeding in the north of the Tobolsk province), and butter-making was common.[1]
In the northern and central regions of the Tobolsk Governorate, hunting, fishing, collecting pine nuts (predominant among inorodtsy), woodworking, etc. were important.[1]
Permanent traffic was opened along the Yekaterinburg–Tura (Tyumen) railway line (1885), as well as the Chelyabinsk–Omsk–Novonikolaevsk stretch (1896) of the Trans-Siberian Railway.[1]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "ТОБОЛЬСКАЯ ГУБЕРНИЯ • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия" [TOBOLSK Governorate • Great Russian encyclopedia - electronic version]. bigenc.ru. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
- ^ "Полное собрание законов Российской империи: Собрание (1649 - 1825) : Том 24 (1796 - 1797) : Законы (17530 - 18301) №17634" [Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire: Assembly (1649 - 1825) : Volume 24 (1796 - 1797) : Laws (17530 - 18301) №17634]. nlr.ru (in Russian). 1796. p. 229. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
- ^ "Полное собрание законов Российской империи:Собрание (1649 - 1825) : Том 24 (1796 - 1797) : Законы (17530 - 18301) №18233" [Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire: Collection (1649 - 1825): Volume 24 (1796 - 1797): Laws (17530 - 18301) No. 18233]. nlr.ru (in Russian). 1797. p. 789. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
- ^ "41. Карта Тобольской губернии из 16 уездов | Геопортал Русского географического общества" [41. Map of the Tobolsk province of 16 counties | Geoportal of the Russian Geographical Society]. geoportal.rgo.ru. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
- ^ a b "Karta Tobol'skoĭ gubernii iz 16 uezdov". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
- ^ "Полное собрание законов Российской Империи. Собрание Первое. Том XXVIII. Закон 21.183" [Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. Assembly First. Volume XXVIII. Law 21.183.]. runivers.ru (in Russian). 26 February 1804. p. 156. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
- ^ "№ 158. О сформировании из 20 волостей Каинского уезда, Томской губ., и Троицкой волости, Тюкалинского уезда, самостоятельного Татарского уезда, с созданием уездного центра в гор. Татарске. | Проект "Исторические Материалы"" [No. 158. On the formation of the 20 volosts of the Kainsky district, the Tomsk province, and the Troitsk volost, the Tyukalinsky district, an independent Tatar district, with the creation of a county center in the mountains. Tatarsk. Project "Historical Materials"]. istmat.org. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
- ^ "№ 437. Постановление Всероссийского Центрального Исполнительного Комитета Советов. Об организации гражданского управления Сибири. | Проект "Исторические Материалы"" [No. 437. Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets. On the organization of the civil administration of Siberia. Project "Historical Materials"]. istmat.org. 27 August 1919. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
- ^ Note the exile of Juraj Križanić to Tobolsk from 1661 to 1676.
- ^ "Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897. Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" [The first general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897]. www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
- ^ "Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897. Распределение населения по полу, десятилетним возрастным группам и грамотности. Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" [The first general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897. Distribution of the population by sex, ten-year age groups and literacy]. www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
External links
[edit]- Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch (1888). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. XXIII (9th ed.). pp. 428–430.
- Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). p. 1042.