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{{Short description|Process of determining a collectible coins' visual state}}
{{Short description|Process of determining a collectible coins' visual state}}
{{Numismatics}}
⚫
'''Coin grading'''<ref name=":0" /> is the process of determining the grade or condition of a coin, one of the key factors in determining its value. A coin's grade is generally determined by five criteria: strike, preservation, luster, color, and attractiveness. Several grading systems have been developed. Certification services professionally grade coins for tiered fees.
{{Primary|date=December 2023}}


⚫
'''Coin grading'''<ref name=":0" /> is the process of determining the grade or condition of a coin, one of the key factors in determining its collectible value. A coin's grade is generally determined by six criteria: strike, preservation, luster, color, attractiveness, and occasionally the country/state in which it was minted. Several grading systems have been developed. Certification services professionally grade coins for tiered fees.
⚫
[[File:PCGS graded coin slab.jpg|thumb|170px|A Canadian silver coin graded by [[Professional Coin Grading Service]] as PR69]]

⚫
[[File:PCGS graded coin slab.jpg|thumb|170px|A Canadian silver [[bullion]] coin graded by [[Professional Coin Grading Service]] as PR69]]


==Overview==
==Overview==
Line 14: Line 17:


=== Early grading systems ===
=== Early grading systems ===
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2023}}

The quality of all coins is not equal and collectors felt the necessity of defining the quality of the coins in order to assess their value. Rim damage, nicks, polishing, cleaning, scratches and other forms of wear are considered factors in grading a coin. Whether or not a coin shows evidence of having been mounted in jewelry also affects its grade.
The quality of all coins is not equal and collectors felt the necessity of defining the quality of the coins in order to assess their value. Rim damage, nicks, polishing, cleaning, scratches and other forms of wear are considered factors in grading a coin. Whether or not a coin shows evidence of having been mounted in jewelry also affects its grade.


Line 21: Line 24:
* good - when circulation had worn the surface of the coin, but major details were still visible.
* good - when circulation had worn the surface of the coin, but major details were still visible.
* fine - when features were less worn and a bit of mint luster showed on the surface. Most major and minor detail visible
* fine - when features were less worn and a bit of mint luster showed on the surface. Most major and minor detail visible
* uncirculated - when the features of the coin were sharp and the luster approaching the state of a new coin at the mint.<ref>{{cite web|last=Androulakis|first=Yiannis|title=Coin Grading Standards|url=http://www.fleur-de-coin.com/articles/coingradehistory.asp}}</ref>
* uncirculated - when the features of the coin were sharp and the luster approaching the state of a new coin at the mint.


=== Sheldon grading system ===
=== Sheldon grading system ===
Line 27: Line 30:
As the collector market for coins grew rapidly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it became apparent that a more precise grading standard was needed. Some coins were simply more fine than others, and some uncirculated coins showed more luster and far fewer marks than others. Terms like "gem uncirculated" and "very fine" began to see use, as more precise grading descriptions allowed for more precise pricing for the booming collector market.
As the collector market for coins grew rapidly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it became apparent that a more precise grading standard was needed. Some coins were simply more fine than others, and some uncirculated coins showed more luster and far fewer marks than others. Terms like "gem uncirculated" and "very fine" began to see use, as more precise grading descriptions allowed for more precise pricing for the booming collector market.


In 1948, well-known numismatist Dr. [[William Herbert Sheldon]] attempted to standardize coin grading by proposing what is now known as the Sheldon Scale, as is detailed below. {{clarify span|text=Sheldon's 1 to 70 grading scale|explain=Can the article say that such scale is detailed in the below table's left column?|date=January 2019}}, included in his book ''Penny Whimsy'', was originally devised for U.S. large cents but it is now applied to all series.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sheldon|first=William H.|title=Penny Whimsy|publisher=Sanford S. Durst|year=1990|isbn=0-942666-62-3}}</ref>
In 1948, well-known numismatist [[William Herbert Sheldon]] attempted to standardize coin grading by proposing what is now known as the Sheldon Scale, as is detailed below. {{clarify span|text=Sheldon's 1 to 70 grading scale|explain=Can the article say that such scale is detailed in the below table's left column?|date=January 2019}}, included in his book ''Penny Whimsy'', was originally devised for U.S. large cents but it is now applied to all series.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sheldon|first=William H.|title=Penny Whimsy|publisher=Sanford S. Durst|year=1990|isbn=0-942666-62-3}}</ref>


=== European grading system ===
=== European grading system ===


European countries use various, roughly equivalent, grading systems. The main features of their systems are presented in the following table:<ref>:{{cite web|title=Grading Standards|url=http://www.fleur-de-coin.com/articles/grade_standards.html}}</ref>
European countries use various, roughly equivalent, grading systems. The main features of their systems are presented in the following table:


{| class="wikitable" style="float:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center"
|+ '''European Grading System'''
|+ '''European Grading System'''
! valign="center" | Adjective
! valign="center" | US and Canada
! valign="center" | Design remaining
! valign="center" | Design remaining
! valign="center" | [[United Kingdom|United<br />Kingdom]]
! valign="center" | [[United Kingdom|United<br />Kingdom]]
Line 138: Line 141:
== American Numismatic Association scale==
== American Numismatic Association scale==


As the hobby of numismatics evolved, the need arose for a more concrete grading system. In 1978, the [[American Numismatic Association]] published the ''Official A.N.A. Grading System for United States Coins''.<ref name="ANA">https://www.pcgs.com/news/how-united-states-coins-are-graded</ref> It established grading tiers of, in descending order of preservation, ''Mint State'', ''About Uncirculated'', ''Extremely Fine'', ''Very Fine'', ''Fine'', ''Very Good'', ''Good'' and ''About Good''. Most numismatists, as well as third-party grading services, also use two other descriptors for the lowest grades, ''Fair'' and ''Poor''. The higher tiers on this scale each encompass two or more "sub-grades" denoted by the appending of the corresponding Sheldon scale number, such as ''Very Fine-20'' or ''Very Fine-30''. This allows for the recognition of coins which exceed the standard for a given tier, but do not meet the criteria for the next. Grades are commonly abbreviated, and not all numismatists use the numerical grades, so a grade of ''Fine-12'' may be rendered as ''Fine'', ''F-12'', ''12'' or simply ''F''.<ref name="ANA" />
As the hobby of numismatics evolved, the need arose for a more concrete grading system. In 1978, the [[American Numismatic Association]] published the ''Official A.N.A. Grading System for United States Coins''.<ref name="ANA">{{Cite web |title=How United States Coins are Graded |url=https://www.pcgs.com/news/how-united-states-coins-are-graded |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=PCGS |language=en-us}}</ref> It established grading tiers of, in descending order of preservation, ''Mint State'', ''About Uncirculated'', ''Extremely Fine'', ''Very Fine'', ''Fine'', ''Very Good'', ''Good'' and ''About Good''. Most numismatists, as well as third-party grading services, also use two other descriptors for the lowest grades, ''Fair'' and ''Poor''. The higher tiers on this scale each encompass two or more "sub-grades" denoted by the appending of the corresponding Sheldon scale number, such as ''Very Fine-20'' or ''Very Fine-30''. This allows for the recognition of coins which exceed the standard for a given tier, but do not meet the criteria for the next. Grades are commonly abbreviated, and not all numismatists use the numerical grades, so a grade of ''Fine-12'' may be rendered as ''Fine'', ''F-12'', ''12'' or simply ''F''.<ref name="ANA" />

==Factors affecting a coin grade==

The following factors affect a coin's numerical grade:

# "eye appeal" or the aesthetic interest of the coin;
# dents on the rim;
# unsightly scratches or other blemishes on the surface of the coin;
# [[Lustre (mineralogy)|luster]];
# [[Toning (coin)|toning]];
# level of detail retained, where a coin with full details obviously is valued higher than one with worn details.
# If the coin is judged favorably in all of these criteria, it will generally be awarded a higher grade.<ref name="History of Grading">{{cite web
| title = History of Grading
| work = slatercoins.com
| publisher = Slater Numismatics, LLC
| year = 2008
| url = http://www.slatercoins.com/main/page_grading_history.html
| access-date = 26 August 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090927022504/http://www.slatercoins.com/main/page_grading_history.html
| archive-date = 27 September 2009
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>


==Certification services==
==Certification services==
{{Main|Third Party Grading}}
{{Main|Third Party Grading}}


Coin certification services emerged in the 1980s as a response to the need for buyers and sellers to agree on grading.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coin Grading Systems - The History of Coin Grading Scales |url=http://coins.about.com/od/coingrading/a/grading_systems.htm |publisher=About.com |access-date=13 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116101910/http://coins.about.com/od/coingrading/a/grading_systems.htm |archive-date=16 November 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> For tiered fees, certification services grade, authenticate, attribute, and encapsulate coins in clear, plastic holders.<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Rare Coin Grading |url=http://goldinfo.net/morabgrad1.html |publisher=Austin Gold Information Network |access-date=26 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906031826/http://goldinfo.net/morabgrad1.html |archive-date=6 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="coin-collecting-guide-for-beginners.com">{{cite web |title=Coin Grading Services: Who They Are and What They Do |url=http://www.coin-collecting-guide-for-beginners.com/coin-grading-services.html|work=coin-collecting-guide-for-beginners.com |access-date=26 August 2009}}</ref> [[Professional Coin Grading Service|Professional Coin Grading service]] (PCGS), [[Numismatic Guaranty Corporation]] (NGC), Independent Coin Graders (ICG), and [[American Numismatic Association Certification Service]] (ANACS) are the most popular services. These are the only services whose coins have a special section on eBay, the largest rare coin marketplace. All four firms guarantee the grades and authenticity of their certified coins. Together they have certified over 80 million coins.<ref name="ngccoin.com"/><ref name="PCGS Coin Facts"/><ref name="ANACS"/><ref name="icgcoin.com"/>
Coin certification services emerged in the 1980s as a response to the need for buyers and sellers to agree on grading.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coin Grading Systems - The History of Coin Grading Scales |url=http://coins.about.com/od/coingrading/a/grading_systems.htm |publisher=About.com |access-date=13 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116101910/http://coins.about.com/od/coingrading/a/grading_systems.htm |archive-date=16 November 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> For tiered fees, certification services grade, authenticate, attribute, and encapsulate coins in clear, plastic holders.<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Rare Coin Grading |url=http://goldinfo.net/morabgrad1.html |publisher=Austin Gold Information Network |access-date=26 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906031826/http://goldinfo.net/morabgrad1.html |archive-date=6 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Professional Coin Grading Service|Professional Coin Grading service]] (PCGS), [[Numismatic Guaranty Corporation]] (NGC), Independent Coin Graders (ICG), and [[American Numismatic Association Certification Service]] (ANACS) are the most popular services. These are the only services whose coins have a special section on eBay, the largest rare coin marketplace. All four firms guarantee the grades and authenticity of their certified coins. Together they have certified over 80 million coins.<ref name="ngccoin.com"/><ref name="PCGS Coin Facts"/><ref name="ANACS"/><ref name="icgcoin.com"/>


At each of the four main grading companies, a similar process is used. Each coin is graded (on a verbal and 1 to 70 numerical scale) and authenticated by two or more graders, and then assigned a final grade by a finalizer, based in part upon the recommendations of the prior graders. Depending on the company, various descriptors may be added, such as Full Bands for Mercury dimes, [[Franklin half dollar|Full Bell Lines]] (FBL) for Franklin Half Dollars, or Deep Mirror Prooflike (DMPL) for Morgan dollars, and the coin's die variety may be noted. The coin is then slabbed and returned to the customer.<ref name="ngccoin.com"/><ref name="PCGS Coin Facts"/><ref name="ANACS"/><ref name="icgcoin.com"/> In 2010, PCGS and NGC introduced "Plus" grading for high-end coins graded XF45 to MS68. A plus symbol (+) is added after the grade.<ref>[http://www.pcgs.com/secureplus.html PCGS Secure Plus Service]</ref><ref>[http://www.ngccoin.com/news/viewarticle.aspx?IDArticle=1599&NGC-Launches-Plus NGC Launches Plus Designation]</ref>
At each of the four main grading companies, a similar process is used. Each coin is graded (on a verbal and 1 to 70 numerical scale) and authenticated by two or more graders, and then assigned a final grade by a finalizer, based in part upon the recommendations of the prior graders. Depending on the company, various descriptors may be added, such as Full Bands for Mercury dimes, [[Franklin half dollar|Full Bell Lines]] (FBL) for Franklin Half Dollars, or Deep Mirror Prooflike (DMPL) for Morgan dollars, and the coin's die variety may be noted. The coin is then [[Coin slab|slabbed]] and returned to the customer.<ref name="ngccoin.com"/><ref name="PCGS Coin Facts"/><ref name="ANACS"/><ref name="icgcoin.com"/> In 2010, PCGS and NGC introduced "Plus" grading for high-end coins graded XF45 to MS68. A plus symbol (+) is added after the grade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcgs.com/goldshield|title=Gold Shield Page|website=PCGS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ngccoin.com/news/article/1599/NGC-Launches-Plus/|title=NGC: Launches Plus Designation &#124; NGC|website=www.ngccoin.com}}</ref>


In 2007, the [[Professional Numismatists Guild]] (PNG), a US association of rare coin dealers, released the results of a survey of major coin dealers who gave their professional opinions about 11 certification services. PCGS and NGC were rated "Superior" overall, with ANACS and ICG deemed "Good". PCI and SEGS were listed as "Poor", while called "Unacceptable" were Accugrade (ACG), Numistrust Corporation (NTC), Hallmark Coin Grading Service (HCGS), American Coin Club Grading Service (ACCGS), and Star Grading Services (SGS).<ref>{{cite web|title=PNG, ICTA Announce Results of 2006 Grading Services Survey|url=http://www.pngdealers.org/news-releases/item/59-png-icta-announce-results-of-2006-grading-services-survey|website=pngdealers.org|publisher=Professional Numismatists Guild|access-date=2015-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921201009/http://www.pngdealers.org/news-releases/item/59-png-icta-announce-results-of-2006-grading-services-survey|archive-date=2015-09-21|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ngccoin.com"/><ref name="PCGS Coin Facts"/>
In 2007, the [[Professional Numismatists Guild]] (PNG), a US association of rare coin dealers, released the results of a survey of major coin dealers who gave their professional opinions about 11 certification services. PCGS and NGC were rated "Superior" overall, with ANACS and ICG deemed "Good". PCI and SEGS were listed as "Poor", while called "Unacceptable" were Accugrade (ACG), Numistrust Corporation (NTC), Hallmark Coin Grading Service (HCGS), American Coin Club Grading Service (ACCGS), and Star Grading Services (SGS).<ref>{{cite web|title=PNG, ICTA Announce Results of 2006 Grading Services Survey|url=http://www.pngdealers.org/news-releases/item/59-png-icta-announce-results-of-2006-grading-services-survey|website=pngdealers.org|publisher=Professional Numismatists Guild|access-date=2015-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921201009/http://www.pngdealers.org/news-releases/item/59-png-icta-announce-results-of-2006-grading-services-survey|archive-date=2015-09-21|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ngccoin.com"/><ref name="PCGS Coin Facts"/>
Line 160: Line 185:
*[[Numismatics]]
*[[Numismatics]]
*[[Exonumia]]
*[[Exonumia]]
*[[Proof coinage]]
*[[Troy weight]] (The system used with coins and precious metals. One troy ounce (ozt) is exactly 31.1034768&nbsp;grams, about 10 percent more than the avoirdupois ounce, which is exactly 28.349523125 g.)
*[[Troy weight]] (The system used with coins and precious metals. One troy ounce (ozt) is exactly 31.1034768&nbsp;grams, about 10 percent more than the avoirdupois ounce, which is exactly 28.349523125 g.)


Line 167: Line 193:
==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Coin grading}}
{{Commons category|Coin grading}}
*[http://pcgscoinfacts.com/ PCGS Coin Facts]
*[https://www.pcgs.com/ PCGS]
*[http://www.ngccoin.com/ NGC]
*[https://www.ngccoin.com/ NGC]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150331031729/http://www.anacs.com/ ANACS]
*[https://www.anacs.com/ ANACS]
*[http://www.icgcoin.com/ ICG]
*[https://www.icgcoin.com/ ICG]
*[https://www.iccscoin.ca/ ICCS (Canada)]
*[https://www.cccs.co/ CCCS (Canada]


{{Coin collecting}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Coin Grading}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Coin Grading}}
[[Category:Coin grading| ]]
[[Category:Coin grading| ]]
[[Category:Numismatics]]

Latest revision as of 14:27, 22 October 2024

Part of a series on
Numismatics
the study of currency
Currency
Circulating currencies
Local currencies
Fictional currencies
Proposed currencies
History of money
Historical currencies
Medieval currencies
Production
Collection
Coin collecting
Notaphily
Exonumia
Scripophily

Coin grading[1] is the process of determining the grade or condition of a coin, one of the key factors in determining its collectible value. A coin's grade is generally determined by six criteria: strike, preservation, luster, color, attractiveness, and occasionally the country/state in which it was minted. Several grading systems have been developed. Certification services professionally grade coins for tiered fees.

A Canadian silver bullion coin graded by Professional Coin Grading Service as PR69

Overview

[edit]

A "grade" measures a coin's appearance. There are generally five main components which determine a coin's grade: strike, surface preservation, luster, coloration and eye appeal. Grading is subjective and even experts can disagree about the grade of a given coin.[2][1]

History

[edit]

U.S. coin grading has evolved over the years to a system of finer and finer grade distinctions. Originally, there were only two grades, new and used. This changed to the letter grading system beginning with the lowest grade – Basal State (also Poor (PO)), then continuing Fair (Fr), About or Almost Good (AG), Good (G), Very Good (VG), Fine (F), Very Fine (VF), Extremely Fine (EF), Almost or About Uncirculated (AU), Uncirculated (Unc) and up to Brilliant Uncirculated (BU). Gem Uncirculated was roughly equivalent in usage to BU at that time. Numerical grades from 1 to 70 now accompany the verbal grades.[3][4][5][6]

Systems

[edit]

Early grading systems

[edit]

The quality of all coins is not equal and collectors felt the necessity of defining the quality of the coins in order to assess their value. Rim damage, nicks, polishing, cleaning, scratches and other forms of wear are considered factors in grading a coin. Whether or not a coin shows evidence of having been mounted in jewelry also affects its grade.

In the early years of coin collecting, three general terms were used to grade coins:

  • good - when circulation had worn the surface of the coin, but major details were still visible.
  • fine - when features were less worn and a bit of mint luster showed on the surface. Most major and minor detail visible
  • uncirculated - when the features of the coin were sharp and the luster approaching the state of a new coin at the mint.

Sheldon grading system

[edit]
Main article: Sheldon coin grading scale

As the collector market for coins grew rapidly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it became apparent that a more precise grading standard was needed. Some coins were simply more fine than others, and some uncirculated coins showed more luster and far fewer marks than others. Terms like "gem uncirculated" and "very fine" began to see use, as more precise grading descriptions allowed for more precise pricing for the booming collector market.

In 1948, well-known numismatist William Herbert Sheldon attempted to standardize coin grading by proposing what is now known as the Sheldon Scale, as is detailed below. Sheldon's 1 to 70 grading scale[clarify], included in his book Penny Whimsy, was originally devised for U.S. large cents but it is now applied to all series.[7]

European grading system

[edit]

European countries use various, roughly equivalent, grading systems. The main features of their systems are presented in the following table:

European Grading System
US and Canada Design remaining United
Kingdom 		France Spain Italy German-speaking Scandinavia Netherlands Portugal
Good (G-4) 10% G AB (Assez Beau) RC M GE (Gut erhalten) 2 G (Goed) REG
Very Good (VG-8) 25% VG B (Beau) BC B (Bello) SGE (Sehr gut erhalten) 1- ZG (Zeer Goed) MREG
Fine (F-12) 50% F TB (Très Beau) BC+ MB (Molto Bello) S (Schön) 1 Fr (Fraai) BC
Very Fine (VF-20) 75% VF TTB (Très Très Beau) MBC BB (Bellissimo) SS (Sehr schön) 1+ ZF (Zeer Fraai) MBC
Extremely Fine (EF-40, or XF-40) 90% EF/XF SUP (Superbe) EBC SPL (Splendido) VZ (Vorzüglich) 01 Pr. (Prachtig) Bela
About Uncirculated (AU-50) 95% + some luster UNC No use No use MSPL (MoltoSplendido) UNZ− (Fast unzirkuliert) 0-01 No use No use
Mint State (MS-60 to 64) 100% + luster BU SPL (Splendide) SC SPL/FDC UNZ (Unzirkuliert) 0 FDC (Fleur de Coin) Soberba
Mint State (MS-65 to 70) 100% + full luster FDC FDC (Fleur de Coin) FDC FDC (Fior di Conio) STGL (Stempelglanz) 0 FDC FDC (Flor de Cunho)

American Numismatic Association scale

[edit]

As the hobby of numismatics evolved, the need arose for a more concrete grading system. In 1978, the American Numismatic Association published the Official A.N.A. Grading System for United States Coins.[8] It established grading tiers of, in descending order of preservation, Mint State, About Uncirculated, Extremely Fine, Very Fine, Fine, Very Good, Good and About Good. Most numismatists, as well as third-party grading services, also use two other descriptors for the lowest grades, Fair and Poor. The higher tiers on this scale each encompass two or more "sub-grades" denoted by the appending of the corresponding Sheldon scale number, such as Very Fine-20 or Very Fine-30. This allows for the recognition of coins which exceed the standard for a given tier, but do not meet the criteria for the next. Grades are commonly abbreviated, and not all numismatists use the numerical grades, so a grade of Fine-12 may be rendered as Fine, F-12, 12 or simply F.[8]

Factors affecting a coin grade

[edit]

The following factors affect a coin's numerical grade:

  1. "eye appeal" or the aesthetic interest of the coin;
  2. dents on the rim;
  3. unsightly scratches or other blemishes on the surface of the coin;
  4. luster;
  5. toning;
  6. level of detail retained, where a coin with full details obviously is valued higher than one with worn details.
  7. If the coin is judged favorably in all of these criteria, it will generally be awarded a higher grade.[9]

Certification services

[edit]
Main article: Third Party Grading

Coin certification services emerged in the 1980s as a response to the need for buyers and sellers to agree on grading.[10] For tiered fees, certification services grade, authenticate, attribute, and encapsulate coins in clear, plastic holders.[11] Professional Coin Grading service (PCGS), Numismatic Guaranty Corporation (NGC), Independent Coin Graders (ICG), and American Numismatic Association Certification Service (ANACS) are the most popular services. These are the only services whose coins have a special section on eBay, the largest rare coin marketplace. All four firms guarantee the grades and authenticity of their certified coins. Together they have certified over 80 million coins.[3][4][5][6]

At each of the four main grading companies, a similar process is used. Each coin is graded (on a verbal and 1 to 70 numerical scale) and authenticated by two or more graders, and then assigned a final grade by a finalizer, based in part upon the recommendations of the prior graders. Depending on the company, various descriptors may be added, such as Full Bands for Mercury dimes, Full Bell Lines (FBL) for Franklin Half Dollars, or Deep Mirror Prooflike (DMPL) for Morgan dollars, and the coin's die variety may be noted. The coin is then slabbed and returned to the customer.[3][4][5][6] In 2010, PCGS and NGC introduced "Plus" grading for high-end coins graded XF45 to MS68. A plus symbol (+) is added after the grade.[12][13]

In 2007, the Professional Numismatists Guild (PNG), a US association of rare coin dealers, released the results of a survey of major coin dealers who gave their professional opinions about 11 certification services. PCGS and NGC were rated "Superior" overall, with ANACS and ICG deemed "Good". PCI and SEGS were listed as "Poor", while called "Unacceptable" were Accugrade (ACG), Numistrust Corporation (NTC), Hallmark Coin Grading Service (HCGS), American Coin Club Grading Service (ACCGS), and Star Grading Services (SGS).[14][3][4]

Counterfeit NGC and PCGS holders have been reported, but significant measures have been taken by both services to remedy the problem, such as NGC's use of photographic verification for every coin certified and both services' employment of serial number verification and anti-counterfeiting features in their holders.[15][16][3][4]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Travers, Scott. "Introduction". coingrading.com. coingrading.com. Retrieved 2015-09-09.
  2. ^ Winter, Doug (2001). "The Five Components of Coin Grading". Archived from the original on 2010-03-08. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
  3. ^ a b c d e "NGC". ngccoin.com. NGC.
  4. ^ a b c d e "PCGS Coin Facts". pcgscoinfacts.com. pcgscoinfacts.com. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
  5. ^ a b c "ANACS". www.anacs.com/. ANACS. Archived from the original on 2015-03-31. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
  6. ^ a b c "ICG". icgcoin.com. ICG. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
  7. ^ Sheldon, William H. (1990). Penny Whimsy. Sanford S. Durst. ISBN 0-942666-62-3.
  8. ^ a b "How United States Coins are Graded". PCGS. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
  9. ^ "History of Grading". slatercoins.com. Slater Numismatics, LLC. 2008. Archived from the original on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2009.
  10. ^ "Coin Grading Systems - The History of Coin Grading Scales". About.com. Archived from the original on 16 November 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2009.
  11. ^ "The History of Rare Coin Grading". Austin Gold Information Network. Archived from the original on 6 September 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2009.
  12. ^ "Gold Shield Page". PCGS.
  13. ^ "NGC: Launches Plus Designation | NGC". www.ngccoin.com.
  14. ^ "PNG, ICTA Announce Results of 2006 Grading Services Survey". pngdealers.org. Professional Numismatists Guild. Archived from the original on 2015-09-21. Retrieved 2015-09-07.
  15. ^ "PCGS Announces". coinweek.com. Coin Week. 13 January 2014. Retrieved 2015-09-16.
  16. ^ "NGC Confirms Counterfeit Replica Coin Holders". coinnews.net. Coin News. Retrieved 2015-09-16.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coin grading.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Coin_grading&oldid=1252686132"