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{{Short description|Ethnic group in Tunisia}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Turks in Tunisia
| group = Turks in Tunisia
| image =
| image =
| caption =
| caption =
| pop =
| pop = 500,000<ref name="Akar 1993 loc=95">{{citation|last=Akar|first=Metin|year=1993|title=Fas Arapçasında Osmanlı Türkçesinden Alınmış Kelimeler|journal=Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi|publisher=|volume=7|issue=|pages=94–95|quote=Günümüzde, Arap dünyasında hâlâ Türk asıllı aileler mevcuttur. Bunların nüfusu Irak'ta 2 milyon, Suriye'de 3.5 milyon, Mısır'da 1.5, Cezayir'de 1 milyon, Tunus'ta 500 bin, Suudî Arabistan'da 150 bin, Libya'da 50 bin, Ürdün'de 60 bin olmak üzere 8.760.000 civarındadır. Bu ailelerin varlığı da Arap lehçelerindeki Türkçe ödünçleşmeleri belki artırmış olabilir.}}</ref> to 2,000,000<ref name="HaftayaBakış">{{citation|last=Sertoglu|first=Sedat |year=1998|title=Haftaya Bakış|journal=|volume=7|issue=6|pages=35|place=|publisher=Bakış Basın Yayın Organizasyon|quote=Bugün Tunus'ta Türk kökenli 2 milyon insan yaşadığı bildirilmekte ve Dunlardan 60-70 yaşın üzerindekiler Türkçe bilmektedirler.}}.</ref><br/>
| popplace = {{hlist|[[Mahdia]] | [[Tunis]] | [[Cap Bon]]}}
| popplace = {{hlist|[[Mahdia]] | [[Tunis]] | [[Cap Bon]]}}
| langs = {{hlist|[[Turkish language|Turkish]] | [[Tunisian Arabic]] | [[French language|French]]}}
| langs = {{hlist|[[Turkish language|Turkish]] | [[Tunisian Arabic]] | [[French language|French]]}}
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}}
}}


The '''Turks in Tunisia''', also known as '''Turco-Tunisians'''<ref name="Hourani & Ruthven 2002 loc=129">{{Harvnb|Hourani|Ruthven|2002|loc=129}}.</ref> and '''Tunisian Turks''',<ref name=TodaysZaman>{{cite web|author=Today's Zaman|title=Turks in northern Africa yearn for Ottoman ancestors|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-222054-101-turks-in-northern-africa-yearn-for-ottoman-ancestors.html|accessdate=2012-03-18|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313041415/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-222054-101-turks-in-northern-africa-yearn-for-ottoman-ancestors.html|archivedate=2011-03-13|df=}}</ref> ({{lang-ar|أتراك تونس}}; {{lang-fr|Turcs de Tunisie}}; {{lang-tr|Tunus Türkleri}}) are ethnic [[Turkish people|Turks]] who constitute one of the minority groups in [[Tunisia]].<ref name="UNESCO 2009 loc=9">{{Harvnb|UNESCO|2009|loc=9}}.</ref> In 1534, with about 10,000 Turkish soldiers, the [[Ottoman Empire]] took control and settled in the region when Tunisia's inhabitants called for help due to fears that the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] would invade the country.<ref>{{Harvnb|UNESCO|2009|loc=12}}.</ref> Thus, during the Ottoman rule, the Janissary-Turks [[colonized]] and dominated the political life of the region for centuries; as a result, the ethnic mix of Tunisia changed with the migration of Janissaries from Europe and Turks from [[Anatolia]] and the evolvement of the "[[Kouloughlis]]" who are people of mixed Janissary and central [[Tunisians|Tunisian]] blood.<ref>{{cite web |author=Tunisia Today|title=Vient de paraître "Tribus : des origines à la dislocation"|url=http://www.tunisia-today.com/archives/21374|accessdate=2012-04-18}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO 2009 loc=13">{{Harvnb|UNESCO|2009|loc=13}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Milli Gazete|title=Levanten Türkler|url=http://www.milligazete.com.tr/makale/levanten-turkler-153681.htm|accessdate=2012-03-19|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223132907/http://www.milligazete.com.tr/makale/levanten-turkler-153681.htm|archivedate=2010-02-23|df=}}</ref> In northern [[Cap Bon]], the town of [[Hammam Ghezèze]] ({{abbr|lit.|literally}} "Oghuz's [[Turkish hammam|bath]]") is populated with descendants of [[Oghuz Turks]] (''Ghezèze'' and ''Aghzaz'' being Arabic for "Oghuz").{{Citation needed|reason=Google & G. Books have 0 hits on the relation between the town & the Oghuz (or its French name: Oghouzes), except 2 pgs that copied an old version of a fr.WP article that was also unsourced. The relevant sentence on fr.WP was deleted in Aug 2016.|date=January 2018}}
The '''Turks in Tunisia''', also known as '''Turco-Tunisians'''<ref name="Hourani & Ruthven 2002 loc=129">{{Harvnb|Hourani|Ruthven|2002|loc=129}}.</ref> and '''Tunisian Turks''',<ref name=TodaysZaman>{{cite web|author=Today's Zaman|title=Turks in northern Africa yearn for Ottoman ancestors|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-222054-101-turks-in-northern-africa-yearn-for-ottoman-ancestors.html|access-date=2012-03-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313041415/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-222054-101-turks-in-northern-africa-yearn-for-ottoman-ancestors.html|archive-date=2011-03-13}}</ref> ({{langx|ar|أتراك تونس}}; {{langx|fr|Turcs de Tunisie}}; {{langx|tr|Tunus Türkleri}}) are ethnic [[Turkish people|Turks]] who constitute one of the minority groups in [[Tunisia]].<ref name="UNESCO 2009 loc=9">{{Harvnb|UNESCO|2009|loc=9}}.</ref>
In 1534, with about 10,000 Turkish soldiers, the [[Ottoman Empire]] took control and settled in the region when Tunisia's inhabitants called for help due to fears that the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] would invade the country.<ref>{{Harvnb|UNESCO|2009|loc=12}}.</ref> Thus, during the Ottoman rule, the Turkish community dominated the political life of the region for centuries; as a result, the ethnic mix of Tunisia changed considerably with the continuous migration of Turks from [[Anatolia]], as well as other parts of the Ottoman territories, for over 300 years. In addition, some Turks intermarried with the local population and their male offspring were called "[[Kouloughlis]]".<ref>{{cite web |author=Tunisia Today|title=Vient de paraître "Tribus : des origines à la dislocation"|url=http://www.tunisia-today.com/archives/21374|access-date=2012-04-18}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO 2009 loc=13">{{Harvnb|UNESCO|2009|loc=13}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Milli Gazete|title=Levanten Türkler|url=http://www.milligazete.com.tr/makale/levanten-turkler-153681.htm|access-date=2012-03-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223132907/http://www.milligazete.com.tr/makale/levanten-turkler-153681.htm|archive-date=2010-02-23}}</ref> Consequently, the terms "Turks" and "Kouloughlis" were used to distinguish between those of full and partial Turkish ancestry.<ref name="Miltoun">{{citation |last=Miltoun|first=Francis|year=1985|title=The spell of Algeria and Tunisia|page=129|publisher=[[Darf Publishers]]|quote=Throughout North Africa, from Oran to Tunis, one encounters everywhere, in the town as in the country, the distinct traits which mark the seven races which make up the native population: the Moors, the Berbers, the Arabs, the Negreos, the Jews, the Turks and the Kouloughlis… descendants of Turks and Arab women.|isbn=1850770603}}</ref>


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
Families of [[Janissary]]-[[Turkish people|Turkish]] origin live mainly near the coastal cities, such as [[Tunis]], [[Mahdia]], [[Hammamet, Tunisia|Hammamet]] and the islands (such as [[Djerba]]), although there are also many living within central Tunisia as well.<ref>{{cite web |author=Leaders|title=Le Monde Arabe et la Turquie: les prémices d'une entente |url=http://www.leaders.com.tn/article/le-monde-arabe-et-la-turquie-les-premices-d-une-entente?id=2027|accessdate=2013-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Delarosbil|first=Dave|year=2006|title=Mahdia : histoire et société|url=http://www.unesco-paysage.umontreal.ca/docs/projects/Histoire_societe(1).pdf|publisher=Université de Montréal|page=7}}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Families of [[Turkish people|Turkish]] origin live mainly near the coastal cities, such as [[Tunis]], [[Mahdia]], [[Hammamet, Tunisia|Hammamet]] and the islands (such as [[Djerba]]), although there are also many living within central Tunisia as well.<ref>{{cite web |author=Leaders|title=Le Monde Arabe et la Turquie: les prémices d'une entente |url=http://www.leaders.com.tn/article/le-monde-arabe-et-la-turquie-les-premices-d-une-entente?id=2027|access-date=2013-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Delarosbil|first=Dave|year=2006|title=Mahdia : histoire et société|url=http://www.unesco-paysage.umontreal.ca/docs/projects/Histoire_societe(1).pdf|publisher=Université de Montréal|page=7}}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


==Culture==
==Culture==


===Language===
===Language===
In 2012 the Tunisian government introduced the [[Turkish language]] in all [[education in Tunisia|Tunisian secondary schools]].<ref>{{citation |last=Benrabah|first=Mohamed|year=2013|title=Language Conflict in Algeria: From Colonialism to Post-Independence|page=186|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn=1847699669}}</ref>
In 2012 the Tunisian government introduced the [[Turkish language]] in all [[education in Tunisia|Tunisian secondary schools]].<ref>{{citation |last=Benrabah|first=Mohamed|year=2013|title=Language Conflict in Algeria: From Colonialism to Post-Independence|page=186|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn=978-1847699664}}</ref>


===Religion===
===Religion===
The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Janissary]]-[[Turkish people|Turks]] brought with them the teaching of the [[Hanafi|Hanafi School]] of [[Islam]] during the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule of Tunisia, which still survives among the Janissary-Turkish-descended families today.<ref name="Jacobs & Morris 2002 loc=460">{{Harvnb|Jacobs|Morris|2002|loc=460}}.</ref> Traditionally, Turco-Tunisian mosques have octagonal [[minaret]]s.<ref name="Jacobs & Morris 2002 loc=460"/> Examples of Ottoman-Turkish mosques include:
The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Turkish people|Turks]] brought with them the teaching of the [[Hanafi|Hanafi School]] of [[Islam]] during the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule of Tunisia, which still survives among the Turkish-descended families today.<ref name="Jacobs & Morris 2002 loc=460">{{Harvnb|Jacobs|Morris|2002|loc=460}}.</ref> Traditionally, Turco-Tunisian mosques have octagonal [[minaret]]s.<ref name="Jacobs & Morris 2002 loc=460"/> Examples of Ottoman-Turkish mosques include:


<gallery class="center" >
<gallery class="center" >
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==Notable people==
==Notable people==
[[File:Ali Bach Hamba.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Ali Bach Hamba]] was a co-founder of the [[Young Tunisians]].]]
⚫
The Janissary-Turks in Tunisia were traditionally a privileged élite in Tunisia who held positions in the military and the bureaucracy.<ref name="Green 1978 loc=47">{{Harvnb|Green|1978|loc=47}}.</ref> However, by the nineteenth century, marriages with the local population linked the ruling families to indigenous notables. At this time, many Janissary-Turks also turned to commerce and the crafts, initially in the [[Souq el-Trouk]] (the Bazaar of the Turks), where a considerable number of merchants of Janissary-Turkish ancestry emerged. The Turks also entered the corps of artisans.<ref name="Green 1978 loc=47"/> The [[Ben Romdhan family]], of [[Janissary]]-[[Turkish people|Turkish]] origin, claim much of the notable Tunisian families of [[Mahdia]] such as the Hamza, Turki, Gazdagli, Agha, and Snène families.<ref name="Khouaja 1962 loc=89">{{Harvnb|Khouaja|1962|loc=89}}.</ref> Other prominent Tunisian families of Janissary-Turkish origin include the {{ill|Bayram family|lt=Bayrams|fr|Famille Bayram}}, {{ill|Belkhodja family|lt=Belkhodjas|fr|Famille Belkhodja}}, El Materis, {{ill|Sfar family|lt=Sfars|fr|Famille Sfar}}, {{ill|Osman family|fr|Famille Osman|lt=Osmans}}, Mamis and the {{ill|Slim family (Tunisia)|fr|Famille Slim|lt=Slim}}s.
[[File:Mustapha dinguizli.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Mustapha Dinguizli]] served as [[Prime Minister of Tunisia]].]]
[[File:Afef Jnifen Venice09.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Afef Jnifen]] is a fashion model and actress.]]
[[File:Chafia Rochdi.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Chafia Rochdi]] was a singer and actress.]]
[[File:يحيى التركي.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Yahia Turki]] was a painter.]]
⚫
The Turks in Tunisia were traditionally a privileged élite in Tunisia who held positions in the military and the bureaucracy.<ref name="Green 1978 loc=47">{{Harvnb|Green|1978|loc=47}}.</ref> However, by the nineteenth century, marriages with the local population linked the ruling families to indigenous notables. At this time, many Turks also turned to commerce and the crafts, initially in the [[Souq el-Trouk]] (the Bazaar of the Turks), where a considerable number of merchants of Turkish ancestry emerged. The Turks also entered the corps of artisans.<ref name="Green 1978 loc=47"/> The [[Ben Romdhan family]], of [[Turkish people|Turkish]] origin, claim much of the notable Tunisian families of [[Mahdia]] such as the Hamza, Turki, Gazdagli, Agha, and Snène families.<ref name="Khouaja 1962 loc=89">{{Harvnb|Khouaja|1962|loc=89}}.</ref> Other prominent Tunisian families of Turkish origin include the {{ill|Bayram family|lt=Bayrams|fr|Famille Bayram}}, {{ill|Belkhodja family|lt=Belkhodjas|fr|Famille Belkhodja}}, El Materis, {{ill|Sfar family|lt=Sfars|fr|Famille Sfar}}, {{ill|Osman family|fr|Famille Osman|lt=Osmans}}, Mamis and the {{ill|Slim family (Tunisia)|fr|Famille Slim|lt=Slim}}s.


*[[Ahmed Abdelkefi]], economist<ref>{{cite web |author=Tunisia Today|title=Ahmed Abdelkefi, la machine à idées!|url=http://www.tunisia-today.com/archives/55390|accessdate=2012-04-18}}</ref>
*[[Ahmed Abdelkefi]], economist<ref>{{cite web |author=Tunisia Today|title=Ahmed Abdelkefi, la machine à idées!|url=http://www.tunisia-today.com/archives/55390|access-date=2012-04-18}}</ref>
*{{ill|Hassan Hosni Abdelwaheb|fr|Hassan Hosni Abdelwaheb|ar|حسن حسني عبد الوهاب}}, historian
*{{ill|Hassan Hosni Abdelwaheb|fr|Hassan Hosni Abdelwaheb|ar|حسن حسني عبد الوهاب}}, historian
*[[Mahmoud Aslan]], writer<ref>{{Harvnb|Déjeux|1984|loc=269}}.</ref>
*[[Mahmoud Aslan]], writer<ref>{{Harvnb|Déjeux|1984|loc=269}}.</ref>
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*{{ill|Mohamed Taieb Bayram|fr}}, religious cleric
*{{ill|Mohamed Taieb Bayram|fr}}, religious cleric
*{{ill|Ahmed Belkhodja|fr}}, religious cleric<ref>{{Harvnb|Smida|1971|loc=340}}.</ref>
*{{ill|Ahmed Belkhodja|fr}}, religious cleric<ref>{{Harvnb|Smida|1971|loc=340}}.</ref>
*[[Asma Belkhodja]], pioneer of the Tunisian feminist movement<ref>{{cite web|author=Union Nationale de la Femme Tunisienne|title=Asma Belkhodja-Rébaï, une pionnière du mouvement féministe tunisien (1930-2011)|url=http://www.unft.org.tn/fr/index.php?rub=248&srub=264|accessdate=2013-03-29|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203201030/http://www.unft.org.tn/fr/index.php?rub=248&srub=264|archivedate=2014-02-03|df=}}</ref>
*[[Asma Belkhodja]], pioneer of the Tunisian feminist movement<ref>{{cite web|author=Union Nationale de la Femme Tunisienne|title=Asma Belkhodja-Rébaï, une pionnière du mouvement féministe tunisien (1930-2011)|url=http://www.unft.org.tn/fr/index.php?rub=248&srub=264|access-date=2013-03-29|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203201030/http://www.unft.org.tn/fr/index.php?rub=248&srub=264|archive-date=2014-02-03}}</ref>
*{{ill|M'hammed Belkhodja|fr|M'hammed Belkhodja|ar|محمد بن الخوجة}}, politician<ref name="AfricaTime">{{cite web|author=Africa Time|title=Histoire et repères: Grandes figures tunisiennes|url=http://www.africatime.com/tunisie/nouvelle.asp?no_nouvelle=497818&no_categorie=|accessdate=2013-04-04}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref>
*{{ill|M'hammed Belkhodja|fr|M'hammed Belkhodja|ar|محمد بن الخوجة}}, politician<ref name="AfricaTime">{{cite web|author=Africa Time|title=Histoire et repères: Grandes figures tunisiennes|url=http://www.africatime.com/tunisie/nouvelle.asp?no_nouvelle=497818&no_categorie=|access-date=2013-04-04}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref>
*[[Ali Bach Hamba]], journalist and politician<ref>{{Harvnb|Puaux|1954|loc=16}}.</ref>
*[[Ali Bach Hamba]], journalist and politician<ref>{{Harvnb|Puaux|1954|loc=16}}.</ref>
*[[Mohamed Bach Hamba]], writer<ref>{{Harvnb|Derrick|2008|loc=52}}.</ref>
*[[Mohamed Bach Hamba]], writer<ref>{{Harvnb|Derrick|2008|loc=52}}.</ref>
*[[Mahmoud Ben Mahmoud]], filmmaker<ref>{{cite web|author=Toute la Tunisie|title=Mahmoud Ben Mahmoud|url=http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=310&artid=226|accessdate=2012-04-17|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103030650/http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=310&artid=226|archivedate=2013-11-03|df=}}</ref>
*[[Mahmoud Ben Mahmoud]], filmmaker<ref>{{cite web|author=Toute la Tunisie|title=Mahmoud Ben Mahmoud|url=http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=310&artid=226|access-date=2012-04-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103030650/http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=310&artid=226|archive-date=2013-11-03}}</ref>
*[[Yasemin Besson]], wife of [[Éric Besson]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Umarım yakında bütün Arap kadınları Tunuslularla aynı haklara sahip olur|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/pazar/17255613_p.asp|accessdate=2013-03-24}}</ref>
*[[Yasemin Besson]], wife of [[Éric Besson]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Umarım yakında bütün Arap kadınları Tunuslularla aynı haklara sahip olur|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/pazar/17255613_p.asp|access-date=2013-03-24}}</ref>
*[[Lotfi Bouchnak]], musician<ref>{{cite web |author=Last FM|title=Lotfi Bouchnak|url=http://www.last.fm/music/Lotfi+Bouchnak|accessdate=2012-04-17}}</ref>
*[[Hassen Bouhajeb]], doctor<ref name="Ferté & Barrera 2010 loc=252">{{Harvnb|Ferté|Barrera|2010|loc=252}}.</ref>
*[[Hassen Bouhajeb]], doctor<ref name="Ferté & Barrera 2010 loc=252">{{Harvnb|Ferté|Barrera|2010|loc=252}}.</ref>
*{{ill|Mahmoud Bourguiba|fr|Mahmoud Bourguiba|ar|محمود بورقيبة}}, journalist
*{{ill|Mahmoud Bourguiba|fr|Mahmoud Bourguiba|ar|محمود بورقيبة}}, journalist
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*{{ill|Béchir Dinguizli|fr|Béchir Dinguizli|ar|بشير الدنقزلي}}, doctor<ref name="Ferté & Barrera 2010 loc=252"/>
*{{ill|Béchir Dinguizli|fr|Béchir Dinguizli|ar|بشير الدنقزلي}}, doctor<ref name="Ferté & Barrera 2010 loc=252"/>
*[[Mustapha Dinguizli]], politician<ref name="dico">Paul Lambert, ''Dictionnaire illustré de La Tunisie : choses et gens de Tunisie'', éd. C. Saliba aîné, Tunis, 1912, p. 157</ref>
*[[Mustapha Dinguizli]], politician<ref name="dico">Paul Lambert, ''Dictionnaire illustré de La Tunisie : choses et gens de Tunisie'', éd. C. Saliba aîné, Tunis, 1912, p. 157</ref>
*[[Ali Douagi]], literary and cultural icon<ref>{{Harvnb|Granara|2010|loc=79}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Toute la Tunisie|title=Ali Douagi|url=http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=526&artid=435|accessdate=2012-04-17|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120717223025/http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=526&artid=435|archivedate=2012-07-17|df=}}</ref>
*[[Ali Douagi]], literary and cultural icon<ref>{{Harvnb|Granara|2010|loc=79}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Toute la Tunisie|title=Ali Douagi|url=http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=526&artid=435|access-date=2012-04-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717223025/http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=526&artid=435|archive-date=2012-07-17}}</ref>
*[[Abderrahman Dziri]], medical researcher<ref>{{cite web |author=Leaders|title=Abderrahman Dziri|url=http://www.leaders.com.tn/article/abderrahman-dziri?id=883|accessdate=2013-03-29}}</ref>
*[[Abderrahman Dziri]], medical researcher<ref>{{cite web |author=Leaders|title=Abderrahman Dziri|url=http://www.leaders.com.tn/article/abderrahman-dziri?id=883|access-date=2013-03-29}}</ref>
*[[Mustafa Elkatipzade]], Fenerbahçe football manager
*[[Mustafa Elkatipzade]], Fenerbahçe football manager
*[[Nazli Fadhel]], pioneer of the Tunisian feminist movement<ref>{{cite web |author=Leaders|title=La princesse Nazli Fadhel en Tunisie: une figure moderniste|url=http://www.leaders.com.tn/article/la-princesse-nazli-fadhel-en-tunisie-une-figure-moderniste?id=3326|accessdate=2013-03-29}}</ref>
*[[Nazli Fadhel]], pioneer of the Tunisian feminist movement<ref>{{cite web |author=Leaders|title=La princesse Nazli Fadhel en Tunisie: une figure moderniste|url=http://www.leaders.com.tn/article/la-princesse-nazli-fadhel-en-tunisie-une-figure-moderniste?id=3326|access-date=2013-03-29}}</ref>
*[[Sadok Ghileb]], politician<ref name="achour235">Mohamed El Aziz Ben Achour, ''Catégories de la société tunisoise dans la deuxième moitié du XIX<sup>e</sup> siècle'', éd. Institut national d'archéologie et d'art, Tunis, 1989, p. 235</ref>
*[[Sadok Ghileb]], politician<ref name="achour235">Mohamed El Aziz Ben Achour, ''Catégories de la société tunisoise dans la deuxième moitié du XIX<sup>e</sup> siècle'', éd. Institut national d'archéologie et d'art, Tunis, 1989, p. 235</ref>
*{{ill|Fadhila Khetmi|fr|Fadhila Khetmi|ar|فضيلة ختمي}}, theatre director
*{{ill|Fadhila Khetmi|fr|Fadhila Khetmi|ar|فضيلة ختمي}}, theatre director
*[[Afef Jnifen]], model and actress<ref>{{cite web|last=Sanna|first=Cristiano|year=2019|url=https://spettacoli.tiscali.it/gossip/articoli/afef-il-potere-sa-negarsi-quarto-matrimonio/|title=[Il ritratto] Afef, le quarte nozze, i milioni e quei veleni da scansare. Il potere riservato di una ribelle|publisher=Tiscali Spettacoli|access-date=26 September 2019}}</ref>
*[[Mohamed Lahbib]], pioneer of theater and television in Tunisia<ref>{{cite web |author=Africa Time|title=Les pionniers du théâtre et de la TV en Tunisie-Mohamed Lahbib : le kawkeb du théâtre arabe en Tunisie|url=http://www.africatime.com/guinee/nouvelle.asp?UrlRecherche=archives.asp%3Frech%3D1%26no_pays%3D%26no_categorie%3D4%26keyword%3D%26BtnGo.x%3D7%26IsPanafricain%3D0%26IsAfrique%3D&no_nouvelle=290895|accessdate=2013-03-27}}</ref>
*[[Mohamed Lahbib]], pioneer of theater and television in Tunisia<ref>{{cite web |author=Africa Time|title=Les pionniers du théâtre et de la TV en Tunisie-Mohamed Lahbib : le kawkeb du théâtre arabe en Tunisie|url=http://www.africatime.com/guinee/nouvelle.asp?UrlRecherche=archives.asp%3Frech%3D1%26no_pays%3D%26no_categorie%3D4%26keyword%3D%26BtnGo.x%3D7%26IsPanafricain%3D0%26IsAfrique%3D&no_nouvelle=290895|access-date=2013-03-27}}</ref>
*[[Mahmoud El Materi]], physician and politician<ref name="Telquel">{{cite web|author=TelQuel|title=TUNISIE. Où s’arrêtera Sakhr El Materi?|url=http://www.telquel-online.com/archives/372/actu_monde2_372.shtml|accessdate=2013-03-27|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510083108/http://www.telquel-online.com/archives/372/actu_monde2_372.shtml|archivedate=2013-05-10|df=}}</ref>
*[[Mahmoud El Materi]], physician and politician<ref name="Telquel">{{cite web|author=TelQuel|title=TUNISIE. Où s'arrêtera Sakhr El Materi?|url=http://www.telquel-online.com/archives/372/actu_monde2_372.shtml|access-date=2013-03-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510083108/http://www.telquel-online.com/archives/372/actu_monde2_372.shtml|archive-date=2013-05-10}}</ref>
*[[Moncef El Materi]], former soldier and businessman<ref name=Telquel/>
*[[Moncef El Materi]], former soldier and businessman<ref name=Telquel/>
*[[Sakher El Materi]], businessman<ref name=Telquel/>
*[[Sakher El Materi]], businessman<ref name=Telquel/>
Line 68: Line 76:
*{{ill|Habib Osman|fr|Habib Osman|ar|الحبيب عصمان}}, photographer
*{{ill|Habib Osman|fr|Habib Osman|ar|الحبيب عصمان}}, photographer
*{{ill|Mustapha Osman|fr}}, artist
*{{ill|Mustapha Osman|fr}}, artist
*[[Chafia Rochdi]], singer and actress<ref>{{Harvnb|Ferchiou|2001|loc=305}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Africa Time|title=Chafia Rochdy : la voix cristalline venue du Sud|url=http://www.africatime.com/guinee/nouvelle.asp?UrlRecherche=archives.asp%3Frech%3D1%26no_pays%3D49%26no_categorie%3D4%26keyword%3D%26BtnGo.x%3D7%26IsPanafricain%3D0%26IsAfrique%3D&no_nouvelle=266439|accessdate=2013-03-27}}</ref>
*[[Chafia Rochdi]], singer and actress<ref>{{Harvnb|Ferchiou|2001|loc=305}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Africa Time|title=Chafia Rochdy : la voix cristalline venue du Sud|url=http://www.africatime.com/guinee/nouvelle.asp?UrlRecherche=archives.asp%3Frech%3D1%26no_pays%3D49%26no_categorie%3D4%26keyword%3D%26BtnGo.x%3D7%26IsPanafricain%3D0%26IsAfrique%3D&no_nouvelle=266439|access-date=2013-03-27}}</ref>
*[[Hichem Rostom]], actor<ref>{{cite web|author=Festival Tetouan|title=Hommages 2012: Hichem Rostom , Acteur Tunisien|url=http://www.festivaltetouan.org/page.php?134|accessdate=2012-04-18|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502142050/http://www.festivaltetouan.org/page.php?134|archivedate=2012-05-02|df=}}</ref>
*[[Hichem Rostom]], actor<ref>{{cite web|author=Festival Tetouan|title=Hommages 2012: Hichem Rostom , Acteur Tunisien|url=http://www.festivaltetouan.org/page.php?134|access-date=2012-04-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502142050/http://www.festivaltetouan.org/page.php?134|archive-date=2012-05-02}}</ref>
*[[Mourad Salem]], artist<ref>{{cite web |author=Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea|title=Sultans Are No Sultans: Mourad Salem|url=http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/subsites/nour/events/exhibitions/sultansarenosultans.aspx#sthash.FSPhcd7t.dpbs|accessdate=2013-10-13}}</ref>
*[[Mourad Salem]], artist<ref>{{cite web |author=Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea|title=Sultans Are No Sultans: Mourad Salem|url=http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/subsites/nour/events/exhibitions/sultansarenosultans.aspx#sthash.FSPhcd7t.dpbs|access-date=2013-10-13}}</ref>
*[[Rachid Sfar]], former prime minister<ref name="RachidSfar">{{cite web |author=Rachid Sfar|title=Le LEADERS TAHAR SFAR CO-FONDATEUR AVEC BOURGUIBA DU PARTI TUNISIEN NEO-DESTOUR FUT DE 1925 à 1928 UN ETUDIANT EXCEPTIONNEL|url=http://rachid-sfar.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/le-leaders-tahar-sfar-co-fondateur-avec.html|accessdate=2014-06-07}}</ref>
*[[Rachid Sfar]], former prime minister<ref name="RachidSfar">{{cite web |author=Rachid Sfar|title=Le LEADERS TAHAR SFAR CO-FONDATEUR AVEC BOURGUIBA DU PARTI TUNISIEN NEO-DESTOUR FUT DE 1925 à 1928 UN ETUDIANT EXCEPTIONNEL|url=http://rachid-sfar.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/le-leaders-tahar-sfar-co-fondateur-avec.html|access-date=2014-06-07}}</ref>
*[[Mongi Slim]], nationalist leader and Minister<ref>{{Harvnb|Bidwell|2012|loc=388}}.</ref>
*[[Mongi Slim]], nationalist leader and Minister<ref>{{Harvnb|Bidwell|2012|loc=388}}.</ref>
*{{ill|Mustapha Kamel Tarzi|fr}}, diplomat
*{{ill|Mustapha Kamel Tarzi|fr}}, diplomat
*[[Najiya Thamir]], writer and radio producer<ref>{{cite web |author=Arab Women Writers|title=Najiya Thamir|url=http://arabwomenwriters.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=162&Itemid=108|accessdate=2012-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Women of Tunisia|title=Tunisian women Yesterday and Today: Nejia Thameur|url=http://womenoftunisia.weebly.com/tunsian-women-yesterday-and-today.html|accessdate=2012-04-17}}</ref>
*[[Najiya Thamir]], writer and radio producer<ref>{{cite web |author=Arab Women Writers|title=Najiya Thamir|url=http://arabwomenwriters.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=162&Itemid=108|access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Women of Tunisia|title=Tunisian women Yesterday and Today: Nejia Thameur|url=http://womenoftunisia.weebly.com/tunsian-women-yesterday-and-today.html|access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref>
*[[Hedi Turki]], painter<ref name=TodaysZaman/><ref>{{cite web|author=Toute la Tunisie|title=Hédi Turki|url=http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=459&artid=419|accessdate=2012-04-17|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727200303/http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=459&artid=419|archivedate=2013-07-27|df=}}</ref>
*[[Hedi Turki]], painter<ref name=TodaysZaman/><ref>{{cite web|author=Toute la Tunisie|title=Hédi Turki|url=http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=459&artid=419|access-date=2012-04-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727200303/http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=459&artid=419|archive-date=2013-07-27}}</ref>
*[[Yahia Turki]], painter<ref>{{cite web|author=Toute la Tunisie|title=Yahia Ben Mahmoud El Hajjem Turki|url=http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=459&artid=418|accessdate=2012-04-17|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120716234459/http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=459&artid=418|archivedate=2012-07-16|df=}}</ref>
*[[Yahia Turki]], painter<ref>{{cite web|author=Toute la Tunisie|title=Yahia Ben Mahmoud El Hajjem Turki|url=http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=459&artid=418|access-date=2012-04-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716234459/http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=459&artid=418|archive-date=2012-07-16}}</ref>
*[[Zoubeir Turki]], painter<ref>{{cite web |author=Toute la Tunisie|title=Zoubeïr Turki|url=http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=459&artid=417|accessdate=2012-04-17}}</ref>
*[[Zoubeir Turki]], painter<ref>{{cite web |author=Toute la Tunisie|title=Zoubeïr Turki|url=http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=459&artid=417|access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref>
*[[Abdeljelil Zaouch]], Minister of Justice (1936–1943)<ref name="Ferté & Barrera 2010 loc=252"/>
*[[Abdeljelil Zaouche]], Minister of Justice (1936–1943)<ref name="Ferté & Barrera 2010 loc=252"/>
*{{ill|Sadok Zmerli|fr|Sadok Zmerli|ar|الصادق الزمرلي}}, professor<ref name=AfricaTime/>
*{{ill|Sadok Zmerli|fr|Sadok Zmerli|ar|الصادق الزمرلي}}, professor<ref name=AfricaTime/>


Line 95: Line 103:
== Bibliography ==
== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|2}}
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{citation |last=Abun-Nasr|first=Jamil M.|year=1982|title=The Tunisian state in the eighteenth century|journal=Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée|publisher=|volume=33|issue=0|pages=33–66}}
* {{citation |last=Abun-Nasr|first=Jamil M.|year=1982|title=The Tunisian state in the eighteenth century|journal=Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée|volume=33|pages=33–66|doi=10.3406/remmm.1982.1939}}
* {{citation|last=Akar|first=Metin|year=1993|title=Fas Arapçasında Osmanlı Türkçesinden Alınmış Kelimeler|journal=Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi|publisher=|volume=7|issue=|pages=91–110}}
* {{citation|last=Akar|first=Metin|year=1993|title=Fas Arapçasında Osmanlı Türkçesinden Alınmış Kelimeler|journal=Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi|volume=7|pages=91–110}}
*{{citation|last=[[Robin Leonard Bidwell|Bidwell]]|first=Robin|year=2012|title=Dictionary Of Modern Arab History|place=|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1136162984}}.
*{{citation|last=[[Robin Leonard Bidwell|Bidwell]]|first=Robin|year=2012|title=Dictionary Of Modern Arab History|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1136162985}}.
*{{citation |last1=Brett|first1=Michael|last2=Fentress|first2=Elizabeth|year=1997|title=The Berbers|place=|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=0631207678}}.
*{{citation |last1=Brett|first1=Michael|last2=Fentress|first2=Elizabeth|year=1997|title=The Berbers|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=0631207678}}.
* {{citation |last=Brunschvig|first=Robert|year=1965|title=Justice religieuse et justice laïque dans la Tunisie des Deys et des Beys: jusqu'au milieu du XIXesiècle|journal=Studia Islamica|publisher=Maisonneuve & Larose|volume=23|issue=0|pages=27–70}}
* {{citation |last=Brunschvig|first=Robert|year=1965|title=Justice religieuse et justice laïque dans la Tunisie des Deys et des Beys: jusqu'au milieu du XIXesiècle|journal=Studia Islamica|publisher=Maisonneuve & Larose|volume=23|pages=27–70|doi=10.2307/1595254|jstor=1595254}}
*{{citation |last=Déjeux|first=Jean|year=1984|title=Dictionnaire des Auteurs Maghrébins de Langue Française|place=|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=2865370852}}.
*{{citation |last=Déjeux|first=Jean|year=1984|title=Dictionnaire des Auteurs Maghrébins de Langue Française|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=2865370852}}.
*{{citation |last=Ferchiou|first=Sophie|year=2001|title=Femme, Culture et Créativité en Tunisie|place=|publisher=CREDIF|isbn=9973931378}}.
* {{citation|last=Derrick|first=Jonathan|year=2008|title=Africa's "Agitators": Militant Anti-colonialism in Africa and the West, 1918-1939|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0231700566|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/africasagitators0000derr}}.
*{{citation |last1=Ferté|first1=Patric|last2=Barrera|first2=Caroline|year=2010|title=Etudiants de l'exil : Migrations internationales et universités refuges (XVIe-XXe siècle)|place=|publisher=Presses Universitaires du Mirail|isbn=2810700109}}.
*{{citation |last=Ferchiou|first=Sophie|year=2001|title=Femme, Culture et Créativité en Tunisie|publisher=CREDIF|isbn=9973931378}}.
*{{citation |last1=Ferté|first1=Patric|last2=Barrera|first2=Caroline|year=2010|title=Etudiants de l'exil : Migrations internationales et universités refuges (XVIe-XXe siècle)|publisher=Presses Universitaires du Mirail|isbn=978-2810700103}}.
*{{citation |last=Granara|first=William|year=2010|chapter=Ali al-Du'aji (1909-1949)|title=Essays in Arabic Literary Biography: 1850-1950|editor1-last=Allen|editor1-first=Roger|place=|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=3447061413}}.
*{{citation |last=Green|first=Arnold H.|year=1978|title=The Tunisian Ulama 1873-1915: Social Structure and Response to Ideological Currents|place=|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004056874}}.
*{{citation |last=Granara|first=William|year=2010|chapter=Ali al-Du'aji (1909-1949)|title=Essays in Arabic Literary Biography: 1850-1950|editor1-last=Allen|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3447061414}}.
*{{citation |last=Green|first=Arnold H.|year=1978|title=The Tunisian Ulama 1873-1915: Social Structure and Response to Ideological Currents|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004056874}}.
* {{citation |last=Hizmetli|first=Sabri|year=1953|title=Osmanlı Yönetimi Döneminde Tunus ve Cezayir’in Eğitim ve Kültür Tarihine Genel Bir Bakış|url=http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/37/776/9921.pdf|journal=Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|publisher=|volume=32|issue=0|pages=1–12}}
* {{citation |last=Hizmetli|first=Sabri|year=1953|title=Osmanlı Yönetimi Döneminde Tunus ve Cezayir'in Eğitim ve Kültür Tarihine Genel Bir Bakış|url=http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/37/776/9921.pdf|journal=Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi|volume=32|pages=1–12}}
*{{citation |last1=Hourani|first1=Albert|last2=Ruthven|first2=Malise|year=2002|title=A History of the Arab Peoples|place=|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0674010175}}.
*{{citation |last1=Jacobs|first1=Daniel|last2=Morris|first2=Peter|year=2002|title=The Rough Guide to Tunisia|place=|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=1858287480}}.
*{{citation |last1=Hourani|first1=Albert|last2=Ruthven|first2=Malise|year=2002|title=A History of the Arab Peoples|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0674010175}}.
*{{citation|last=Khouaja|first=Ahmed|year=1962|url=http://www.crasc-dz.org/article-749.html|title=La biographie familiale comme source de connaissance historique : Le cas de la famille Ben Romdhan de Mahdia (Sahel tunisien) à l’époque coloniale et post-colonial|journal=La pensée sauvage|publisher=C.L. Strauss}}.
*{{citation |last1=Jacobs|first1=Daniel|last2=Morris|first2=Peter|year=2002|title=The Rough Guide to Tunisia|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=1858287480}}.
*{{citation|last=Khouaja|first=Ahmed|year=1962|url=http://www.crasc-dz.org/article-749.html|title=La biographie familiale comme source de connaissance historique : Le cas de la famille Ben Romdhan de Mahdia (Sahel tunisien) à l'époque coloniale et post-colonial|journal=La pensée sauvage|publisher=C.L. Strauss}}.
* {{citation |last=Özdemir|first=Hikmet|year=1990|title=Tunus ve Civarında Yaşayan Türkçemiz|journal=Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları|publisher=|volume=18|issue=64|pages=153–168}}
* {{citation |last=Özdemir|first=Hikmet|year=1990|title=Tunus ve Civarında Yaşayan Türkçemiz|journal=Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları|volume=18|issue=64|pages=153–168}}
*{{citation |last=Smida|first=Mongi|year=1971|title=Khereddine: Ministre Réformateur, 1873-1877|place=|publisher=Maison Tunisenne de l'Édition|isbn=}}.
*{{citation |last=Smida|first=Mongi|year=1971|title=Khereddine: Ministre Réformateur, 1873-1877|publisher=Maison Tunisenne de l'Édition}}.
* {{citation |last=Puaux|first=Gabriel|year=1954|title=Essai de psychanalyse des protectorats nord-africains|journal=Politique étrangère|publisher=|volume=1|issue=19|pages=11–28}}
* {{citation |last=Puaux|first=Gabriel|year=1954|title=Essai de psychanalyse des protectorats nord-africains|journal=Politique étrangère|volume=1|issue=19|pages=11–28|doi=10.3406/polit.1954.2634|url=http://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/polit_0032-342x_1954_num_19_1_2634.pdf}}
* {{citation |last=UNESCO|first=|year=2009|title=Diversité culturelle et dialogue interculturel en Tunisie|journal=|publisher=Commission nationale tunisienne pour l'éducation}}
* {{citation |last=UNESCO|year=2009|title=Diversité culturelle et dialogue interculturel en Tunisie|publisher=Commission nationale tunisienne pour l'éducation}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


Latest revision as of 14:05, 22 October 2024

Turks in Tunisia
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Religion
Sunni Islam

The Turks in Tunisia, also known as Turco-Tunisians[1] and Tunisian Turks,[2] (Arabic: أتراك تونس; French: Turcs de Tunisie; Turkish: Tunus Türkleri) are ethnic Turks who constitute one of the minority groups in Tunisia.[3]

In 1534, with about 10,000 Turkish soldiers, the Ottoman Empire took control and settled in the region when Tunisia's inhabitants called for help due to fears that the Spanish would invade the country.[4] Thus, during the Ottoman rule, the Turkish community dominated the political life of the region for centuries; as a result, the ethnic mix of Tunisia changed considerably with the continuous migration of Turks from Anatolia, as well as other parts of the Ottoman territories, for over 300 years. In addition, some Turks intermarried with the local population and their male offspring were called "Kouloughlis".[5][6][7] Consequently, the terms "Turks" and "Kouloughlis" were used to distinguish between those of full and partial Turkish ancestry.[8]

Demographics

[edit]

Families of Turkish origin live mainly near the coastal cities, such as Tunis, Mahdia, Hammamet and the islands (such as Djerba), although there are also many living within central Tunisia as well.[9][10]

Culture

[edit]

Language

[edit]

In 2012 the Tunisian government introduced the Turkish language in all Tunisian secondary schools.[11]

Religion

[edit]

The Ottoman Turks brought with them the teaching of the Hanafi School of Islam during the Ottoman rule of Tunisia, which still survives among the Turkish-descended families today.[12] Traditionally, Turco-Tunisian mosques have octagonal minarets.[12] Examples of Ottoman-Turkish mosques include:

Notable people

[edit]
Ali Bach Hamba was a co-founder of the Young Tunisians.
Mustapha Dinguizli served as Prime Minister of Tunisia.
Afef Jnifen is a fashion model and actress.
Chafia Rochdi was a singer and actress.
Yahia Turki was a painter.

The Turks in Tunisia were traditionally a privileged élite in Tunisia who held positions in the military and the bureaucracy.[13] However, by the nineteenth century, marriages with the local population linked the ruling families to indigenous notables. At this time, many Turks also turned to commerce and the crafts, initially in the Souq el-Trouk (the Bazaar of the Turks), where a considerable number of merchants of Turkish ancestry emerged. The Turks also entered the corps of artisans.[13] The Ben Romdhan family, of Turkish origin, claim much of the notable Tunisian families of Mahdia such as the Hamza, Turki, Gazdagli, Agha, and Snène families.[14] Other prominent Tunisian families of Turkish origin include the Bayrams [fr], Belkhodjas [fr], El Materis, Sfars [fr], Osmans [fr], Mamis and the Slim [fr]s.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Hourani & Ruthven 2002, 129.
  2. ^ a b Today's Zaman. "Turks in northern Africa yearn for Ottoman ancestors". Archived from the original on 2011-03-13. Retrieved 2012-03-18.
  3. ^ UNESCO 2009, 9.
  4. ^ UNESCO 2009, 12.
  5. ^ Tunisia Today. "Vient de paraître "Tribus : des origines à la dislocation"". Retrieved 2012-04-18.
  6. ^ UNESCO 2009, 13.
  7. ^ Milli Gazete. "Levanten Türkler". Archived from the original on 2010-02-23. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
  8. ^ Miltoun, Francis (1985), The spell of Algeria and Tunisia, Darf Publishers, p. 129, ISBN 1850770603, Throughout North Africa, from Oran to Tunis, one encounters everywhere, in the town as in the country, the distinct traits which mark the seven races which make up the native population: the Moors, the Berbers, the Arabs, the Negreos, the Jews, the Turks and the Kouloughlis… descendants of Turks and Arab women.
  9. ^ Leaders. "Le Monde Arabe et la Turquie: les prémices d'une entente". Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  10. ^ Delarosbil, Dave (2006), Mahdia : histoire et société (PDF), Université de Montréal, p. 7[permanent dead link‍]
  11. ^ Benrabah, Mohamed (2013), Language Conflict in Algeria: From Colonialism to Post-Independence, Multilingual Matters, p. 186, ISBN 978-1847699664
  12. ^ a b Jacobs & Morris 2002, 460.
  13. ^ a b Green 1978, 47.
  14. ^ Khouaja 1962, 89.
  15. ^ Tunisia Today. "Ahmed Abdelkefi, la machine à idées!". Retrieved 2012-04-18.
  16. ^ Déjeux 1984, 269.
  17. ^ Brett & Fentress 1997, 178.
  18. ^ Smida 1971, 340.
  19. ^ Union Nationale de la Femme Tunisienne. "Asma Belkhodja-Rébaï, une pionnière du mouvement féministe tunisien (1930-2011)". Archived from the original on 2014-02-03. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  20. ^ a b Africa Time. "Histoire et repères: Grandes figures tunisiennes". Retrieved 2013-04-04.[permanent dead link‍]
  21. ^ Puaux 1954, 16.
  22. ^ Derrick 2008, 52.
  23. ^ Toute la Tunisie. "Mahmoud Ben Mahmoud". Archived from the original on 2013-11-03. Retrieved 2012-04-17.
  24. ^ Hurriyet. "Umarım yakında bütün Arap kadınları Tunuslularla aynı haklara sahip olur". Retrieved 2013-03-24.
  25. ^ a b c d Ferté & Barrera 2010, 252.
  26. ^ Paul Lambert, Dictionnaire illustré de La Tunisie : choses et gens de Tunisie, éd. C. Saliba aîné, Tunis, 1912, p. 157
  27. ^ Granara 2010, 79.
  28. ^ Toute la Tunisie. "Ali Douagi". Archived from the original on 2012-07-17. Retrieved 2012-04-17.
  29. ^ Leaders. "Abderrahman Dziri". Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  30. ^ Leaders. "La princesse Nazli Fadhel en Tunisie: une figure moderniste". Retrieved 2013-03-29.
  31. ^ Mohamed El Aziz Ben Achour, Catégories de la société tunisoise dans la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle, éd. Institut national d'archéologie et d'art, Tunis, 1989, p. 235
  32. ^ Sanna, Cristiano (2019). "[Il ritratto] Afef, le quarte nozze, i milioni e quei veleni da scansare. Il potere riservato di una ribelle". Tiscali Spettacoli. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
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  39. ^ Rachid Sfar. "Le LEADERS TAHAR SFAR CO-FONDATEUR AVEC BOURGUIBA DU PARTI TUNISIEN NEO-DESTOUR FUT DE 1925 à 1928 UN ETUDIANT EXCEPTIONNEL". Retrieved 2014-06-07.
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Bibliography

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