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'''''Erythrosuchus''''' ( |
'''''Erythrosuchus''''' (from {{langx|el|ἐρυθρός}} {{transl|el|eruthrós}}, 'red' and {{langx|el|σοῦχος}} {{transl|el|soukhos}}, 'crocodile') is an extinct genus of [[archosauriform]] [[reptile]]s from the early [[Triassic]] of [[South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gower |first=David John |date=2003 |title=Osteology of the early archosauriform reptile ''Erythrosuchus africanus'' Broom |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/127219#page/13/mode/1up |journal=Annals of the South African Museum |volume=110 |issue=1 |pages=1–88}}</ref> Remains have been found from the [[Cynognathus Assemblage Zone]] of the [[Beaufort Group]] in the [[Karoo]] of South Africa.<ref name=Detal07>{{cite journal |last=Damiani |first=R. |author2=Vasconcelos, C. |author3=Renaut, A. |author4=Hancox, J. |author5= Yates, A. |year=2007 |title=''Dolichuranus primaevus'' (Therapsida:Anomodontia) from the Middle Triassic of Namibia and its phylogenetic relationships |journal=Palaeontology |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=1531–1546 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00727.x|s2cid=131566599 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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In the [[Late Triassic]], the [[ecological niche]] left by ''Erythrosuchus'' was filled by |
In the [[Late Triassic]], the [[ecological niche]] left by ''Erythrosuchus'' was filled by archosaurs including ''[[Saurosuchus]]'' and ''[[Postosuchus]]''. |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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[[File:Erythrosuchus.png|thumb|left|Digital reconstruction of ''Erythrosuchus africanus''.]] |
[[File:Erythrosuchus.png|thumb|left|Digital reconstruction of ''Erythrosuchus africanus''.]] |
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''Erythrosuchus'' was the largest predator of its time, and was around {{convert|4.75|-|5|m|ft}} long.<ref name=EoDP/><ref name=Sterling2013>{{cite book |
''Erythrosuchus'' was the largest predator of its time, and was around {{convert|4.75|-|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=EoDP/><ref name=Sterling2013>{{cite book |
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| url = https:// |
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TN_KBP3vxg4C&dq=Erythrosuchus+5+m&pg=PA22 |
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| title = Anatomy, Phylogeny and Palaeobiology of Early Archosaurs and Their Kin |
| title = Anatomy, Phylogeny and Palaeobiology of Early Archosaurs and Their Kin |
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| publisher = Geological Society |
| publisher = Geological Society |
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| access-date = 13 September 2022 |
| access-date = 13 September 2022 |
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| page = 22 |
| page = 22 |
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| author1 = Sterling J. Nesbitt |
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| author2 = Julia Brenda Desojo |
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| author3 = Randall B. Irmis |
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|isbn = 9781862393615 |
|isbn = 9781862393615 |
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}}</ref> It walked on all fours and had limbs |
}}</ref> It walked on all fours and had limbs positioned semivertically under its body, unlike the more sprawling gait of most earlier reptiles. Its head was large and [[theropod]]-like, reaching a length of {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}}, and had sharp, conical teeth.<ref name=EoDP>{{cite book |editor=Palmer, D.|year=1999 |title= The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals|publisher= Marshall Editions|location=London|page= 94|isbn= 1-84028-152-9}}</ref> |
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''Erythrosuchus'' was [[largest prehistoric animals|the largest]] erythrosuchid,<ref name=Sterling2013/> but apart from its size, |
''Erythrosuchus'' was [[largest prehistoric animals|the largest]] erythrosuchid,<ref name=Sterling2013/> but apart from its size, was largely similar in appearance to other related genera. It had a large head and comparatively short neck. One of the few distinguishing features of ''Erythrosuchus'' other than its size is the smoothness of the margin of the [[squamosal]], a bone at the rear of the skull. In other erythrosuchids, the margin of this bone projects backward from the skull, giving it a hook-like appearance. In ''Erythrosuchus'', the margin is convex and lacks a hook.<ref name=PJM92>{{cite journal |last=Parrish |first=J.M. |year=1992 |title=Phylogeny of the Erythrosuchidae |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=93–102 |doi=10.1080/02724634.1992.10011434}}</ref> |
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==Discovery== |
==Discovery== |
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[[File:PZSL1889Plate55.png|thumb|left|Fossils, 1 and 3]] |
[[File:PZSL1889Plate55.png|thumb|left|Fossils, 1 and 3]] |
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''Erythrosuchus'' is known from many specimens, most of which are fragmentary. The [[holotype]], described by [[Robert Broom]] in 1905 and known as [[Iziko South African Museum|SAM]] 905, is poorly preserved.<ref name=BR05>{{cite journal |last=Broom |first=R. |year=1905 |title=Notice of some new reptiles from the Karoo Beds of South Africa |journal=Records of the Albany Museum |volume=1 |pages=331–337}}</ref> Only small pieces of the limbs, [[Pectoral girdle|pectoral]] and [[pelvic girdle]]s, skull, and a few [[vertebrae]] present in this specimen. A thorough description of the genus was given by [[Germany|German]] [[paleontologist]] [[Friedrich von Huene]] in 1911.<ref name=HFv11>{{cite journal |last=Huene |first=F.v. |year=1911 |title=Über ''Erythrosuchus'', vertreter der neuen reptil-ordnung Pelycosimia |journal=Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen, N.F. |volume=10 |pages=67–122}}</ref> The fossil material that served as the basis for the description is now housed in the [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]] in [[London |
''Erythrosuchus'' is known from many specimens, most of which are fragmentary. The [[holotype]], described by [[Robert Broom]] in 1905 and known as [[Iziko South African Museum|SAM]] 905, is poorly preserved.<ref name=BR05>{{cite journal |last=Broom |first=R. |year=1905 |title=Notice of some new reptiles from the Karoo Beds of South Africa |journal=Records of the Albany Museum |volume=1 |pages=331–337}}</ref> Only small pieces of the limbs, [[Pectoral girdle|pectoral]] and [[pelvic girdle]]s, skull, and a few [[vertebrae]] are present in this specimen. A thorough description of the genus was given by [[Germany|German]] [[paleontologist]] [[Friedrich von Huene]] in 1911.<ref name=HFv11>{{cite journal |last=Huene |first=F.v. |year=1911 |title=Über ''Erythrosuchus'', vertreter der neuen reptil-ordnung Pelycosimia |journal=Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen, N.F. |volume=10 |pages=67–122}}</ref> The fossil material that served as the basis for the description is now housed in the [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]] in [[London]]. Like the holotype, it is very fragmentary, and some specimens may even belong to the same individual as SAM 905. One specimen, known as [[Natural History Museum, London|NHMUK]] PV R 3592, is relatively more complete, with much of the [[postcrania|postcranial skeleton]] intact.<ref name=PJM92/> |
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[[File:PZSL1889Plate54.png|thumb|upright|Parts of vertebrae]] |
[[File:PZSL1889Plate54.png|thumb|upright|Parts of vertebrae]] |
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Early restorations of the skull of ''Erythrosuchus'' depicted it as being tall, similar in appearance to ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]''. |
Early restorations of the skull of ''Erythrosuchus'' depicted it as being tall, similar in appearance to the [[Theropoda|theropod]] genus ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]''. A complete skull that was described in 1963, though, revealed that its true shape was shorter than previously thought.<ref name=HB63>{{cite journal |last=Hughes |first=B. |year=1963 |title=The earliest archosaurian reptiles |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=59|pages=221–241}}</ref> This skull, known as [[Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research|BPI]] 5207 and currently part of the collection of the [[Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research]] in South Africa, has a somewhat pointed snout. Earlier restorations may have shown a deeper snout because how the bones of the skull articulated with one another was unknown then.<ref name=PJM92/> Supposed ''Erythrosuchus'' fossils reported from the [[Omingonde Formation]] of [[Namibia]] were later described as ''[[Etjosuchus]]'', a "[[Rauisuchia|rauisuchian]]" ([[Loricata|loricatan]]) [[archosaur]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tolchard|first1=Frederick|last2=Smith|first2=Roger M. H.|last3=Arcucci|first3=Andrea|last4=Mocke|first4=Helke|last5=Choiniere|first5=Jonah N.|date=2021-08-25|title=A new 'rauisuchian' archosaur from the Middle Triassic Omingonde Formation (Karoo Supergroup) of Namibia|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2021.1931501|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|volume=19|issue=8|pages=595–631|doi=10.1080/14772019.2021.1931501|s2cid=237402241|issn=1477-2019}}</ref> |
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The [[braincase]] has also been studied, and possesses features that are shared with other early archosauriforms.<ref name=GDJ97>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=D.J. |year=1997 |title=The braincase of the early archosaurian reptile ''Erythrosuchus africanus'' |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=242 |issue=3 |pages=557–576 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb03855.x}}</ref> Many of these characteristics are considered [[plesiomorphic]], or ancestral, in [[archosaur]]s. While ''Erythrosuchus'' is not considered an archosaur, it is thought to be closely related to the last common ancestor of all archosaurs. |
The [[braincase]] has also been studied, and possesses features that are shared with other early archosauriforms.<ref name=GDJ97>{{cite journal |last=Gower |first=D.J. |year=1997 |title=The braincase of the early archosaurian reptile ''Erythrosuchus africanus'' |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=242 |issue=3 |pages=557–576 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb03855.x}}</ref> Many of these characteristics are considered [[plesiomorphic]], or ancestral, in [[archosaur]]s. While ''Erythrosuchus'' is not considered an archosaur, it is thought to be closely related to the last common ancestor of all archosaurs. |
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==Classification== |
==Classification== |
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[[File:Erythrosuchus NT small.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration]] |
[[File:Erythrosuchus NT small.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration]] |
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The hypothetical last common ancestor of archosaurs is thought to have shared many features with ''Erythrosuchus'', many of which are found in the braincase. For example, the inner part of the otic capsule (the skeletal structure surrounding the [[inner ear]]) is not entirely [[ossified]], or completely formed of bone. Neither is the channel for the [[perilymphatic duct]], which is a tube that leaves the lagena.<ref name=GDJ97/> The lagena is the portion of the inner ear responsible for hearing, and is known as the [[cochlea]] in mammals (although in mammals it is coiled rather than straight).<ref name=PALAEOS>{{cite web |
The hypothetical last common ancestor of archosaurs is thought to have shared many features with ''Erythrosuchus'', many of which are found in the braincase. For example, the inner part of the otic capsule (the skeletal structure surrounding the [[inner ear]]) is not entirely [[ossified]], or completely formed of bone. Neither is the channel for the [[perilymphatic duct]], which is a tube that leaves the lagena.<ref name=GDJ97/> The lagena is the portion of the inner ear responsible for hearing, and is known as the [[cochlea]] in mammals (although in mammals it is coiled rather than straight).<ref name=PALAEOS>{{cite web |title=The Ear and Hearing (Overview) |work=[[Palaeos]] |access-date=30 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419155544/http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Bones/Ear/Overview.html#Inner |archive-date=19 April 2010 |url=http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Bones/Ear/Overview.html#Inner |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Erythrosuchus'' has a short lagena, which is also expected in the last common ancestor of all archosaurs.<ref name=GDJ97/> |
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Some features of the ankle of ''Erythrosuchus'' suggest that it was beginning to adapt toward [[digitigrade| |
Some features of the ankle of ''Erythrosuchus'' suggest that it was beginning to adapt toward [[digitigrade|walking on toes]] rather than having the entire foot placed on the ground. The ankle is similar to that of ''[[Euparkeria]]''; the ankles of both of these animals are more advanced than those of other archosauriformes.<ref name=CARI78>{{cite journal |last=Cruickshank |first=A.R.I |year=1978 |title=The pes of ''Erythrosuchus africanus'' Broom |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=161–177 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1978.tb01035.x}}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Latest revision as of 15:46, 22 October 2024
| Erythrosuchus Temporal range: Early to Middle Triassic
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|---|---|
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| Skull of Erythrosuchus | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Clade: | Archosauromorpha |
| Clade: | Crocopoda |
| Clade: | Archosauriformes |
| Family: | †Erythrosuchidae |
| Genus: | †Erythrosuchus Broom, 1905 |
| Type species | |
| Erythrosuchus africanus Broom, 1905
| |
Erythrosuchus (from Greek: ἐρυθρός eruthrós, 'red' and Greek: σοῦχος soukhos, 'crocodile') is an extinct genus of archosauriform reptiles from the early Triassic of South Africa.[1] Remains have been found from the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone of the Beaufort Group in the Karoo of South Africa.[2]
In the Late Triassic, the ecological niche left by Erythrosuchus was filled by archosaurs including Saurosuchus and Postosuchus.
Description
[edit]
Erythrosuchus was the largest predator of its time, and was around 4.75–5 m (15.6–16.4 ft) long.[3][4] It walked on all fours and had limbs positioned semivertically under its body, unlike the more sprawling gait of most earlier reptiles. Its head was large and theropod-like, reaching a length of 1 m (3.3 ft), and had sharp, conical teeth.[3]
Erythrosuchus was the largest erythrosuchid,[4] but apart from its size, was largely similar in appearance to other related genera. It had a large head and comparatively short neck. One of the few distinguishing features of Erythrosuchus other than its size is the smoothness of the margin of the squamosal, a bone at the rear of the skull. In other erythrosuchids, the margin of this bone projects backward from the skull, giving it a hook-like appearance. In Erythrosuchus, the margin is convex and lacks a hook.[5]
Discovery
[edit]
Erythrosuchus is known from many specimens, most of which are fragmentary. The holotype, described by Robert Broom in 1905 and known as SAM 905, is poorly preserved.[6] Only small pieces of the limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles, skull, and a few vertebrae are present in this specimen. A thorough description of the genus was given by German paleontologist Friedrich von Huene in 1911.[7] The fossil material that served as the basis for the description is now housed in the Natural History Museum in London. Like the holotype, it is very fragmentary, and some specimens may even belong to the same individual as SAM 905. One specimen, known as NHMUK PV R 3592, is relatively more complete, with much of the postcranial skeleton intact.[5]
Early restorations of the skull of Erythrosuchus depicted it as being tall, similar in appearance to the theropod genus Tyrannosaurus. A complete skull that was described in 1963, though, revealed that its true shape was shorter than previously thought.[8] This skull, known as BPI 5207 and currently part of the collection of the Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research in South Africa, has a somewhat pointed snout. Earlier restorations may have shown a deeper snout because how the bones of the skull articulated with one another was unknown then.[5] Supposed Erythrosuchus fossils reported from the Omingonde Formation of Namibia were later described as Etjosuchus, a "rauisuchian" (loricatan) archosaur.[9]
The braincase has also been studied, and possesses features that are shared with other early archosauriforms.[10] Many of these characteristics are considered plesiomorphic, or ancestral, in archosaurs. While Erythrosuchus is not considered an archosaur, it is thought to be closely related to the last common ancestor of all archosaurs.
Classification
[edit]
The hypothetical last common ancestor of archosaurs is thought to have shared many features with Erythrosuchus, many of which are found in the braincase. For example, the inner part of the otic capsule (the skeletal structure surrounding the inner ear) is not entirely ossified, or completely formed of bone. Neither is the channel for the perilymphatic duct, which is a tube that leaves the lagena.[10] The lagena is the portion of the inner ear responsible for hearing, and is known as the cochlea in mammals (although in mammals it is coiled rather than straight).[11] Erythrosuchus has a short lagena, which is also expected in the last common ancestor of all archosaurs.[10]
Some features of the ankle of Erythrosuchus suggest that it was beginning to adapt toward walking on toes rather than having the entire foot placed on the ground. The ankle is similar to that of Euparkeria; the ankles of both of these animals are more advanced than those of other archosauriformes.[12]
References
[edit]
- ^ Gower, David John (2003). "Osteology of the early archosauriform reptile Erythrosuchus africanus Broom". Annals of the South African Museum. 110 (1): 1–88.
- ^ Damiani, R.; Vasconcelos, C.; Renaut, A.; Hancox, J.; Yates, A. (2007). "Dolichuranus primaevus (Therapsida:Anomodontia) from the Middle Triassic of Namibia and its phylogenetic relationships". Palaeontology. 50 (6): 1531–1546. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00727.x. S2CID 131566599.
- ^ a b Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 94. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.
- ^ a b Sterling J. Nesbitt; Julia Brenda Desojo; Randall B. Irmis (2013). Anatomy, Phylogeny and Palaeobiology of Early Archosaurs and Their Kin. Geological Society. p. 22. ISBN 9781862393615. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
- ^ a b c Parrish, J.M. (1992). "Phylogeny of the Erythrosuchidae". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 12 (1): 93–102. doi:10.1080/02724634.1992.10011434.
- ^ Broom, R. (1905). "Notice of some new reptiles from the Karoo Beds of South Africa". Records of the Albany Museum. 1: 331–337.
- ^ Huene, F.v. (1911). "Über Erythrosuchus, vertreter der neuen reptil-ordnung Pelycosimia". Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen, N.F. 10: 67–122.
- ^ Hughes, B. (1963). "The earliest archosaurian reptiles". South African Journal of Science. 59: 221–241.
- ^ Tolchard, Frederick; Smith, Roger M. H.; Arcucci, Andrea; Mocke, Helke; Choiniere, Jonah N. (2021-08-25). "A new 'rauisuchian' archosaur from the Middle Triassic Omingonde Formation (Karoo Supergroup) of Namibia". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 19 (8): 595–631. doi:10.1080/14772019.2021.1931501. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 237402241.
- ^ a b c Gower, D.J. (1997). "The braincase of the early archosaurian reptile Erythrosuchus africanus". Journal of Zoology. 242 (3): 557–576. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb03855.x.
- ^ "The Ear and Hearing (Overview)". Palaeos. Archived from the original on 19 April 2010. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
- ^ Cruickshank, A.R.I (1978). "The pes of Erythrosuchus africanus Broom". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 62 (2): 161–177. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1978.tb01035.x.
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