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| Name=[[Abbakka Chowta|''Rani Abbakka'']] class
| Name=[[Abbakka Chowta|''Rani Abbakka'']] class
| Builders= [[Hindustan Shipyard]] Ltd., [[Visakhapatnam]], India
| Builders= [[Hindustan Shipyard]] Ltd., [[Visakhapatnam]], India
| Operators=[[File:Indian Coast Guard flag.png|25px|Indian Coast Guard flag]] [[Indian Coast Guard]]
| Operators= [[Indian Coast Guard]]
| Class before= [[Sarojini Naidu-class patrol vessel|''Sarojini Naidu'' class]]
| Class before=
| Class after=
| Class after= [[Rajshree-class patrol vessel|''Rajshree'' class]]
| Subclasses=
| Subclasses=
| Cost=
| Cost=
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| Ship type = [[Patrol boat|Inshore patrol vessel]]
| Ship type = [[Patrol boat|Inshore patrol vessel]]
| Ship tonnage =
| Ship tonnage =
| Ship displacement = 349 tonnes<ref>http://www.indiancoastguard.gov.in/content/1591_1_SurfaceUnitsPage3.aspx# {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603001928/http://www.indiancoastguard.gov.in/content/1591_1_SurfaceUnitsPage3.aspx |date=3 June 2016 }}</ref>
| Ship displacement = 349 tonnes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiancoastguard.gov.in/content/1591_1_SurfaceUnitsPage3.aspx# |title= Surface Units Page :Indian Coast Guard|website=www.indiancoastguard.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603001928/http://www.indiancoastguard.gov.in/content/1591_1_SurfaceUnitsPage3.aspx |archive-date=3 June 2016}}</ref>
| Ship tons burthen =
| Ship length = {{Convert|50|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| Ship length = {{Convert|50|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| Ship beam = {{Convert|8.36|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| Ship beam = {{Convert|8.36|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
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==Design==
==Design==
The vessels have a length of 50 meters, beam of 8 metres, draught of 4.5 metres and have weight of 275 Tonnes. They are powered by three MTU 4000 series diesel engines of 2720 KW capacity at 2100-rpm each coupled with three 71S II Rolls Royce waterjets with top speed of 31.5 knots and an endurance of 1,500 nautical miles at cruise speed of 14 knots. The patrol vessels are fitted with an advanced Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), to carryout search and rescue operations. Other features include Integrated Bridge System (IBS), Machinery Control System, Infra-red Communication System. Armament consist of one [[CRN 91 Naval Gun]] along with its fire control system. They also carry one rigid inflatable boat. The ship's crew consists of five officers and 34 men.<ref name="newsite">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=79763 |title=Press Information Bureau English Releases |work=Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India |year=2012 |accessdate=11 July 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603042731/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=79763 |archivedate=3 June 2012 }}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|title = HSL hands over patrol vessel to Coast Guard – Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/HSL-hands-over-patrol-vessel-to-Coast-Guard/articleshow/47508485.cms|website = The Times of India|accessdate = 4 January 2016|url-status = live|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20171009040334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/HSL-hands-over-patrol-vessel-to-Coast-Guard/articleshow/47508485.cms|archivedate = 9 October 2017}}</ref>
The vessels have a length of 50 meters, beam of 8 metres, draught of 4.5 metres and have weight of 275 Tonnes. They are powered by three MTU 4000 series diesel engines of 2720 KW capacity at 2100-rpm each coupled with three 71S II Rolls-Royce waterjets with top speed of 31.5 knots and an endurance of 1,500 nautical miles at cruise speed of 14 knots. The patrol vessels are fitted with an advanced Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), to carryout search and rescue operations. Other features include Integrated Bridge System (IBS), Machinery Control System, Infra-red Communication System. Armament consist of one [[CRN 91 Naval Gun]] along with its fire control system. They also carry one rigid inflatable boat. The ship's crew consists of five officers and 34 men.<ref name="newsite">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=79763 |title=Press Information Bureau English Releases |work=Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India |year=2012 |accessdate=11 July 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603042731/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=79763 |archivedate=3 June 2012 }}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|title = HSL hands over patrol vessel to Coast Guard – Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/HSL-hands-over-patrol-vessel-to-Coast-Guard/articleshow/47508485.cms|website = The Times of India| date=2 June 2015 |accessdate = 4 January 2016|url-status = live|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20171009040334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/HSL-hands-over-patrol-vessel-to-Coast-Guard/articleshow/47508485.cms|archivedate = 9 October 2017}}</ref>


==Ships of the class==
==Ships of the class==
The first of the series ICGS ''Rani Abbakka'' was launched on 28 May 2009 at Hindustan Shipyard Limited, [[Visakhapatnam]]. It was commissioned, at Visakhapatnam, by MM [[Pallam Raju]], Defense state minister on 20 January 2012 in the presence of Vice Admiral [[Anil Chopra (admiral)|Anil Chopra]], AVSM, Flag Officer Commanding in Chief (East), Vice Admiral MP Muralidharan, AVSM NM Director General Indian Coast Guard.<ref name="newsite"/> The second ship of the series, ICGS Rani Avantibai, was handed over to the Indian Coast Guard on 8 May 2013. It was commissioned on 9 May 2013 by Sri [[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]], Union Minister of State for Defence.<ref name=":1" /> The third ship of the series, ICGS Rani Durgvati, was commissioned at [[Visakhapatnam]] by [[Eastern Naval Command]] Chief Vice Admiral [[Satish Soni]].<ref name=":2" /> The fourth ship of the series, ICGS Rani Gaidinliu, was commissioned at [[Visakhapatnam]] by Director General of [[Indian Coast Guard]] Rajendra Singh on 19 October 2016.<ref name="COMMISSIONING OF 4 th INSHORE PATROL VESSEL (IPV) ICGS RANI GAIDINLIU ">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiancoastguard.gov.in/WriteReadData/Tender/201610201103245535250PRESS_RELEASE-_COMMISSIONING_OF_ICGS_RANI_GAIDINLIU_.pdf | title=COMMISSIONING OF 4 th INSHORE PATROL VESSEL (IPV) ICGS RANI GAIDINLIU | publisher=indiancoastguard.gov.in | date=19 October 2016 | accessdate=21 October 2016 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022023853/http://www.indiancoastguard.gov.in/WriteReadData/Tender/201610201103245535250PRESS_RELEASE-_COMMISSIONING_OF_ICGS_RANI_GAIDINLIU_.pdf | archivedate=22 October 2016 }}</ref> An order for eight additional ships of the Rani Abbakka class placed in March 2011 was cancelled.<ref name="jni-20jun18"/>
The first of the series ICGS ''Rani Abbakka'' was launched on 28 May 2009 at Hindustan Shipyard Limited, [[Visakhapatnam]]. It was commissioned, at Visakhapatnam, by MM [[Pallam Raju]], Defense state minister on 20 January 2012 in the presence of Vice Admiral [[Anil Chopra (admiral)|Anil Chopra]], AVSM, Flag Officer Commanding in Chief (East), Vice Admiral MP Muralidharan, AVSM NM Director General Indian Coast Guard.<ref name="newsite"/> The second ship of the series, ICGS Rani Avantibai, was handed over to the Indian Coast Guard on 8 May 2013. It was commissioned on 9 May 2013 by Sri [[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]], Union Minister of State for Defence.<ref name=":1" /> The third ship of the series, ICGS Rani Durgvati, was commissioned at [[Visakhapatnam]] by [[Eastern Naval Command]] Chief Vice Admiral [[Satish Soni]].<ref name=":2" /> The fourth ship of the series, ICGS Rani Gaidinliu, was commissioned at [[Visakhapatnam]] by Director General of [[Indian Coast Guard]] Rajendra Singh on 19 October 2016.<ref name="COMMISSIONING OF 4 th INSHORE PATROL VESSEL (IPV) ICGS RANI GAIDINLIU ">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiancoastguard.gov.in/WriteReadData/Tender/201610201103245535250PRESS_RELEASE-_COMMISSIONING_OF_ICGS_RANI_GAIDINLIU_.pdf | title=COMMISSIONING OF 4 th INSHORE PATROL VESSEL (IPV) ICGS RANI GAIDINLIU | publisher=indiancoastguard.gov.in | date=19 October 2016 | accessdate=21 October 2016 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022023853/http://www.indiancoastguard.gov.in/WriteReadData/Tender/201610201103245535250PRESS_RELEASE-_COMMISSIONING_OF_ICGS_RANI_GAIDINLIU_.pdf | archivedate=22 October 2016 }}</ref> An order for eight additional ships of the Rani Abbakka class placed in March 2011 was cancelled.<ref name="jni-20jun18"/>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Yard No<ref>{{Cite web|url =http://hsl.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file//AnnualReports/60thAR_2011-12.pdf|title =HSL 60th Annual Report|url-status =live|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091340/http://hsl.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file//AnnualReports/60thAR_2011-12.pdf|archivedate =4 March 2016}}</ref>
!Yard No<ref>{{Cite web|url =http://hsl.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file//AnnualReports/60thAR_2011-12.pdf|title =HSL 60th Annual Report|url-status =live|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091340/http://hsl.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file//AnnualReports/60thAR_2011-12.pdf|archivedate =4 March 2016}}</ref>
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|4 November 2009
|4 November 2009
|9 May 2013
|9 May 2013
|Visakhapatnam<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = IPV 'Rani Avantibai' to be commissioned into Coast Guard|url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-08/news/39116778_1_indian-coast-guard-integrated-bridge-system-release|website = timesofindia-economictimes|accessdate = 26 December 2015}}</ref>
|Visakhapatnam<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = IPV 'Rani Avantibai' to be commissioned into Coast Guard|url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-08/news/39116778_1_indian-coast-guard-integrated-bridge-system-release|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160105093001/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-08/news/39116778_1_indian-coast-guard-integrated-bridge-system-release|url-status = dead|archive-date = 5 January 2016|website = timesofindia-economictimes|accessdate = 26 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
|-
|11156
|11156
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|15 May 2010
|15 May 2010
|6 July 2015
|6 July 2015
|Karaikal<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title = Coast Guard commissions 3rd IPV 'Rani Durgavati' at Vizag – The Economic Times|url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/coast-guard-commissions-3rd-ipv-rani-durgavati-at-vizag/articleshow/47962552.cms|website = The Economic Times|accessdate = 26 December 2015|url-status = live|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150709043747/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/coast-guard-commissions-3rd-ipv-rani-durgavati-at-vizag/articleshow/47962552.cms|archivedate = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = HSL-Built Coast Guard IPV Rani Durgavati Commissioned|url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/HSL-Built-Coast-Guard-IPV-Rani-Durgavati-Commissioned/2015/07/07/article2906399.ece|website = The New Indian Express|accessdate = 4 January 2016|url-status = live|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230510/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/HSL-Built-Coast-Guard-IPV-Rani-Durgavati-Commissioned/2015/07/07/article2906399.ece|archivedate = 4 March 2016}}</ref>
|Karaikal<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title = Coast Guard commissions 3rd IPV 'Rani Durgavati' at Vizag – The Economic Times|url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/coast-guard-commissions-3rd-ipv-rani-durgavati-at-vizag/articleshow/47962552.cms|website = The Economic Times|accessdate = 26 December 2015|url-status = live|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150709043747/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/coast-guard-commissions-3rd-ipv-rani-durgavati-at-vizag/articleshow/47962552.cms|archivedate = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = HSL-Built Coast Guard IPV Rani Durgavati Commissioned|url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/HSL-Built-Coast-Guard-IPV-Rani-Durgavati-Commissioned/2015/07/07/article2906399.ece|website = The New Indian Express|accessdate = 4 January 2016|url-status = dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230510/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/HSL-Built-Coast-Guard-IPV-Rani-Durgavati-Commissioned/2015/07/07/article2906399.ece|archivedate = 4 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
|-
|11157
|11157
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|11158
|11158
|ICGS ''Rani Rashmoni''
|ICGS ''Rani Rashmoni''
|81<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/rani-rashmoni-commissioned/article24196002.ece|title= ‘Rani Rashmoni’ commissioned|date=2018-06-19}}</ref>
|81<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/rani-rashmoni-commissioned/article24196002.ece|title= 'Rani Rashmoni' commissioned|newspaper= The Hindu|date=2018-06-19}}</ref>
|15 July 2011
|15 July 2011
|18 June 2018
|18 June 2018
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*[[Couach fast interceptor boats]]
*[[Couach fast interceptor boats]]
*[[Cochin Fast Patrol Vessels]]
*[[Cochin Fast Patrol Vessels]]
*{{sclass-|Rajshree|patrol vessel}}
*{{sclass|Rajshree|patrol vessel|1}}
*[[ABG fast interceptor craft]]
*[[ABG fast interceptor craft]]
*[[Alcock Ashdown Survey Catamaran]]
*[[Alcock Ashdown Survey Catamaran]]
*[[Manoram class ferry]]
*{{sclass|Manoram|ferry|1}}


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
*{{cite web |url= http://www.defencenow.com/news/482/first-of-five-inshore-patrol-vessel-commissioned-into-coast-guard.html |title=First of Five Inshore Patrol Vessel Commissioned Into Coast Guard |work=defencenow.com }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/482/first-of-five-inshore-patrol-vessel-commissioned-into-coast-guard.html |title=First of Five Inshore Patrol Vessel Commissioned Into Coast Guard |work=defencenow.com |access-date=11 July 2012 |archive-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227152517/http://www.defencenow.com/news/482/first-of-five-inshore-patrol-vessel-commissioned-into-coast-guard.html |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web |url= http://www.deagel.com/Corvettes-and-Missile-Boats/Rani-Abbakka_a002740001.aspx |title=Rani Abbakka |work=deagel.com}}
*{{cite web |url= http://www.deagel.com/Corvettes-and-Missile-Boats/Rani-Abbakka_a002740001.aspx |title=Rani Abbakka |work=deagel.com}}
*http://www.marinebuzz.com/2012/01/31/indian-coast-guard-inshore-patrol-vessels-by-hindustan-shipyard-limited/
*http://www.marinebuzz.com/2012/01/31/indian-coast-guard-inshore-patrol-vessels-by-hindustan-shipyard-limited/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129181258/http://www.marinebuzz.com/2012/01/31/indian-coast-guard-inshore-patrol-vessels-by-hindustan-shipyard-limited/ |date=29 January 2016 }}
*http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Navy-International-2012/India-commissions-first-IPV-after-delays.html Design & commission
*http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Navy-International-2012/India-commissions-first-IPV-after-delays.html{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Design & commission
*http://www.thornycroftmaritime.com.au/ Design house
*http://www.thornycroftmaritime.com.au/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410065816/http://thornycroftmaritime.com.au/ |date=10 April 2013 }} Design house


{{Ship classes of the Indian Coast Guard}}
{{Ship classes of the Indian Coast Guard}}

Latest revision as of 23:36, 21 October 2024

ICGS Rani Abbakka during its commissioning
Class overview
NameRani Abbakka class
BuildersHindustan Shipyard Ltd., Visakhapatnam, India
OperatorsIndian Coast Guard
Preceded bySarojini Naidu class
Succeeded byRajshree class
Built2009–2012
In commission2009–present
Planned5+8[1]
Completed5
Cancelled8
Active5
General characteristics
TypeInshore patrol vessel
Displacement349 tonnes[2]
Length50 m (164 ft 1 in)
Beam8.36 m (27 ft 5 in)
Draught2.1 m (6 ft 11 in)
Propulsion
Speed34 knots (63 km/h; 39 mph)
Range1,500 nmi (2,800 km; 1,700 mi) at 14 kn (26 km/h; 16 mph)
Boats & landing
craft carried
1 × rigid inflatable boat
Complement5 Officers and 34 Sailors[3]
Armament

The Rani Abbakka-class patrol vessel are a series of inshore patrol vessels being built by Hindustan Shipyard Ltd. for the Indian Coast Guard. They are based on Australian Thornycroft design. The ship, incidentally, is named after Abbakka Mahadevi, the legendary queen of Tulunadu, Karnataka who fought the Portuguese in the latter half of the 16th Century.[4]

Design

[edit]

The vessels have a length of 50 meters, beam of 8 metres, draught of 4.5 metres and have weight of 275 Tonnes. They are powered by three MTU 4000 series diesel engines of 2720 KW capacity at 2100-rpm each coupled with three 71S II Rolls-Royce waterjets with top speed of 31.5 knots and an endurance of 1,500 nautical miles at cruise speed of 14 knots. The patrol vessels are fitted with an advanced Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), to carryout search and rescue operations. Other features include Integrated Bridge System (IBS), Machinery Control System, Infra-red Communication System. Armament consist of one CRN 91 Naval Gun along with its fire control system. They also carry one rigid inflatable boat. The ship's crew consists of five officers and 34 men.[5][6]

Ships of the class

[edit]

The first of the series ICGS Rani Abbakka was launched on 28 May 2009 at Hindustan Shipyard Limited, Visakhapatnam. It was commissioned, at Visakhapatnam, by MM Pallam Raju, Defense state minister on 20 January 2012 in the presence of Vice Admiral Anil Chopra, AVSM, Flag Officer Commanding in Chief (East), Vice Admiral MP Muralidharan, AVSM NM Director General Indian Coast Guard.[5] The second ship of the series, ICGS Rani Avantibai, was handed over to the Indian Coast Guard on 8 May 2013. It was commissioned on 9 May 2013 by Sri Jitendra Singh, Union Minister of State for Defence.[7] The third ship of the series, ICGS Rani Durgvati, was commissioned at Visakhapatnam by Eastern Naval Command Chief Vice Admiral Satish Soni.[8] The fourth ship of the series, ICGS Rani Gaidinliu, was commissioned at Visakhapatnam by Director General of Indian Coast Guard Rajendra Singh on 19 October 2016.[3] An order for eight additional ships of the Rani Abbakka class placed in March 2011 was cancelled.[1]

Yard No[9] Name Pennant No[10] Launched Commissioning Homeport Status
11154 ICGS Rani Abbakka 77 28 May 2009 20 January 2012 Chennai[11] Active
11155 ICGS Rani Avanti Bai 78 4 November 2009 9 May 2013 Visakhapatnam[7]
11156 ICGS Rani Durgavati 79 15 May 2010 6 July 2015 Karaikal[6][8][12]
11157 ICGS Rani Gaidinliu 80 6 November 2010 19 October 2016 Krishnapatnam[3][13]
11158 ICGS Rani Rashmoni 81[14] 15 July 2011 18 June 2018 Visakhapatnam[15][16]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Mazumdar, Mrityunjoy (20 June 2018). "Indian Coast Guard commissions final Rani Abbakka-class IPV". Jane's Navy International. Jane's Information Group. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018.
  2. ^ "Surface Units Page :Indian Coast Guard". www.indiancoastguard.gov.in. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016.
  3. ^ a b c "COMMISSIONING OF 4 th INSHORE PATROL VESSEL (IPV) ICGS RANI GAIDINLIU" (PDF). indiancoastguard.gov.in. 19 October 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  4. ^ "Coast Guard Inducts New Indigenous IPV Rani Abbakka". Livefist. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  5. ^ a b "Press Information Bureau English Releases". Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India. 2012. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
  6. ^ a b "HSL hands over patrol vessel to Coast Guard – Times of India". The Times of India. 2 June 2015. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  7. ^ a b "IPV 'Rani Avantibai' to be commissioned into Coast Guard". timesofindia-economictimes. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  8. ^ a b "Coast Guard commissions 3rd IPV 'Rani Durgavati' at Vizag – The Economic Times". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  9. ^ "HSL 60th Annual Report" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016.
  10. ^ "India commissions third Rani Abbakka-class inshore patrol vessel". www.janes.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  11. ^ "First of Five Inshore Patrol Vessel Commissioned Into Coast Guard". www.defencenow.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  12. ^ "HSL-Built Coast Guard IPV Rani Durgavati Commissioned". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  13. ^ "Naval, Coast Guard ships commissioned". The Hindu Business Line. 19 October 2016. Archived from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  14. ^ "'Rani Rashmoni' commissioned". The Hindu. 19 June 2018.
  15. ^ "Handing over ceremony of ICG IPV 'Rani Rashmoni' on 25 May 2018" (Press release). Hindustan Shipyard Limited. 25 May 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  16. ^ "Rani Rashmoni inducted into Indian Coast Guard". The Hindu Business Line. 18 June 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
[edit]