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Changing short description from "17th century Holy Roman Empress and Archduchess of Austria" to "Holy Roman Empress from 1612 to 1618"
 
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{{short description|17th century Holy Roman Empress and Archduchess of Austria}}
{{Short description|Holy Roman Empress from 1612 to 1618}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty|consort=yes
{{Infobox royalty|consort=yes
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| mother =[[Anna Juliana Gonzaga]]
| mother =[[Anna Juliana Gonzaga]]
| birth_date =4 October 1585
| birth_date =4 October 1585
| birth_place =[[Innsbruck]], [[County of Tyrol]]
| birth_place =[[Innsbruck]], [[County of Tyrol]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
| death_date =14 December 1618 (aged 33)
| death_date =14 December 1618 (aged 33)
| death_place =[[Vienna]], [[Archduchy of Austria]]
| death_place =[[Vienna]], [[Archduchy of Austria]], Holy Roman Empire
| date of burial =
| date of burial =
| place of burial =[[Imperial Crypt, Vienna]]
| place of burial =[[Imperial Crypt, Vienna]]
|religion = [[Roman Catholic]]
}}
}}
'''Anna of Tyrol''' (4 October 1585 – 14 December 1618) was by birth an Archduchess of Austria and member of the Tyrolean branch of the House of Habsburg and by marriage [[Holy Roman Empress]], [[German Queen]], [[Queen of Bohemia]] and [[Queen of Hungary]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Matthias|title=Matthias &#124; Holy Roman emperor|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>
'''Anna of Tyrol''' (4 October 1585 – 14 December 1618) was by birth an Archduchess of Austria and member of the Tyrolean branch of the [[House of Habsburg]] and by marriage [[Holy Roman Empress]], [[German Queen]], [[Queen of Bohemia]] and [[Queen of Hungary]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Matthias|title=Matthias &#124; Holy Roman emperor|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>


The first crowned Holy Roman Empress since the mid-15th century, she was responsible for the moving of the Imperial court from [[Prague]] to [[Vienna]], which became one of the centers of European culture. A proponent of the [[Counter-Reformation]], she held a great influence over her husband [[Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor|Matthias]], with whom she founded the [[Imperial Crypt]], which later became the burial place of the Habsburg dynasty.
The first crowned Holy Roman Empress since the mid-15th century, she was responsible for the moving of the Imperial court from [[Prague]] to [[Vienna]], which became one of the centers of European culture. A proponent of the [[Counter-Reformation]], she held a great influence over her husband [[Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor|Matthias]], with whom she founded the [[Imperial Crypt]], which later became the burial place of the Habsburg dynasty.
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Anna was born in [[Innsbruck]] on 4 October 1585<ref name="Wurzbach152">Wurzbach 1860, p. 152.</ref><ref name="Korotin125">Korotin 2016, p. 125.</ref> as the third and last daughter of [[Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria|Ferdinand II]], [[Archduke of Further Austria]], and [[Count of Tyrol]], and his second wife, [[Anna Caterina Gonzaga]].<ref>Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, pp. 99–100.</ref> She had two older sisters, Archduchesses Anna Eleonore (26 June 1583 – 15 January 1584) and [[Archduchess Maria of Austria (1584–1649)|Maria]] (16 June 1584 – 2 March 1649), later a nun. All of them suffered from poor health from birth.<ref name="Becker">[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gonzaga-anna-caterina-arciduchessa-del-tirolo-e-dell-austria-anteriore_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ Rotraud Becker: ''Gonzaga, Anna Caterina, arciduchessa del Tirolo e dell'Austria Anteriore'' – Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani – Volume 57 (2001) in: www.treccani.it] [retrieved 20 November 2016].</ref>
Anna was born in [[Innsbruck]] on 4 October 1585<ref name="Wurzbach152">Wurzbach 1860, p. 152.</ref><ref name="Korotin125">Korotin 2016, p. 125.</ref> as the third and last daughter of [[Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria|Ferdinand II]], [[Archduke of Further Austria]], and [[Count of Tyrol]], and his second wife, [[Anna Caterina Gonzaga]].<ref>Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, pp. 99–100.</ref> She had two older sisters, Archduchesses Anna Eleonore (26 June 1583 – 15 January 1584) and [[Archduchess Maria of Austria (1584–1649)|Maria]] (16 June 1584 – 2 March 1649), later a nun. All of them suffered from poor health from birth.<ref name="Becker">[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gonzaga-anna-caterina-arciduchessa-del-tirolo-e-dell-austria-anteriore_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ Rotraud Becker: ''Gonzaga, Anna Caterina, arciduchessa del Tirolo e dell'Austria Anteriore'' – Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani – Volume 57 (2001) in: www.treccani.it] [retrieved 20 November 2016].</ref>


Her baptism was conducted with special solemnity, being organized by her uncles [[Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria]], and [[Ferdinand of Bavaria (soldier)|Prince Ferdinand of Bavaria]]. The godfather of the princess was [[Emperor Maximilian II]] (another uncle), for whom his son [[Archduke Ernest of Austria]] stood as proxy, while the rite was celebrated by the [[Bishop of Brixen]].<ref>Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, p. 100.</ref>
Her baptism was conducted with special solemnity, being organized by her cousin [[Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria]], and uncle Prince [[Ferdinand of Bavaria (soldier)|Ferdinand of Bavaria]].<ref>Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, p. 100.</ref>
[[File:Archduchess Anna Catherine with Her Daughters.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Dowager Archduchess Anna Catherina with her daughters Anna and Maria.]]
[[File:Archduchess Anna Catherine with Her Daughters.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Dowager Archduchess Anna Catherina with her daughters Anna and Maria.]]
Anna spent her childhood at the Innsbruck court, which thanks to her parents became in the center of [[Renaissance]] culture. She lived in [[Ambras Castle]], [[Hofburg, Innsbruck|Hofburg]] and Ruelyust Palaces. In order to protect the health of her daughter, after 1590 Archduchess-Countess Anna Caterina had a personal [[cookbook]]. In January 1595, the princess lost her father. Her widowed mother made every effort to give her daughters a good education. Anna then discovered an unusual musical talent, she was given a [[clavichord]] (a rare and expensive instrument), and a teacher was hired. The love for music remained in the princess throughout her life.<ref name="Becker"/><ref>Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, pp. 101–102.</ref>
Anna spent her childhood at the Innsbruck court, which thanks to her parents became in the center of [[Renaissance]] culture. She lived in [[Ambras Castle]], [[Hofburg, Innsbruck|Hofburg]] and Ruelyust Palaces. In order to protect the health of her daughter, after 1590 Archduchess-Countess Anna Caterina had a personal [[cookbook]]. In January 1595, the princess lost her father. Her widowed mother made every effort to give her daughters a good education. Anna then discovered an unusual musical talent, she was given a [[clavichord]] (a rare and expensive instrument), and a teacher was hired. The love for music remained in the princess throughout her life.<ref name="Becker"/><ref>Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, pp. 101–102.</ref>
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===Marriage and coronation===
===Marriage and coronation===
Upon reaching adulthood, Anna began to receive offers of marriage. The first proposal was made in 1603 by King [[Sigismund III of Poland]] (then a widower), but [[Emperor Rudolf II]] didn't give his consent. Then the Emperor expressed his intention to marry the princess and sent his court painter to [[Innsbruck]], to make a portrait of his intended bride. Once the Emperor showed his interest in Anna, her mother stopped taking other marriage proposals for her, but soon Rudolf II retracted his proposal. The Emperor's younger brother [[Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor|Archduke Matthias]] also began to woo her, and some time later, Rudolf II allowed the marriage of his brother to his former fiancée.<ref name="Becker"/>
Upon reaching adulthood, Anna began to receive offers of marriage. The first proposal was made in 1603 by King [[Sigismund III of Poland]] (then a widower), but Emperor [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolf II]] didn't give his consent. Then the emperor expressed his intention to marry the princess and sent his court painter to [[Innsbruck]], to make a portrait of his intended bride. Once the emperor showed his interest in Anna, her mother stopped taking other marriage proposals for her, but soon Rudolf II retracted his proposal. The emperor's younger brother Archduke [[Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor|Matthias]] also began to woo her, and some time later, Rudolf II allowed the marriage of his brother to his former fiancée.<ref name="Becker"/>


Anna and Matthias (at that point already King of Hungary and Bohemia) married on 4 December 1611 in [[Vienna]] at the [[Augustinian Church, Vienna|Augustinian Church]];<ref>Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, p. 105.</ref> bride and groom were first cousins –Matthias' father Emperor Maximilian II was an elder brother of Anna's father, Archduke Ferdinand II. Matthias, although he was already in his fifties, hoped to sire an heir with his 26-year-old wife.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=XgtpAl8HzjcC&dq=Anna+of+Tyrol++%281585+-+1618%29&pg=PA929 Peter Hamish Wilson: ''The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy'', p. 242], Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 2009 — 996 p. — {{ISBN|978-0-67-403634-5}}.</ref> Four years later, when Anna became slightly stout, rumors began at the imperial court that she had finally become pregnant. But soon courtiers began to joke that her corpulence was not related to a pregnancy but because she had a very good appetite. Ultimately, the union was childless.<ref>Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, p. 106.</ref><ref>L. Duerloo: ''Dynasty and Piety: Archduke Albert (1598—1621) and Habsburg Political Culture in an Age of Religious Wars'', p. 421, London: Routledge 2016 — 610 p. — {{ISBN|978-1-31-714728-2}}.</ref>
Anna and Matthias (at that point already King of Hungary and Bohemia) married on 4 December 1611 in [[Vienna]] at the [[Augustinian Church, Vienna|Augustinian Church]];<ref>Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, p. 105.</ref> bride and groom were first cousins –Matthias' father Emperor [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian II]] was an elder brother of Anna's father, Archduke Ferdinand II. Matthias, although he was already in his fifties, hoped to sire an heir with his 26-year-old wife.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=XgtpAl8HzjcC&dq=Anna+of+Tyrol++%281585+-+1618%29&pg=PA929 Peter Hamish Wilson: ''The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy'', p. 242], Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 2009 — 996 p. — {{ISBN|978-0-67-403634-5}}.</ref> Four years later, when Anna became slightly stout, rumors began at the imperial court that she had finally become pregnant. But soon courtiers began to joke that her corpulence was not related to a pregnancy but because she had a very good appetite. Ultimately, the union was childless.<ref>Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, p. 106.</ref><ref>L. Duerloo: ''Dynasty and Piety: Archduke Albert (1598—1621) and Habsburg Political Culture in an Age of Religious Wars'', p. 421, London: Routledge 2016 — 610 p. — {{ISBN|978-1-31-714728-2}}.</ref>
[[File:Anna of Tyrol as Holy Roman Empress.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Anna as Holy Roman Empress.]]
[[File:Anna of Tyrol as Holy Roman Empress.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Anna as Holy Roman Empress.]]
On 21 May 1612 Matthias was elected [[King of Germany]] and [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. Anna was crowned Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Germany in [[Frankfurt]] on 15 June 1612, two days after her husband, re-assuming the tradition of the coronation of emperors' wives. She was the first crowned Empress since [[Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress|Eleanor of Portugal]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=i0KgCgAAQBAJ&dq=Anna+of+Tyrol++%281585+-+1618%29&pg=PA327 Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger: ''The Emperor's Old Clothes: Constitutional History and the Symbolic Language of the Holy Roman Empire'', p. 161, vol. X], New York: Berghahn Books 2015 (Publications of the German Studies Association) — 356 p. — {{ISBN|978-1-78-238805-0}}.</ref> Anna was also crowned Queen of Hungary on 25 March 1613 in [[Pressburg]]<ref>Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, p. 112.</ref> and Queen of Bohemia on 10 January 1616 in [[Prague]].<ref name="Wurzbach152"/><ref name="Korotin125"/>
On 21 May 1612 Matthias was elected [[King of Germany]] and [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. Anna was crowned Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Germany in [[Frankfurt]] on 15 June 1612, two days after her husband, re-assuming the tradition of the coronation of emperors' wives. She was the first crowned empress since [[Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress|Eleanor of Portugal]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=i0KgCgAAQBAJ&dq=Anna+of+Tyrol++%281585+-+1618%29&pg=PA327 Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger: ''The Emperor's Old Clothes: Constitutional History and the Symbolic Language of the Holy Roman Empire'', p. 161, vol. X], New York: Berghahn Books 2015 (Publications of the German Studies Association) — 356 p. — {{ISBN|978-1-78-238805-0}}.</ref> Anna was also crowned Queen of Hungary on 25 March 1613 in [[Pressburg]]<ref>Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, p. 112.</ref> and Queen of Bohemia on 10 January 1616 in [[Prague]].<ref name="Wurzbach152"/><ref name="Korotin125"/>


Called the "Good-natured and loving Empress",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAkjAQAAIAAJ&q=Anna+,+die+als+gutm%C3%BCtig+und+liebevoll+beschriebene+Kaiserin|title=Südtirol in Wort und Bild|date=11 August 2000|publisher=Südtirol-Verlag Herbert Neuner|via=Google Books}}</ref> she had a great influence over her husband, jointly with Matthias' mistress Susana Wachter.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PWIXAQAAMAAJ&q=Kaiserin+Anna+mit+ihrem+Gatten,+Kaiser+Matthias P. L. Jacob, Franz Helbing: ''Geschichte der prostitution''], Berlin: J. Gnadenfeld 1908, vol. VI, p. 15.</ref> Contemporaries called both spouses the "Working Couple" (de: ''Arbeitspaar'').<ref name="Braun114">Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, p. 114.</ref> Upon his wife's request Matthias transferred the Imperial court from Prague to Vienna,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Cc88CwAAQBAJ&dq=Kralik+R.+Geschichte+der+Stadt+Wien%3A+und+ihrer+Kultur&pg=PA478 Richard Kralik: ''Geschichte der Stadt Wien: und ihrer Kultur'', p. 190], Paderborn: Books on Demand 2015 — 616 p. — {{ISBN|978-3-84-607622-4}}.</ref> and soon, thanks to their joint efforts, the new court was one of the centers of European culture.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0SVoAAAAMAAJ&q=Kaiserin+Anna+mit+ihrem+Gatten,+Kaiser+Matthias Erich Scheinder: ''Schriften des Vereins für Geschichte des Bodensees und seiner Umgebung''], Schriften des Vereins für Geschichte des Bodensees und seiner Umgebung (magazine) 1987, N° 105, p. 71.</ref> The Empress was also noted for the special protection she provided to her Tyroleans subjects, arranging different positions for them at court.<ref>Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, pp. 107–108.</ref> As a devout Catholic, she refused to talk to or interact with Protestant courtiers.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1vFCAQAAMAAJ&q=Kaiserin+Anna+mit+ihrem+Gatten,+Kaiser+Matthias Franz Martin Mayer: ''Von Jahre 1526 bis zur Gegenwar''], Vienna: Braumüller 1901, vol. II, p. 112 — 797 p.</ref> Like her mother, Anna collected relics, especially from the holy ascetics. She also patronized the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchins]], and later played an important role in the Austrian [[Counter-Reformation]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vLKlDAAAQBAJ&dq=Anna+von+%C3%96sterreich-Tirol+Kapuzinerkloster+Gruft&pg=PA102 Alfred Noe: ''Giambattista Marinos Wort-Zucht-Peitschen und die Gegenreformation in Wien um 1655: Textedition und Kommentar''], Vienna: Böhlau ed. 2015, p. 102 — 168 p. — {{ISBN|978-3-20-579696-1}}.</ref> For her devotion to the Roman Catholic Church, [[Pope Paul V]] awarded the Empress with the [[Golden Rose]].<ref name="Braun114"/>
Called the "Good-natured and loving Empress",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAkjAQAAIAAJ&q=Anna+,+die+als+gutm%C3%BCtig+und+liebevoll+beschriebene+Kaiserin|title=Südtirol in Wort und Bild|date=11 August 2000|publisher=Südtirol-Verlag Herbert Neuner|via=Google Books}}</ref> she had a great influence over her husband, jointly with Matthias' mistress Susana Wachter.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PWIXAQAAMAAJ&q=Kaiserin+Anna+mit+ihrem+Gatten,+Kaiser+Matthias P. L. Jacob, Franz Helbing: ''Geschichte der Prostitution''], Berlin: J. Gnadenfeld 1908, vol. VI, p. 15.</ref> Contemporaries called both spouses the "Working Couple" (de: ''Arbeitspaar'').<ref name="Braun114">Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, p. 114.</ref> Upon his wife's request Matthias transferred the Imperial court from Prague to Vienna,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Cc88CwAAQBAJ&dq=Kralik+R.+Geschichte+der+Stadt+Wien%3A+und+ihrer+Kultur&pg=PA478 Richard Kralik: ''Geschichte der Stadt Wien und ihrer Kultur'', p. 190], Paderborn: Books on Demand 2015 — 616 p. — {{ISBN|978-3-84-607622-4}}.</ref> and soon, thanks to their joint efforts, the new court was one of the centers of European culture.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0SVoAAAAMAAJ&q=Kaiserin+Anna+mit+ihrem+Gatten,+Kaiser+Matthias Erich Scheinder: ''Schriften des Vereins für Geschichte des Bodensees und seiner Umgebung''], Schriften des Vereins für Geschichte des Bodensees und seiner Umgebung (magazine) 1987, N° 105, p. 71.</ref> The empress was also noted for the special protection she provided to her Tyrolean subjects, arranging different positions for them at court.<ref>Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, pp. 107–108.</ref> As a devout Catholic, she refused to talk to or interact with Protestant courtiers.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1vFCAQAAMAAJ&q=Kaiserin+Anna+mit+ihrem+Gatten,+Kaiser+Matthias Franz Martin Mayer: ''Vom Jahre 1526 bis zur Gegenwart''], Vienna: Braumüller 1901, vol. II, p. 112 — 797 p.</ref> Like her mother, Anna collected relics, especially from the holy ascetics. She also patronized the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchins]], and later played an important role in the Austrian [[Counter-Reformation]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vLKlDAAAQBAJ&dq=Anna+von+%C3%96sterreich-Tirol+Kapuzinerkloster+Gruft&pg=PA102 Alfred Noe: ''Giambattista Marinos Wort-Zucht-Peitschen und die Gegenreformation in Wien um 1655: Textedition und Kommentar''], Vienna: Böhlau ed. 2015, p. 102 — 168 p. — {{ISBN|978-3-20-579696-1}}.</ref> For her devotion to the Roman Catholic Church, [[Pope Paul V]] awarded the Empress with the [[Golden Rose]].<ref name="Braun114"/>


===Last years and death===
===Last years and death===
In 1617 Anna and her husband founded the [[Capuchin Church, Vienna]]. On 10 November 1618<ref>[http://www.klostergeschichten.at/kapuzinerkirche.php ''Kapuzinerkirche. Geschichte'' in: www.klostergeschichten.at] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930054208/http://www.klostergeschichten.at/kapuzinerkirche.php |date=30 September 2016 }} [retrieved 20 November 2016].</ref> construction began on their tomb. Anna died a month after construction started, on 14 December 1618<ref name="Wurzbach152"/><ref name="Korotin125"/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8uJVS6cBOrgC&dq=Anna+of+Tyrol&pg=PA340 Anne J. Duggan: ''Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe: Proceedings of a Conference Held at King's College London, April 1995''], Woodbridge: Boydell Press 1997 (History of the Valois Burgundy) — p. 104 — 357 p. — {{ISBN|978-0-85-115881-5}}.</ref> aged 33; her husband died only three months later, on 20 March 1619. Both spouses were temporarily buried in the royal [[Poor Clares|Poor Clare]] monastery in Vienna.{{efn|The monastery, which were first buried the remains of Anna and Matthias, was demolished in 1782. Later on this place, new buildings were built, most of which were Protestant prayer houses.<ref name="Die Kaisergruft">[https://books.google.com/books?id=-9knAAAAYAAJ&dq=Kaiserin+Anna+mit+ihrem+Gatten%2C+Kaiser+Matthias&pg=PA3 ''Die Kaisergruft bei den P.P. Kapuzinern in Wien: Ein historisch-chronologisches Verzeichniss aller daselbt ruhen den höchsten Personen bis auf die heutige Zeit''], Vienna: Anton Schweiger 1859, pp. 3–4. — 31 p.</ref>}}<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ebJnAAAAMAAJ&q=Anna+von+%C3%96sterreich-Tirol+und+ihren+Mann+Kaiser+Matthias Sabine Weiss: ''Claudia de´ Medici''], Innsbruck: Tyrolia ed. 2004 — p. 288 — 304 p. — {{ISBN|978-3-70-222615-2}}.</ref> Only after the completion of construction of the built, which was continued by their cousin and successor, [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Ferdinand II]], in 1633 the coffins with the remains of Matthias and Anna were transferred into the tomb, known as the [[Imperial Crypt]]. Their coffins were placed side by side.{{CN|date=June 2022}} It was only during the reign of [[Emperor Ferdinand III]] that the Imperial crypt finally became the burial place of the Habsburg dynasty.<ref name="Die Kaisergruft"/><ref>[http://www.werbeka.com/wien/wien4/kapugrud.htm Bernhard Kauntz: ''Die Kapuzinergruft'' in: werbeka.com] [retrieved 20 November 2016].</ref><ref>[http://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/kapuzinergruft-last-residence-habsburgs Sonja Schmöckel: ''The Kapuzinergruft – last residence of the Habsburgs'' in: www.habsburger.net] [retrieved 20 November 2016].</ref>
In 1617 Anna and her husband founded the [[Capuchin Church, Vienna]]. On 10 November 1618<ref>[http://www.klostergeschichten.at/kapuzinerkirche.php ''Kapuzinerkirche. Geschichte'' in: www.klostergeschichten.at] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930054208/http://www.klostergeschichten.at/kapuzinerkirche.php |date=30 September 2016 }} [retrieved 20 November 2016].</ref> construction began on their tomb. Anna died a month after construction started, on 14 December 1618<ref name="Wurzbach152"/><ref name="Korotin125"/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8uJVS6cBOrgC&dq=Anna+of+Tyrol&pg=PA340 Anne J. Duggan: ''Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe: Proceedings of a Conference Held at King's College London, April 1995''], Woodbridge: Boydell Press 1997 (History of the Valois Burgundy) — p. 104 — 357 p. — {{ISBN|978-0-85-115881-5}}.</ref> aged 33; her husband died only three months later, on 20 March 1619. Both spouses were temporarily buried in the royal [[Poor Clares|Poor Clare]] monastery in Vienna.{{efn|The monastery, which were first buried the remains of Anna and Matthias, was demolished in 1782. Later on this place, new buildings were built, most of which were Protestant prayer houses.<ref name="Die Kaisergruft">[https://books.google.com/books?id=-9knAAAAYAAJ&dq=Kaiserin+Anna+mit+ihrem+Gatten%2C+Kaiser+Matthias&pg=PA3 ''Die Kaisergruft bei den P.P. Kapuzinern in Wien: Ein historisch-chronologisches Verzeichniss aller daselbt ruhen den höchsten Personen bis auf die heutige Zeit''], Vienna: Anton Schweiger 1859, pp. 3–4. — 31 p.</ref>}}<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ebJnAAAAMAAJ&q=Anna+von+%C3%96sterreich-Tirol+und+ihren+Mann+Kaiser+Matthias Sabine Weiss: ''Claudia de´ Medici''], Innsbruck: Tyrolia ed. 2004 — p. 288 — 304 p. — {{ISBN|978-3-70-222615-2}}.</ref> Only after the completion of construction of the built, which was continued by their cousin and successor, Emperor [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]], in 1633 the coffins with the remains of Matthias and Anna were transferred into the tomb, known as the [[Imperial Crypt]]. Their coffins were placed side by side.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} It was only during the reign of [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]] that the Imperial crypt finally became the burial place of the Habsburg dynasty.<ref name="Die Kaisergruft"/><ref>[http://www.werbeka.com/wien/wien4/kapugrud.htm Bernhard Kauntz: ''Die Kapuzinergruft'' in: werbeka.com] [retrieved 20 November 2016].</ref><ref>[http://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/kapuzinergruft-last-residence-habsburgs Sonja Schmöckel: ''The Kapuzinergruft – last residence of the Habsburgs'' in: www.habsburger.net] [retrieved 20 November 2016].</ref>


==Ancestors==
==Ancestors==
Line 73: Line 72:
|14= 14. [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|14= 14. [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|15= 15. [[Anna of Bohemia and Hungary]] (=5)
|15= 15. [[Anna of Bohemia and Hungary]] (=5)
|16= 16. [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|17= 17. [[Mary of Burgundy]]
|18= 18. [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]]
|19= 19. [[Isabella I of Castile]]
|20= 20. [[Casimir IV Jagiellon]]
|21= 21. [[Elizabeth of Austria (1436–1505)|Elisabeth of Austria]]
|22= 22. [[Gaston de Foix, Count of Candale]]
|23= 23. [[Catherine of Foix, Countess of Candale|Catherine of Foix]]
|24= 24. [[Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua]]
|25= 25. [[Isabella d'Este]]
|26= 26. [[William IX, Marquess of Montferrat]]
|27= 27. [[Anne d'Alençon]]
|28= 28. [[Philip I of Castile]] (=8)
|29= 29. [[Joanna of Castile]] (=9)
|30= 30. [[Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary]] (=10)
|31= 31. [[Anna of Foix-Candale]] (=11)
}}
}}


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[[Category:Holy Roman Empresses]]
[[Category:Holy Roman Empresses]]
[[Category:17th-century House of Habsburg]]
[[Category:17th-century House of Habsburg]]
[[Category:German queens consort]]
[[Category:Queens consort of Hungary]]
[[Category:Queens consort of Hungary]]
[[Category:Queens consort of Bohemia]]
[[Category:Queens consort of Bohemia]]
[[Category:Austrian princesses]]
[[Category:Austrian princesses]]
[[Category:Austrian royal consorts]]
[[Category:Austrian consorts]]
[[Category:1585 births]]
[[Category:1585 births]]
[[Category:1618 deaths]]
[[Category:1618 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Innsbruck]]
[[Category:People from Innsbruck]]
[[Category:17th-century women from the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:17th-century Austrian women]]
[[Category:17th-century people from the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:17th-century nobility from the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Burials at the Imperial Crypt]]
[[Category:Burials at the Imperial Crypt]]
[[Category:Burials at St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna]]
[[Category:Burials at St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna]]
[[Category:Daughters of monarchs]]
[[Category:Daughters of dukes]]

Latest revision as of 01:38, 22 October 2024

Anna of Tyrol
Portrait by Frans Pourbus the Younger, c. 1603
Holy Roman Empress
German Queen
Tenure21 May 1612 – 14 December 1618
Coronation15 June 1612
Queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia
Archduchess consort of Austria
Tenure4 December 1611 – 14 December 1618
Coronation23 March 1613 (Hungary)
10 January 1616 (Bohemia)
Born4 October 1585
Innsbruck, County of Tyrol, Holy Roman Empire
Died14 December 1618 (aged 33)
Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire
Burial
Imperial Crypt, Vienna
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1611)​
HouseHabsburg
FatherFerdinand II, Archduke of Austria
MotherAnna Juliana Gonzaga

Anna of Tyrol (4 October 1585 – 14 December 1618) was by birth an Archduchess of Austria and member of the Tyrolean branch of the House of Habsburg and by marriage Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Queen of Hungary.[1]

The first crowned Holy Roman Empress since the mid-15th century, she was responsible for the moving of the Imperial court from Prague to Vienna, which became one of the centers of European culture. A proponent of the Counter-Reformation, she held a great influence over her husband Matthias, with whom she founded the Imperial Crypt, which later became the burial place of the Habsburg dynasty.

Biography

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Early years

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Anna was born in Innsbruck on 4 October 1585[2][3] as the third and last daughter of Ferdinand II, Archduke of Further Austria, and Count of Tyrol, and his second wife, Anna Caterina Gonzaga.[4] She had two older sisters, Archduchesses Anna Eleonore (26 June 1583 – 15 January 1584) and Maria (16 June 1584 – 2 March 1649), later a nun. All of them suffered from poor health from birth.[5]

Her baptism was conducted with special solemnity, being organized by her cousin Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria, and uncle Prince Ferdinand of Bavaria.[6]

Dowager Archduchess Anna Catherina with her daughters Anna and Maria.

Anna spent her childhood at the Innsbruck court, which thanks to her parents became in the center of Renaissance culture. She lived in Ambras Castle, Hofburg and Ruelyust Palaces. In order to protect the health of her daughter, after 1590 Archduchess-Countess Anna Caterina had a personal cookbook. In January 1595, the princess lost her father. Her widowed mother made every effort to give her daughters a good education. Anna then discovered an unusual musical talent, she was given a clavichord (a rare and expensive instrument), and a teacher was hired. The love for music remained in the princess throughout her life.[5][7]

Anna was raised in a strict Catholic environment. Even as Holy Roman Empress, when she believed that she had committed a sin, she engaged in self-flagellation to torment the flesh. Anna Caterina made frequent pilgrimages, but didn't take her daughters with her due to their poor health. In 1606, she decided to found a convent there in Innsbruck for the Servants of Mary, Religious Sisters of the Servite Third Order, of which she was a member, and after arranging the marriage of her youngest daughter, she took her monastic vows, taking a new name – Anna Juliana. Maria, Anna's older sister, followed their mother's example and also took the veil in the same convent under their mother's former name.[5]

Marriage and coronation

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Upon reaching adulthood, Anna began to receive offers of marriage. The first proposal was made in 1603 by King Sigismund III of Poland (then a widower), but Emperor Rudolf II didn't give his consent. Then the emperor expressed his intention to marry the princess and sent his court painter to Innsbruck, to make a portrait of his intended bride. Once the emperor showed his interest in Anna, her mother stopped taking other marriage proposals for her, but soon Rudolf II retracted his proposal. The emperor's younger brother Archduke Matthias also began to woo her, and some time later, Rudolf II allowed the marriage of his brother to his former fiancée.[5]

Anna and Matthias (at that point already King of Hungary and Bohemia) married on 4 December 1611 in Vienna at the Augustinian Church;[8] bride and groom were first cousins –Matthias' father Emperor Maximilian II was an elder brother of Anna's father, Archduke Ferdinand II. Matthias, although he was already in his fifties, hoped to sire an heir with his 26-year-old wife.[9] Four years later, when Anna became slightly stout, rumors began at the imperial court that she had finally become pregnant. But soon courtiers began to joke that her corpulence was not related to a pregnancy but because she had a very good appetite. Ultimately, the union was childless.[10][11]

Anna as Holy Roman Empress.

On 21 May 1612 Matthias was elected King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor. Anna was crowned Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Germany in Frankfurt on 15 June 1612, two days after her husband, re-assuming the tradition of the coronation of emperors' wives. She was the first crowned empress since Eleanor of Portugal.[12] Anna was also crowned Queen of Hungary on 25 March 1613 in Pressburg[13] and Queen of Bohemia on 10 January 1616 in Prague.[2][3]

Called the "Good-natured and loving Empress",[14] she had a great influence over her husband, jointly with Matthias' mistress Susana Wachter.[15] Contemporaries called both spouses the "Working Couple" (de: Arbeitspaar).[16] Upon his wife's request Matthias transferred the Imperial court from Prague to Vienna,[17] and soon, thanks to their joint efforts, the new court was one of the centers of European culture.[18] The empress was also noted for the special protection she provided to her Tyrolean subjects, arranging different positions for them at court.[19] As a devout Catholic, she refused to talk to or interact with Protestant courtiers.[20] Like her mother, Anna collected relics, especially from the holy ascetics. She also patronized the Capuchins, and later played an important role in the Austrian Counter-Reformation.[21] For her devotion to the Roman Catholic Church, Pope Paul V awarded the Empress with the Golden Rose.[16]

Last years and death

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In 1617 Anna and her husband founded the Capuchin Church, Vienna. On 10 November 1618[22] construction began on their tomb. Anna died a month after construction started, on 14 December 1618[2][3][23] aged 33; her husband died only three months later, on 20 March 1619. Both spouses were temporarily buried in the royal Poor Clare monastery in Vienna.[a][25] Only after the completion of construction of the built, which was continued by their cousin and successor, Emperor Ferdinand II, in 1633 the coffins with the remains of Matthias and Anna were transferred into the tomb, known as the Imperial Crypt. Their coffins were placed side by side.[citation needed] It was only during the reign of Ferdinand III that the Imperial crypt finally became the burial place of the Habsburg dynasty.[24][26][27]

Ancestors

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Notes

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  1. ^ The monastery, which were first buried the remains of Anna and Matthias, was demolished in 1782. Later on this place, new buildings were built, most of which were Protestant prayer houses.[24]

References

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  1. ^ "Matthias | Holy Roman emperor". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2. ^ a b c Wurzbach 1860, p. 152.
  3. ^ a b c Korotin 2016, p. 125.
  4. ^ Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, pp. 99–100.
  5. ^ a b c d Rotraud Becker: Gonzaga, Anna Caterina, arciduchessa del Tirolo e dell'Austria Anteriore – Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani – Volume 57 (2001) in: www.treccani.it [retrieved 20 November 2016].
  6. ^ Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, p. 100.
  7. ^ Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, pp. 101–102.
  8. ^ Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, p. 105.
  9. ^ Peter Hamish Wilson: The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy, p. 242, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 2009 — 996 p. — ISBN 978-0-67-403634-5.
  10. ^ Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, p. 106.
  11. ^ L. Duerloo: Dynasty and Piety: Archduke Albert (1598—1621) and Habsburg Political Culture in an Age of Religious Wars, p. 421, London: Routledge 2016 — 610 p. — ISBN 978-1-31-714728-2.
  12. ^ Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger: The Emperor's Old Clothes: Constitutional History and the Symbolic Language of the Holy Roman Empire, p. 161, vol. X, New York: Berghahn Books 2015 (Publications of the German Studies Association) — 356 p. — ISBN 978-1-78-238805-0.
  13. ^ Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, p. 112.
  14. ^ "Südtirol in Wort und Bild". Südtirol-Verlag Herbert Neuner. 11 August 2000 – via Google Books.
  15. ^ P. L. Jacob, Franz Helbing: Geschichte der Prostitution, Berlin: J. Gnadenfeld 1908, vol. VI, p. 15.
  16. ^ a b Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, p. 114.
  17. ^ Richard Kralik: Geschichte der Stadt Wien und ihrer Kultur, p. 190, Paderborn: Books on Demand 2015 — 616 p. — ISBN 978-3-84-607622-4.
  18. ^ Erich Scheinder: Schriften des Vereins für Geschichte des Bodensees und seiner Umgebung, Schriften des Vereins für Geschichte des Bodensees und seiner Umgebung (magazine) 1987, N° 105, p. 71.
  19. ^ Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, pp. 107–108.
  20. ^ Franz Martin Mayer: Vom Jahre 1526 bis zur Gegenwart, Vienna: Braumüller 1901, vol. II, p. 112 — 797 p.
  21. ^ Alfred Noe: Giambattista Marinos Wort-Zucht-Peitschen und die Gegenreformation in Wien um 1655: Textedition und Kommentar, Vienna: Böhlau ed. 2015, p. 102 — 168 p. — ISBN 978-3-20-579696-1.
  22. ^ Kapuzinerkirche. Geschichte in: www.klostergeschichten.at Archived 30 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine [retrieved 20 November 2016].
  23. ^ Anne J. Duggan: Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe: Proceedings of a Conference Held at King's College London, April 1995, Woodbridge: Boydell Press 1997 (History of the Valois Burgundy) — p. 104 — 357 p. — ISBN 978-0-85-115881-5.
  24. ^ a b Die Kaisergruft bei den P.P. Kapuzinern in Wien: Ein historisch-chronologisches Verzeichniss aller daselbt ruhen den höchsten Personen bis auf die heutige Zeit, Vienna: Anton Schweiger 1859, pp. 3–4. — 31 p.
  25. ^ Sabine Weiss: Claudia de´ Medici, Innsbruck: Tyrolia ed. 2004 — p. 288 — 304 p. — ISBN 978-3-70-222615-2.
  26. ^ Bernhard Kauntz: Die Kapuzinergruft in: werbeka.com [retrieved 20 November 2016].
  27. ^ Sonja Schmöckel: The Kapuzinergruft – last residence of the Habsburgs in: www.habsburger.net [retrieved 20 November 2016].

Bibliography

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anna of Tyrol.
  • Braun, Bettina; Keller, Katrin; Schnettger, Matthias (4 April 2016). Nur die Frau des Kaisers?: Kaiserinnen in der Frühen Neuzeit (in German). Böhlau Verlag Wien. p. 99–116. ISBN 978-3-205-20085-7.
  • Korotin, Ilse (2016). Lexikon österreichischer Frauen. Vienna: Böhlau. ISBN 978-3-20-579590-2., pp. 152–4248 p. online
  • Wurzbach, C. von (2012) [1860]. "Eleonore Gonzaga". Biographisches Lexikon des Kaisertums Österreich (in German). Austria: Austrian Literature Online, University of Innsbruck. p. 152, 492 p.
Anna of Tyrol
Born: 4 October 1585 Died: 14 December 1618
German royalty
Vacant
Title last held by
Maria of Spain 		Empress of the Holy Roman Empire
German Queen
1612–1618 		Vacant
Title next held by
Eleanor of Mantua
Queen consort of Hungary
1611–1618
Queen consort of Bohemia
1611–1618 		Vacant
Title next held by
Elizabeth of England
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