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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
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| settlement_type = [[Port city]] |
| settlement_type = [[Port city]] |
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| image_skyline = Chabahar coast.jpg |
| image_skyline = Chabahar coast.jpg |
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| image1 =Chabahar Lake, Chabahar city |
| image1 = Chabahar Lake, Chabahar city |
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| image_caption = Coastline at Chabahar |
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| subdivision_type = Country |
| subdivision_type = Country |
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| area_total_km2 = |
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| area_footnotes = |
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|population_footnotes = |
|population_footnotes =<ref name="2016 census" /> |
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| population_as_of = 2016 Census |
| population_as_of = 2016 Census |
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| population_total = 106739 |
| population_total = 106739 |
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| utc_offset = +3:30 |
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| coordinates = {{coord|25|17|34|N|60|38|59|E|dim:3km|display=inline,title}} |
| coordinates = {{coord|25|17|34|N|60|38|59|E|dim:3km|display=inline,title}} |
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|coordinates_footnotes = |
|coordinates_footnotes =<ref>{{Cite map | author=((OpenStreetMap contributors)) | url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=25.292778&mlon=60.649722&zoom=14#map=14/25.2928/60.6497 | website=[[OpenStreetMap]] | title=Chabahar, Chabahar County | date=8 April 2023 | access-date=8 April 2023 | lang=fa}}</ref> |
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| elevation_m = |
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| website = {{URL|http://chabahar.ir}} |
| website = {{URL|http://chabahar.ir}} |
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'''Chābahār''' ({{ |
'''Chābahār''' ({{langx|fa|چابهار}} and {{langx|bal|چھبار}}); ({{pronunciation|Chabahar.ogg}}){{efn|English: Four Springs or Spring Well,<ref name=etcha>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/inside-chabahar-the-iranian-port-city-that-borders-pakistan-and-where-alleged-spy-kulbhushan-jadhav-was-based/articleshow/58663212.cms | title=Inside Chabahar, the Iranian port city that borders Pakistan and where alleged spy Kulbhushan Jadhav was based | date=14 May 2017 | newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2021}} also [[romanize]]d as '''Čahbàr'''; formerly '''Bandar Beheshtī'''<ref>{{GEOnet3|-3055106}}</ref>}} is a city in the [[Central District (Chabahar County)|Central District]] of [[Chabahar County]], [[Sistan and Baluchestan province|Sistan and Baluchestan]] province, [[Iran]], serving as capital of both the county and the district.<ref name="Sistan and Baluchestan Structure">{{cite web | title=Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Sistan and Baluchestan province, centered in the city of Zahedan | language=fa | website=Research Center of the System of Laws of the Islamic Council of the Farabi Library of Mobile Users | url=https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113038 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724212413/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113038 | archive-date=24 July 2013 | publisher=Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board | last=Habibi | first=Hassan | date=21 June 1369 | access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref> It is a [[Free economic zone|free port]] ([[free-trade zone]]) situated on the coast of the [[Gulf of Oman]], and is Iran's southernmost city. The sister port city of [[Gwadar]] in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], [[Pakistan]], is located about {{convert|170|km|mi}} to the east of Chabahar. |
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== Twin towns and sister cities == |
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{{Main|List of twin towns and sister cities in Iran}} |
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* {{flagicon|ps} [[Gaza City]], palestine. |
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==Etymology== |
== Etymology == |
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The name Chabahar is a shortened form of the [[Balochi language|Balochi]] phrase ''chahar bahar'' (Persian: چهاربهار), where ''chahar'' means "four" and ''bahar'' means "spring". Hence, Chabahar means a place where all four seasons of the year resemble spring time.{{cn|date=May 2021}} |
The name Chabahar is a shortened form of the [[Balochi language|Balochi]] phrase ''chahar bahar'' (Persian: چهاربهار), where ''chahar'' means "four" and ''bahar'' means "spring". Hence, Chabahar means a place where all four seasons of the year resemble spring time.{{cn|date=May 2021}} |
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==History== |
== History == |
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There is a fishing village and former port named [[Tis, Iran|Tis]] in Chabahar's neighborhood, which dates from 2500 BC, known in [[Alexander the Great]]'s conquests as Tiz, eventually renamed Tis. In addition, in his book ''[[Aqd al-Ala lel-Moghefe al Ahla]]'', [[Afdhal al-Din abu Hamid Kermani]] wrote in 584 [[Hijri year|A.H.]] (1188 [[Common Era|C.E.]]) about the port of Tiz and its commerce and trade. |
There is a fishing village and former port named [[Tis, Iran|Tis]] in Chabahar's neighborhood, which dates from 2500 BC, known in [[Alexander the Great]]'s conquests as Tiz, eventually renamed Tis. In addition, in his book ''[[Aqd al-Ala lel-Moghefe al Ahla]]'', [[Afdhal al-Din abu Hamid Kermani]] wrote in 584 [[Hijri year|A.H.]] (1188 [[Common Era|C.E.]]) about the port of Tiz and its commerce and trade. |
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According to the scholar and historian, [[Alberuni]], author of an encyclopedic work on India called "Tarikh Al-Hind", the sea coast of [[India]] commences with Tiz or modern Chabahar.<ref>{{ |
According to the scholar and historian, [[Alberuni]], author of an encyclopedic work on India called "Tarikh Al-Hind", the sea coast of [[India]] commences with Tiz or modern Chabahar.<ref>{{cite book | editor-last=Sachau | editor-first=Edward C. | title=Alberuni's India | volume=1 | publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co | year=1910 | orig-year=1888 | url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_5949073_001/pages/ldpd_5949073_001_00000264.html | page=208}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wink | first=André | title=Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World | publisher=Brill | year=2002 | edition=3rd | orig-year=1990 | isbn=0-391-04173-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA132 | page=132}}</ref> Tis was formerly an active commercial port, and was destroyed by the [[Mongol]]s.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} There are still some ruins in the village. |
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The [[Portugal|Portuguese]] were the first colonial country to attack the [[Makran]] (Oman) Sea. The Portuguese forces under [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] gained control of Chabahar and Tis, staying there until 1031 A.H. (1621 C.E.). The British, and later the Portuguese in the 17th century (1616 C.E. or 1026 A.H.), entered this region.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} |
The [[Portugal|Portuguese]] were the first colonial country to attack the [[Makran]] (Oman) Sea. The Portuguese forces under [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] gained control of Chabahar and Tis, staying there until 1031 A.H. (1621 C.E.). The British, and later the Portuguese in the 17th century (1616 C.E. or 1026 A.H.), entered this region.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} |
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The [[Iran–Iraq War]] caused Chabahar to gain in logistical and strategic importance. War brought insecurity to the [[Strait of Hormuz]] and ships were unable to enter the Persian Gulf. Accordingly, Chabahar became a major port during the war. In the 1980s the Iranian government developed a new scheme named the [[Eastern Axis Development Scheme]], which aimed to use Chabahar's geographical position as a regional development tool to stimulate economic growth in the eastern provinces. The establishment of the [[Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone]] in 1992 resulting from the EAD Scheme brought development and encouraged immigration from other parts of the country to Chabahar.{{cn|date=May 2021}} |
The [[Iran–Iraq War]] caused Chabahar to gain in logistical and strategic importance. War brought insecurity to the [[Strait of Hormuz]] and ships were unable to enter the Persian Gulf. Accordingly, Chabahar became a major port during the war. In the 1980s the Iranian government developed a new scheme named the [[Eastern Axis Development Scheme]], which aimed to use Chabahar's geographical position as a regional development tool to stimulate economic growth in the eastern provinces. The establishment of the [[Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone]] in 1992 resulting from the EAD Scheme brought development and encouraged immigration from other parts of the country to Chabahar.{{cn|date=May 2021}} |
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==Demographics== |
== Demographics == |
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===Ethnicity and religion=== |
=== Ethnicity and religion === |
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The overwhelming majority of the city's inhabitants are ethnic [[Baloch people|Baloch]], who speak their native [[Balochi language]] in addition to [[Persian language|Persian]]. A majority of Chabahar's people are [[Sunni]] [[Baloch people|Baluch]].{{cn|date=July 2024}} |
The overwhelming majority of the city's inhabitants are ethnic [[Baloch people|Baloch]], who speak their native [[Balochi language]] in addition to [[Persian language|Persian]]. A majority of Chabahar's people are [[Sunni]] [[Baloch people|Baluch]].{{cn|date=July 2024}} |
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===Population=== |
=== Population === |
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At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 71,070 in 13,837 households.<ref name="2006 census">{{cite web | title |
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 71,070 in 13,837 households.<ref name="2006 census">{{cite web | title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006) | page=11 | language=fa | publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran | website=AMAR | url=http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls | access-date=25 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920083538/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls | format=Microsoft Excel spreadsheet | archive-date=20 September 2011}}</ref> The following census in 2011 counted 85,633 people in 19,313 households.<ref name="2011 census">{{cite web | title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011) | page=11 | language=fa | publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran | website=Syracuse University | url=https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Sistan-and-Baluchestan.xls | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125114706/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Sistan-and-Baluchestan.xls | archive-date=25 November 2022 | access-date=19 December 2022 | format=Microsoft Excel spreadsheet}}</ref> The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 106,739 people in 25,896 households.<ref name="2016 census">{{cite web | title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016) | page=11 | language=fa | publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran | website=AMAR | url=https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_11.xlsx | access-date=19 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223104011/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_11.xlsx | format=[[XLSX]] | archive-date=23 December 2021}}</ref> |
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=== Chabahar Free Trade Zone === |
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[[File:Chabahar Rally 05.jpg|thumb|right|Chabahar Rally]] |
[[File:Chabahar Rally 05.jpg|thumb|right|Chabahar Rally]] |
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[[File: |
[[File:Chabahar Beach 1.jpg|thumb|right|View of a Park in Chabahar Beach]] |
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Chabahar is Iran's closest and best access point to the Indian Ocean. For this reason, Chabahar is the focal point of Iranian development of the east of the country through expansion and enhancement of transit routes among countries situated in the northern part of the Indian Ocean and Central Asia.<ref> |
Chabahar is Iran's closest and best access point to the Indian Ocean. For this reason, Chabahar is the focal point of Iranian development of the east of the country through expansion and enhancement of transit routes among countries situated in the northern part of the Indian Ocean and Central Asia.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://in.mobile.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-55875920110325 | last=Miglani | first=Sanjeev | title=India, China's rivalry and a tale of two ports | work=Reuters | date=2011-03-25 | access-date=2011-05-12 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303100602/http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-55875920110325 | archive-date=2022-03-03}}</ref> The hope is that with the development of transit routes, and better security and transit services, the benefits will reach the local residents.{{whom|date=May 2021}} |
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Chabahar's economic sectors are fish industries and commercial sector, fishery sectors with the largest amount of country's fish catch, mainly located out of the [[Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone]]. Growing commercial sector located at free trade area with high potentiality to turn to a place that would connect business growth centers in south Asia (India) and Middle East (Dubai) to central Asian and Afghanistan market. The government plans to link the Chabahar free trade area to Iran's main rail network, which is connected to Central Asia and Afghanistan as well.{{cn|date=May 2021}} |
Chabahar's economic sectors are fish industries and commercial sector, fishery sectors with the largest amount of country's fish catch, mainly located out of the [[Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone]]. Growing commercial sector located at free trade area with high potentiality to turn to a place that would connect business growth centers in south Asia (India) and Middle East (Dubai) to central Asian and Afghanistan market. The government plans to link the Chabahar free trade area to Iran's main rail network, which is connected to Central Asia and Afghanistan as well.{{cn|date=May 2021}} |
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The city is served by [[Refah Chain Stores Co.]], [[Iran Hyper Star]], [[Isfahan City Center]], [[Shahrvand Chain Stores Inc.]], [[:fa: |
The city is served by [[Refah Chain Stores Co.]], [[Iran Hyper Star]], [[Isfahan City Center]], [[Shahrvand Chain Stores Inc.]], [[:fa:شرکت فروشگاههای زنجیرهای افق کوروش|Ofoq Kourosh chain store]]. |
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==Transportation== |
== Transportation == |
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Chabahar is connected to [[multimodal transport]]ation through air, sea and roads. Its [[Konarak Airport]] has twice daily flights to the capital [[Tehran]], thrice weekly flights to [[Zahedan]] and twice weekly flights to [[Mashhad]], [[Shiraz]] and [[Bandar Abbas]]. It has also a weekly international flight to [[Doha]] and [[Dubai]] and a biweekly flight to [[ |
Chabahar is connected to [[multimodal transport]]ation through air, sea and roads. Its [[Konarak Airport]] has twice daily flights to the capital [[Tehran]], thrice weekly flights to [[Zahedan]] and twice weekly flights to [[Mashhad]], [[Shiraz]] and [[Bandar Abbas]]. It has also a weekly international flight to [[Doha]] and [[Dubai]] and a biweekly flight to [[Muscat]]. Chabahar has two jetties that connect it to international waterways. Iranian contractors are developing both jetties to provide port facilities for handling of 6 million tons of goods a year; this is expected to be completed by 2011. Chabahar is connected to national road networks. Chabahar–Bandar Abbas, Chabahar–[[Iranshahr (city)|Iranshahr]]–[[Kerman]], Chabahar–Iranshahr–Zahedan–Mashahd and Chabahar–Iranshahr–Zahedan–[[Milak, Sistan and Baluchestan|Milak]] (on the Afghanistan border) are four main routes connecting Chabahar to national and international roads.{{cn|date=May 2021}} |
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In July 2016, India began shipping US$150 million worth of rail tracks to Chabahar<ref> |
In July 2016, India began shipping US$150 million worth of rail tracks to Chabahar<ref>{{cite news | author=<!--Not stated--> | date=16 June 2016 | title=India to export USD 150 mn rails for Chabahar port next month | work=The Indian Express | agency=Press Trust of India | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/india-to-export-usd-150-mn-rails-for-chabahar-port-next-month-2857029/ | access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref> to build US$1.6 billion [[Zahedan#Chabahar–Zahedan railway|Chabahar–Zahedan railway]] by India's [[Ircon International]], for which India pledged additional US$400 million and Iran has also allocated US$125 million in December 2016, thus taking the total allocation to US$575 million (out of US$1.6 billion needed) till the end of 2016.<ref>{{cite news | date=24 December 2016 | title=$125m for Chabahar-Zahedan Railroad | work=Financial Tribune | url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/economy-domestic-economy/56102/125m-for-chabahar-zahedan-railroad | access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref> |
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=== Port === |
=== Port === |
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{{Main|Port of Chabahar}} |
{{Main|Port of Chabahar}} |
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[[File:chabahar port night veiw.jpeg|thumb|right|Chabahar Port at night]] |
[[File:chabahar port night veiw.jpeg|thumb|right|Chabahar Port at night]] |
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[[India]] is helping develop the Chabahar Port, which will give it access to the oil and gas resources in Iran and the Central Asian states. By doing so, India hopes to compete with the Chinese, who are building [[Gwadar Port]] on the other side of the border in Pakistan's [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan Province]]. In 2014, Indian government sanctioned an initial amount US$85 million for the development of Chabahar port. By 2016, as [[sanctions against Iran]] were being lifted after the nuclear deal, Indian investment plans had risen to US$500 million.<ref name="FP">{{cite news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/05/31/indias-500-million-bet-on-iran/|title=India's $500 Million Bet on Iran|work=Foreign Policy|access-date=22 July 2016}}</ref> |
[[India]] is helping develop the Chabahar Port, which will give it access to the oil and gas resources in Iran and the Central Asian states. By doing so, India hopes to compete with the Chinese, who are building [[Gwadar Port]] on the other side of the border in Pakistan's [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan Province]]. In 2014, Indian government sanctioned an initial amount US$85 million for the development of Chabahar port. By 2016, as [[sanctions against Iran]] were being lifted after the nuclear deal, Indian investment plans had risen to US$500 million.<ref name="FP">{{cite news | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/05/31/indias-500-million-bet-on-iran/ | title=India's $500 Million Bet on Iran | work=Foreign Policy | access-date=22 July 2016}}</ref> |
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In turn, Iran will get its first [[deepwater port]], to allow it to conduct global trade with big cargo ships rather than the small ships its ports can currently handle, thus putting an end to its reliance on the United Arab Emirates as a shipping intermediary.<ref name="FP" /> On top of that, Chabahar shall be used for transshipment to Afghanistan and Central Asia, while keeping the port of [[Bandar Abbas]] as a major hub mainly for trade with Russia and Europe. |
In turn, Iran will get its first [[deepwater port]], to allow it to conduct global trade with big cargo ships rather than the small ships its ports can currently handle, thus putting an end to its reliance on the United Arab Emirates as a shipping intermediary.<ref name="FP" /> On top of that, Chabahar shall be used for transshipment to Afghanistan and Central Asia, while keeping the port of [[Bandar Abbas]] as a major hub mainly for trade with Russia and Europe. |
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Interest in Chabahar port's project renewed once [[Iran sanctions#Sanctions relief|US-sponsored economic isolation of Iran was relieved]], and benefits from the resurgent Indian economy. Along with Bandar Abbas, Chabahar is the Iranian entrepot on the north–south corridor. A strategic partnership between India, Iran and Russia is intended to establish a multi-modal transport link connecting Mumbai with St. Petersburg, providing Europe and the former Soviet republics of Central Asia access to Asia and vice versa. |
Interest in Chabahar port's project renewed once [[Iran sanctions#Sanctions relief|US-sponsored economic isolation of Iran was relieved]], and benefits from the resurgent Indian economy. Along with Bandar Abbas, Chabahar is the Iranian entrepot on the north–south corridor. A strategic partnership between India, Iran and Russia is intended to establish a multi-modal transport link connecting Mumbai with St. Petersburg, providing Europe and the former Soviet republics of Central Asia access to Asia and vice versa. |
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India and Iran are discussing building a gas pipeline between the two countries along the bed of the Arabian Sea to bypass Pakistan, using the Chabahar port. Both the countries are pondering the delivery of natural gas produced in [[Turkmenistan]] with Indian assistance to north Iran while the Islamic Republic will send natural gas from its southern deposits to Indian consumers. This pipeline is conceived by India to replace the proposed [[Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline]], the negotiations for which have dragged on due to the worsening of relations between India and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=220189|title=Iran, India discuss building underwater gas pipeline|work=Tehran Times|access-date=25 December 2010}}</ref> |
India and Iran are discussing building a gas pipeline between the two countries along the bed of the Arabian Sea to bypass Pakistan, using the Chabahar port. Both the countries are pondering the delivery of natural gas produced in [[Turkmenistan]] with Indian assistance to north Iran while the Islamic Republic will send natural gas from its southern deposits to Indian consumers. This pipeline is conceived by India to replace the proposed [[Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline]], the negotiations for which have dragged on due to the worsening of relations between India and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=220189 | title=Iran, India discuss building underwater gas pipeline | work=Tehran Times | access-date=25 December 2010}}</ref> |
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===Railway line from Bamiyan province in Afghanistan=== |
=== Railway line from Bamiyan province in Afghanistan === |
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[[India]] has finalized a plan to build a 900 km–long [[Rail transport in Afghanistan|railway line]] from [[Bamiyan Province]] in Afghanistan to Chabahar port.<ref>{{Cite |
[[India]] has finalized a plan to build a 900 km–long [[Rail transport in Afghanistan|railway line]] from [[Bamiyan Province]] in Afghanistan to Chabahar port.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.thefrontierpost.com/?p=75158 | title=Judge refuses to hear plea against Sethi | work=The Frontier Post | access-date=2012-01-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093330/http://www.thefrontierpost.com/?p=75158 | archive-date=2016-03-04 | url-status=dead}}</ref> An Indian steel consortium led by [[Steel Authority of India Limited]] has landed an exploration contract in the [[Hajigak]] [[coal field]]s located in the Bamiyan Province 130 km west of [[Kabul]]. This region is believed to have [[iron ore]] reserves of around 1.8 billion tonnes containing around 62% ferrous iron worth $3 trillion according to Afghan-Soviet studies of the region in the 1960s. |
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==Geography== |
== Geography == |
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===Location=== |
=== Location === |
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The city is on the [[Makran |
The city is on the [[Makran]] Coast of the Iranian province of Sistan and Baluchestan, and is officially designated as a "Free Trade and Industrial Zone" by the [[Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Iranian government]]. Due to its free-trade zone status, the city has increased in significance in international trade.{{cn|date=July 2024}} |
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===Climate=== |
=== Climate === |
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The county of Chabahar has hot, humid weather in the summer and warm weather in the winter, giving it a [[hot desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BWh''). The western winds in the winter bring about scattered rainfalls in this region, and very occasionally winds from the Indian monsoon affect the region, as in July 1976 when {{convert|46.6|mm|in|1}} fell.<ref name="rainfall">{{cite web|url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/sis/CHABAHAR/25.asp|title=اداره کل هواشناسی استان چهارمحال و بختیاری|website= |
The county of Chabahar has hot, humid weather in the summer and warm weather in the winter, giving it a [[hot desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BWh''). The western winds in the winter bring about scattered rainfalls in this region, and very occasionally winds from the Indian monsoon affect the region, as in July 1976 when {{convert|46.6|mm|in|1}} fell.<ref name="rainfall">{{cite web | url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/sis/CHABAHAR/25.asp | title=اداره کل هواشناسی استان چهارمحال و بختیاری | language=ar | website=chaharmahalmet.ir}}</ref> In most years around {{convert|100|mm|in|1}} will fall; however a positive [[Indian Ocean Dipole]] in 1997/1998 led to a record total of {{convert|470|mm|in|1}}; in contrast between July 2000 and June 2002 only {{convert|57.5|mm|in|1}} fell in ''two'' years.<ref name="rainfall" /> The summer monsoon winds from the Indian subcontinent make Chabahar the coolest southern port in the summer and the warmest port of Iran in the winter.{{cn|date=May 2021}} It has an average maximum temperature of 34 °C and an average minimum temperature of 21.5 °C. It has the same latitude as [[Miami]] in Florida, United States, and temperatures are very similar to those in Miami.{{cn|date=May 2021}} |
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{{Weather box |
{{Weather box |
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|location = Chabahar ( |
|location = Chabahar (1991–2020, extremes 1963–2020) |
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|metric first = Y |
|metric first = Y |
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|single line = Y |
|single line = Y |
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| Line 242: | Line 241: | ||
|Dec humidity = 61 |
|Dec humidity = 61 |
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|year humidity = 73.9 |
|year humidity = 73.9 |
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|source 1 =[[NCEI|NOAA NCEI]],<ref name="ncei">{{cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for |
|source 1 =[[NCEI|NOAA NCEI]],<ref name="ncei">{{cite web | title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020 | url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Iran/CSV/Chahbahar_40898.csv | website=ncei.noaa.gov | publisher=[[NOAA]] | access-date=17 March 2024 | format=CSV}}</ref> (extrems before 1991<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IR/40898.TXT | title=Chahbahar Climate Normals 1963–1990 | publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | access-date=December 29, 2012}}</ref>) |
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|url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IR/40898.TXT |
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|title = Chahbahar Climate Normals 1963–1990 |
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|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |
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|access-date = December 29, 2012}}</ref>) |
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|date=October 2014}} |
|date=October 2014}} |
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==Tourism== |
== Tourism == |
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[[File:Along the shore... در امتداد کرانه - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Along the shore sea]] |
[[File:Along the shore... در امتداد کرانه - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Along the shore sea]] |
||
A $500 million resort is planned to be built in Chabahar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/people-travel/66185/500m-tourist-resort-planned-in-chabahar|title=$500m Tourist Resort Planned in Chabahar|date=11 June 2017|website=Financial Tribune}}</ref> |
A $500 million resort is planned to be built in Chabahar.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/people-travel/66185/500m-tourist-resort-planned-in-chabahar | title=$500m Tourist Resort Planned in Chabahar | date=11 June 2017 | website=Financial Tribune}}</ref> |
||
==Gallery== |
== Gallery == |
||
<gallery> |
<gallery> |
||
File:000401-IMG E7394-2.jpg|Chabahar Free Zone, [[Iran]] |
File:000401-IMG E7394-2.jpg|Chabahar Free Zone, [[Iran]] |
||
| Line 275: | Line 270: | ||
File:990804-Chabahar-IMG 6020-2.jpg|Marine [[Chiton]], Chabahar Free Zone, [[Iran]] |
File:990804-Chabahar-IMG 6020-2.jpg|Marine [[Chiton]], Chabahar Free Zone, [[Iran]] |
||
File:990804-Chabahar-IMG 6034-2.jpg|Jelly fishes, Chabahar Free Zone, [[Iran]] |
File:990804-Chabahar-IMG 6034-2.jpg|Jelly fishes, Chabahar Free Zone, [[Iran]] |
||
File:990804-Chabahar-IMG 6019-2.jpg|Marine [[ |
File:990804-Chabahar-IMG 6019-2.jpg|Marine [[chiton]]s, Chabahar Free Zone, [[Iran]] |
||
File:990804-Chabahar-IMG 6013-2.jpg|Rocky Beach, Chabahar Free Zone, [[Iran]] |
File:990804-Chabahar-IMG 6013-2.jpg|Rocky Beach, Chabahar Free Zone, [[Iran]] |
||
File:990804-Chabahar-IMG 6006-2.jpg|Rocky Beach, Chabahar Free Zone, [[Iran]] |
File:990804-Chabahar-IMG 6006-2.jpg|Rocky Beach, Chabahar Free Zone, [[Iran]] |
||
| Line 282: | Line 277: | ||
</gallery> |
</gallery> |
||
==See also== |
== See also == |
||
* [[Foreign Direct Investment in Iran#Free trade zones and special economic zones|Free Trade Zones in Iran]] |
* [[Foreign Direct Investment in Iran#Free trade zones and special economic zones|Free Trade Zones in Iran]] |
||
* [[International University of Chabahar]] |
* [[International University of Chabahar]] |
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| Line 294: | Line 289: | ||
{{notelist}} |
{{notelist}} |
||
==References== |
== References == |
||
{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
||
==External links== |
== External links == |
||
* http://www.iranchamber.com/people/articles/cultural_anthropology_of_baluchis.php |
* http://www.iranchamber.com/people/articles/cultural_anthropology_of_baluchis.php |
||
* https://web.archive.org/web/20141215001158/http://www.freezones.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=263 |
* https://web.archive.org/web/20141215001158/http://www.freezones.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=263 |
||
Latest revision as of 22:33, 21 October 2024
Chahbahar
چابهار | |
|---|---|
 Coastline at Chabahar | |
  Chahbahar | |
| Coordinates: 25°17′34″N 60°38′59″E / 25.29278°N 60.64972°E[1] | |
| Country | Iran |
| Province | Sistan and Baluchestan |
| County | Chabahar |
| District | Central |
| Population (2016 Census)[2] | |
• Total | 106,739 |
| Time zone | UTC+3:30 (IRST) |
| Website | chabahar |
Chābahār (Persian: چابهار and Balochi: چھبار); ()[a] is a city in the Central District of Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.[5] It is a free port (free-trade zone) situated on the coast of the Gulf of Oman, and is Iran's southernmost city. The sister port city of Gwadar in Balochistan, Pakistan, is located about 170 kilometres (110 mi) to the east of Chabahar.
Etymology
[edit]The name Chabahar is a shortened form of the Balochi phrase chahar bahar (Persian: چهاربهار), where chahar means "four" and bahar means "spring". Hence, Chabahar means a place where all four seasons of the year resemble spring time.[citation needed]
History
[edit]There is a fishing village and former port named Tis in Chabahar's neighborhood, which dates from 2500 BC, known in Alexander the Great's conquests as Tiz, eventually renamed Tis. In addition, in his book Aqd al-Ala lel-Moghefe al Ahla, Afdhal al-Din abu Hamid Kermani wrote in 584 A.H. (1188 C.E.) about the port of Tiz and its commerce and trade.
According to the scholar and historian, Alberuni, author of an encyclopedic work on India called "Tarikh Al-Hind", the sea coast of India commences with Tiz or modern Chabahar.[6][7] Tis was formerly an active commercial port, and was destroyed by the Mongols.[citation needed] There are still some ruins in the village.
The Portuguese were the first colonial country to attack the Makran (Oman) Sea. The Portuguese forces under Afonso de Albuquerque gained control of Chabahar and Tis, staying there until 1031 A.H. (1621 C.E.). The British, and later the Portuguese in the 17th century (1616 C.E. or 1026 A.H.), entered this region.[citation needed]
Modern Chabahar dates back to around 1970 C.E., when it was declared a municipality and large port projects were started by order of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. A modern naval and air base was established as part of the Shah's policy of making Iran into a dominant power in the Indian Ocean. At that time these and other development projects in and around Chabahar involved the extensive participation of foreign companies, especially from the United States. After the 1979 C.E. revolution the foreign companies left the projects and Iranian public companies linked to the Ministry of Jahad-e Sazandegi (or jihad for construction) took them over.
The Iran–Iraq War caused Chabahar to gain in logistical and strategic importance. War brought insecurity to the Strait of Hormuz and ships were unable to enter the Persian Gulf. Accordingly, Chabahar became a major port during the war. In the 1980s the Iranian government developed a new scheme named the Eastern Axis Development Scheme, which aimed to use Chabahar's geographical position as a regional development tool to stimulate economic growth in the eastern provinces. The establishment of the Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone in 1992 resulting from the EAD Scheme brought development and encouraged immigration from other parts of the country to Chabahar.[citation needed]
Demographics
[edit]Ethnicity and religion
[edit]The overwhelming majority of the city's inhabitants are ethnic Baloch, who speak their native Balochi language in addition to Persian. A majority of Chabahar's people are Sunni Baluch.[citation needed]
Population
[edit]At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 71,070 in 13,837 households.[8] The following census in 2011 counted 85,633 people in 19,313 households.[9] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 106,739 people in 25,896 households.[2]
Economy
[edit]Chabahar Free Trade Zone
[edit]
Chabahar is Iran's closest and best access point to the Indian Ocean. For this reason, Chabahar is the focal point of Iranian development of the east of the country through expansion and enhancement of transit routes among countries situated in the northern part of the Indian Ocean and Central Asia.[10] The hope is that with the development of transit routes, and better security and transit services, the benefits will reach the local residents.[according to whom?]
Chabahar's economic sectors are fish industries and commercial sector, fishery sectors with the largest amount of country's fish catch, mainly located out of the Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone. Growing commercial sector located at free trade area with high potentiality to turn to a place that would connect business growth centers in south Asia (India) and Middle East (Dubai) to central Asian and Afghanistan market. The government plans to link the Chabahar free trade area to Iran's main rail network, which is connected to Central Asia and Afghanistan as well.[citation needed]
The city is served by Refah Chain Stores Co., Iran Hyper Star, Isfahan City Center, Shahrvand Chain Stores Inc., Ofoq Kourosh chain store.
Transportation
[edit]Chabahar is connected to multimodal transportation through air, sea and roads. Its Konarak Airport has twice daily flights to the capital Tehran, thrice weekly flights to Zahedan and twice weekly flights to Mashhad, Shiraz and Bandar Abbas. It has also a weekly international flight to Doha and Dubai and a biweekly flight to Muscat. Chabahar has two jetties that connect it to international waterways. Iranian contractors are developing both jetties to provide port facilities for handling of 6 million tons of goods a year; this is expected to be completed by 2011. Chabahar is connected to national road networks. Chabahar–Bandar Abbas, Chabahar–Iranshahr–Kerman, Chabahar–Iranshahr–Zahedan–Mashahd and Chabahar–Iranshahr–Zahedan–Milak (on the Afghanistan border) are four main routes connecting Chabahar to national and international roads.[citation needed]
In July 2016, India began shipping US$150 million worth of rail tracks to Chabahar[11] to build US$1.6 billion Chabahar–Zahedan railway by India's Ircon International, for which India pledged additional US$400 million and Iran has also allocated US$125 million in December 2016, thus taking the total allocation to US$575 million (out of US$1.6 billion needed) till the end of 2016.[12]
Port
[edit]
India is helping develop the Chabahar Port, which will give it access to the oil and gas resources in Iran and the Central Asian states. By doing so, India hopes to compete with the Chinese, who are building Gwadar Port on the other side of the border in Pakistan's Balochistan Province. In 2014, Indian government sanctioned an initial amount US$85 million for the development of Chabahar port. By 2016, as sanctions against Iran were being lifted after the nuclear deal, Indian investment plans had risen to US$500 million.[13]
In turn, Iran will get its first deepwater port, to allow it to conduct global trade with big cargo ships rather than the small ships its ports can currently handle, thus putting an end to its reliance on the United Arab Emirates as a shipping intermediary.[13] On top of that, Chabahar shall be used for transshipment to Afghanistan and Central Asia, while keeping the port of Bandar Abbas as a major hub mainly for trade with Russia and Europe.
India, Iran, and Afghanistan have entered into an agreement to provide preferential treatment and tariff reductions at Chabahar for Indian goods destined for Central Asia and Afghanistan.
Work on the Chabahar–Milak–Zaranj–Dilaram route from Iran to Afghanistan is in progress. Iran is, with Indian aid, upgrading the Chabahar–Milak road and constructing a bridge on the route to Zaranj. India's BRO is laying the 213-kilometer Zaranj–Dilaram road, which is now operational. It is a part of India's US$750 million aid package to Afghanistan.
Interest in Chabahar port's project renewed once US-sponsored economic isolation of Iran was relieved, and benefits from the resurgent Indian economy. Along with Bandar Abbas, Chabahar is the Iranian entrepot on the north–south corridor. A strategic partnership between India, Iran and Russia is intended to establish a multi-modal transport link connecting Mumbai with St. Petersburg, providing Europe and the former Soviet republics of Central Asia access to Asia and vice versa.
India and Iran are discussing building a gas pipeline between the two countries along the bed of the Arabian Sea to bypass Pakistan, using the Chabahar port. Both the countries are pondering the delivery of natural gas produced in Turkmenistan with Indian assistance to north Iran while the Islamic Republic will send natural gas from its southern deposits to Indian consumers. This pipeline is conceived by India to replace the proposed Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline, the negotiations for which have dragged on due to the worsening of relations between India and Pakistan.[14]
Railway line from Bamiyan province in Afghanistan
[edit]India has finalized a plan to build a 900 km–long railway line from Bamiyan Province in Afghanistan to Chabahar port.[15] An Indian steel consortium led by Steel Authority of India Limited has landed an exploration contract in the Hajigak coal fields located in the Bamiyan Province 130 km west of Kabul. This region is believed to have iron ore reserves of around 1.8 billion tonnes containing around 62% ferrous iron worth $3 trillion according to Afghan-Soviet studies of the region in the 1960s.
Geography
[edit]Location
[edit]The city is on the Makran Coast of the Iranian province of Sistan and Baluchestan, and is officially designated as a "Free Trade and Industrial Zone" by the Iranian government. Due to its free-trade zone status, the city has increased in significance in international trade.[citation needed]
Climate
[edit]The county of Chabahar has hot, humid weather in the summer and warm weather in the winter, giving it a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh). The western winds in the winter bring about scattered rainfalls in this region, and very occasionally winds from the Indian monsoon affect the region, as in July 1976 when 46.6 millimetres (1.8 in) fell.[16] In most years around 100 millimetres (3.9 in) will fall; however a positive Indian Ocean Dipole in 1997/1998 led to a record total of 470 millimetres (18.5 in); in contrast between July 2000 and June 2002 only 57.5 millimetres (2.3 in) fell in two years.[16] The summer monsoon winds from the Indian subcontinent make Chabahar the coolest southern port in the summer and the warmest port of Iran in the winter.[citation needed] It has an average maximum temperature of 34 °C and an average minimum temperature of 21.5 °C. It has the same latitude as Miami in Florida, United States, and temperatures are very similar to those in Miami.[citation needed]
| Climate data for Chabahar (1991–2020, extremes 1963–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 33.2 (91.8) |
33.0 (91.4) |
38.0 (100.4) |
42.0 (107.6) |
46.0 (114.8) |
45.2 (113.4) |
47.0 (116.6) |
42.4 (108.3) |
42.0 (107.6) |
41.4 (106.5) |
37.0 (98.6) |
32.0 (89.6) |
47.0 (116.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 24.3 (75.7) |
25.1 (77.2) |
27.1 (80.8) |
30.3 (86.5) |
33.0 (91.4) |
33.7 (92.7) |
32.5 (90.5) |
31.3 (88.3) |
31.3 (88.3) |
31.4 (88.5) |
29.2 (84.6) |
26.2 (79.2) |
29.6 (85.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 20.7 (69.3) |
21.8 (71.2) |
23.9 (75.0) |
27.1 (80.8) |
30.1 (86.2) |
31.2 (88.2) |
30.3 (86.5) |
29.1 (84.4) |
28.7 (83.7) |
27.9 (82.2) |
25.2 (77.4) |
22.3 (72.1) |
26.5 (79.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 16.6 (61.9) |
17.9 (64.2) |
20.5 (68.9) |
24.0 (75.2) |
27.2 (81.0) |
29.0 (84.2) |
28.7 (83.7) |
27.6 (81.7) |
26.6 (79.9) |
24.4 (75.9) |
20.9 (69.6) |
17.9 (64.2) |
23.4 (74.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) |
7.0 (44.6) |
9.6 (49.3) |
14.0 (57.2) |
16.0 (60.8) |
22.0 (71.6) |
21.0 (69.8) |
19.0 (66.2) |
19.0 (66.2) |
13.2 (55.8) |
9.0 (48.2) |
7.0 (44.6) |
7.0 (44.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 35.1 (1.38) |
7.3 (0.29) |
18.1 (0.71) |
2.1 (0.08) |
0.0 (0.0) |
9.0 (0.35) |
3.9 (0.15) |
1.0 (0.04) |
0.1 (0.00) |
5.7 (0.22) |
9.6 (0.38) |
23.7 (0.93) |
115.6 (4.53) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 2.4 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 8.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 62 | 68 | 74 | 76 | 78 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 81 | 77 | 66 | 61 | 73.9 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | 12.4 (54.3) |
14.9 (58.8) |
18.6 (65.5) |
22.1 (71.8) |
25.6 (78.1) |
27.6 (81.7) |
26.8 (80.2) |
25.7 (78.3) |
25.1 (77.2) |
23.1 (73.6) |
17.5 (63.5) |
13.2 (55.8) |
21.0 (69.9) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 248 | 233 | 245 | 271 | 300 | 250 | 188 | 209 | 243 | 277 | 266 | 258 | 2,988 |
| Source: NOAA NCEI,[17] (extrems before 1991[18]) | |||||||||||||
Tourism
[edit]
A $500 million resort is planned to be built in Chabahar.[19]
Gallery
[edit]-
Chabahar Free Zone, Iran -
Chabahar Free Zone, Iran -
Chabahar Free Zone, Iran -
Ferdows Hotel, Chabahar Free Zone, Iran -
The statue of Chabahar Free Zone, Iran -
Beris port, Chabahar Free Zone, Iran -
-
-
Elevated cliff beaches in suburbs of Chabahar Free Zone, Iran -
The Lipar Pink Wetland, Chabahar Free Zone, Iran -
Pozm Beach, Chabahar Free Zone, Iran -
Planktons, Chabahar Free Zone, Iran -
Planktons, Chabahar Free Zone, Iran -
Comb beach, Chabahar Free Zone, Iran -
Tis beach, Chabahar Free Zone, Iran -
Comb beach, Chabahar Free Zone, Iran -
Sany beaches of Chabahar Free Zone, Iran -
Elevated cliff beaches of Chabahar Free Zone, Iran -
-
Jelly fishes, Chabahar Free Zone, Iran -
-
Rocky Beach, Chabahar Free Zone, Iran -
Rocky Beach, Chabahar Free Zone, Iran -
Darya Koochak, Chabahar Free Zone, Iran -
Rocky Beach, Chabahar Free Zone, Iran
See also
[edit]
Notes
[edit]- ^ English: Four Springs or Spring Well,[3][failed verification] also romanized as Čahbàr; formerly Bandar Beheshtī[4]
References
[edit]- ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (8 April 2023). "Chabahar, Chabahar County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 8 April 2023.
- ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 11. Archived from the original (XLSX) on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ "Inside Chabahar, the Iranian port city that borders Pakistan and where alleged spy Kulbhushan Jadhav was based". The Economic Times. 14 May 2017.
- ^ Chabahar can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3055106" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
- ^ Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Sistan and Baluchestan province, centered in the city of Zahedan". Research Center of the System of Laws of the Islamic Council of the Farabi Library of Mobile Users (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
- ^ Sachau, Edward C., ed. (1910) [1888]. Alberuni's India. Vol. 1. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. p. 208.
- ^ Wink, André (2002) [1990]. Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World (3rd ed.). Brill. p. 132. ISBN 0-391-04173-8.
- ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 11. Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel spreadsheet) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 11. Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel spreadsheet) on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ Miglani, Sanjeev (25 March 2011). "India, China's rivalry and a tale of two ports". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
- ^ "India to export USD 150 mn rails for Chabahar port next month". The Indian Express. Press Trust of India. 16 June 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
- ^ "$125m for Chabahar-Zahedan Railroad". Financial Tribune. 24 December 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
- ^ a b "India's $500 Million Bet on Iran". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
- ^ "Iran, India discuss building underwater gas pipeline". Tehran Times. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
- ^ "Judge refuses to hear plea against Sethi". The Frontier Post. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
- ^ a b "اداره کل هواشناسی استان چهارمحال و بختیاری". chaharmahalmet.ir (in Arabic).
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov. NOAA. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- ^ "Chahbahar Climate Normals 1963–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
- ^ "$500m Tourist Resort Planned in Chabahar". Financial Tribune. 11 June 2017.
External links
[edit]- http://www.iranchamber.com/people/articles/cultural_anthropology_of_baluchis.php
- https://web.archive.org/web/20141215001158/http://www.freezones.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=263
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