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Coordinates: 40°10′16″N 24°22′58″E / 40.171111°N 24.382778°E / 40.171111; 24.382778
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The '''Monastery of Great Lavra''' ({{lang-el|Μονή Μεγίστης Λαύρας}}) is the first monastery built on [[Mount Athos]]. It is located on the southeastern foot of the Mount at an elevation of {{convert|160|m|yd}}. The founding of the monastery in AD 963 by [[Athanasius the Athonite]] marks the beginning of the organized monastic life at Mount Athos. At the location of the monastery, there was one of the ancient cities of the Athos peninsula, perhaps Akrothooi, from which the sarcophagi of the monastery that are in the oil storage house come. The history of the monastery is the most complete compared to the history of the other monasteries, because its historical archives were preserved almost intact. It is possible that the study of these archives may contribute to the completion of the knowledge of the history of other monasteries, whose archives were partially or completely lost.
The '''Monastery of Great Lavra''' ({{langx|el|Μονή Μεγίστης Λαύρας}}) is the first monastery built on [[Mount Athos]], on the Athos peninsula in northeastern [[Greece]]. It is located on the southeastern foot of the Mount at an elevation of {{convert|160|m|yd}}. The founding of the monastery in AD 963 by [[Athanasius the Athonite]] marks the beginning of the organized monastic life at Mount Athos. At the location of the monastery, there was one of the ancient cities of the Athos peninsula, perhaps Akrothooi, from which the sarcophagi of the monastery that are in the oil storage house come. The history of the monastery is the most complete compared to the history of the other monasteries, because its historical archives were preserved almost intact. It is possible that the study of these archives may contribute to the completion of the knowledge of the history of other monasteries, whose archives were partially or completely lost.


==Founding==
==Founding==
Line 55: Line 55:


The [[vestry]] is behind the main [[Church Building|church]]. Some of the most important artifacts are a manuscript of a [[gospel]] with a [[gold]]en cover which is a gift from Nikephoros II Phokas and the list (Kouvaras) of the monks since Athanasius. There are also 2,500 icons which cover the whole history of [[hagiography]] of the [[second millennium]].
The [[vestry]] is behind the main [[Church Building|church]]. Some of the most important artifacts are a manuscript of a [[gospel]] with a [[gold]]en cover which is a gift from Nikephoros II Phokas and the list (Kouvaras) of the monks since Athanasius. There are also 2,500 icons which cover the whole history of [[hagiography]] of the [[second millennium]].



==Climate==

Great Lavra enjoys a sunny and warm [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Csa''). January highs are around {{convert|11|°C|0|abbr=on}} while July and August highs are around {{convert|31|°C|0|abbr=on}}. According to the [[National Observatory of Athens]] station data, Great Lavra falls in [[hardiness zone]] 10a. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.meteo.gr/Monthly_Bulletins.cfm | title=N.O.A Monthly Bulletins }}</ref><br/>

{{Weather box
|location= Great Lavra (2015–2024)
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|Jan high C=11.2
|Feb high C=12.7
|Mar high C=14.7
|Apr high C=18.6
|May high C=23.1
|Jun high C=28.0
|Jul high C=30.7
|Aug high C=30.7
|Sep high C=26.2
|Oct high C=20.4
|Nov high C=16.8
|Dec high C=12.7

|Jan mean C= 9.3
|Feb mean C=10.6
|Mar mean C=12.1
|Apr mean C=15.6
|May mean C=19.9
|Jun mean C=24.8
|Jul mean C=27.4
|Aug mean C=27.8
|Sep mean C=23.5
|Oct mean C=18.4
|Nov mean C=14.9
|Dec mean C=11.0

|Jan low C= 7.3
|Feb low C= 8.4
|Mar low C= 9.6
|Apr low C= 12.6
|May low C=16.6
|Jun low C=21.5
|Jul low C=24.0
|Aug low C=24.8
|Sep low C=20.8
|Oct low C=16.3
|Nov low C=12.9
|Dec low C= 9.2

|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm=128.7
|Feb rain mm=71.3
|Mar rain mm=70.9
|Apr rain mm=54.2
|May rain mm=45.1
|Jun rain mm=33.7
|Jul rain mm= 36.8
|Aug rain mm= 22.0
|Sep rain mm=50.7
|Oct rain mm=80.2
|Nov rain mm=95.4
|Dec rain mm=123.0

| Jan record high C = 21.7
| Feb record high C = 22.8
| Mar record high C = 23.2
| Apr record high C = 28.5
| May record high C = 30.9
| Jun record high C = 36.6
| Jul record high C = 39.1
| Aug record high C = 38.9
| Sep record high C = 35.8
| Oct record high C = 29.2
| Nov record high C = 26.1
| Dec record high C = 23.1

| Jan record low C = -3.7
| Feb record low C = -1.2
| Mar record low C = -0.2
| Apr record low C = 3.0
| May record low C = 9.9
| Jun record low C = 14.1
| Jul record low C = 15.3
| Aug record low C = 17.4
| Sep record low C = 12.6
| Oct record low C = 9.4
| Nov record low C = 2.3
| Dec record low C = -0.2

|source = [[National Observatory of Athens]] (Apr 2015 - Apr 2024),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.meteo.gr/Monthly_Bulletins.cfm | title=N.O.A Monthly Bulletins }}</ref><br/> Great Lavra N.O.A station. <ref> https://penteli.meteo.gr/stations/megistilavra </ref>
}}


== Namesakes ==
== Namesakes ==
Line 91: Line 183:
[[Category:Christian monasteries established in the 10th century]]
[[Category:Christian monasteries established in the 10th century]]
[[Category:Greek Orthodox monasteries in Greece]]
[[Category:Greek Orthodox monasteries in Greece]]
[[Category:960s establishments in the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:10th-century establishments in the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:Lavras]]
[[Category:Lavras]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 960s]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in the 960s]]

Latest revision as of 16:57, 22 October 2024

This article is about the monastery on Mount Athos. For the monastery associated with Saint Sabbas, see Mar Saba.
Great Lavra
Μεγίστη Λαύρα
External view of the monastery.
Great Lavra is located in Mount Athos
Great Lavra
Location within Mount Athos
Monastery information
Full nameHoly Monastery of Great Lavra
OrderEcumenical Patriarchate
Dedicated toAnnunciation of the Blessed Virgin
DioceseMount Athos
People
Founder(s)Athanasius the Athonite
PriorArchimandrite Elder Prodromos
Site
LocationMount Athos, Greece
Coordinates40°10′16″N 24°22′58″E / 40.171111°N 24.382778°E / 40.171111; 24.382778
Public accessMen only

The Monastery of Great Lavra (Greek: Μονή Μεγίστης Λαύρας) is the first monastery built on Mount Athos, on the Athos peninsula in northeastern Greece. It is located on the southeastern foot of the Mount at an elevation of 160 metres (170 yd). The founding of the monastery in AD 963 by Athanasius the Athonite marks the beginning of the organized monastic life at Mount Athos. At the location of the monastery, there was one of the ancient cities of the Athos peninsula, perhaps Akrothooi, from which the sarcophagi of the monastery that are in the oil storage house come. The history of the monastery is the most complete compared to the history of the other monasteries, because its historical archives were preserved almost intact. It is possible that the study of these archives may contribute to the completion of the knowledge of the history of other monasteries, whose archives were partially or completely lost.

Founding

[edit]

The founder of Great Lavra, Athanasius, began the construction of the buildings in 963, according to the will of his friend and Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas who funded the project.[1] Nikephoros had promised Athanasius that he would soon become a monk of Great Lavra but the circumstances and his death canceled those plans. However, a permanent imperial grant, which was doubled by John I Tzimiskes, allowed the integration of the buildings. The emperors gave also the Great Lavra many other lands of property including the island of Saint Eustratius and the Monastery of Saint Andreas in Thessaloniki. This led to the growth of the monks from 80 to 120.

Later history

[edit]

The building project, according to the biography of Athanasius the Athonite (11th century), began with the protective wall and continued to the church and cells. After Athanasius' death, the monastery continued its operation normally. The emperors favored its development and during the 11th century there were 700 monks, while smaller monasteries had been ceded to Great Lavra. In the 14th century the monastery suffered, like all the other monasteries of Mount Athos, from Spaniards from the crown of Aragon and other pirates. Additionally, the Russian pilgrim Isaiah confirms that, by the end of the 15th century, the monastery was Greek.[2] The result of the crisis was the formation of a peculiar way of monasticism, the Idiorrhythmic Way,[3] despite the objections of the official Church and the emperors. In 1574, the Patriarch of Alexandria, Sylvester, helped and the monastery operated again under cenobitic monasticism, but soon the peculiar monasticism was again introduced. In 1655, the Patriarch Dionysios III, who also became a monk, donated his personal fortune for the return to the cenobitic life but again these attempts were insufficient and the peculiar monasticism remained until the 20th century (1914), when there were new attempts for the return to the cenobitic life but without results.

Since 1980, the monastery has been cenobitic.[4]

Buildings

[edit]

The main church (Katholikon) was founded by Athanasius who lost his life together with 6 other workers when one of the domes fell during the construction. The architectural style of the temple is characterized by the two large areas of the chorus and the prayer. This style was then consecrated and was copied by the other monasteries. The frescoes were made in 1535 by the great painter Theophanis. However, the narthex was painted in 1854.

North of the narthex (liti), there is the chapel of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste in which there is the grave of Athanasius. South of the liti, there is the chapel of Saint Nicholas, painted by Franco Cantellano, in 1560. The trapeza opposite the central entrance has the shape of a cross and is the largest on Mount Athos. Its interior is full of frescoes, painted by Theophanis or his school.

Art treasures

[edit]

The library of the monastery is located behind the main church. It contains 2,116 Greek manuscripts and 165 codices. Among them uncial manuscripts of the New Testament: Codex Coislinianus, Codex Athous Lavrensis, Uncial 049, Uncial 0167, and minuscules 1073, 1505, 2524, 1519. There are also over 20,000 printed books, and about 100 manuscripts in other languages. The collection is one of the richest collections of Greek manuscripts in the world.

The vestry is behind the main church. Some of the most important artifacts are a manuscript of a gospel with a golden cover which is a gift from Nikephoros II Phokas and the list (Kouvaras) of the monks since Athanasius. There are also 2,500 icons which cover the whole history of hagiography of the second millennium.


Climate

[edit]

Great Lavra enjoys a sunny and warm Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa). January highs are around 11 °C (52 °F) while July and August highs are around 31 °C (88 °F). According to the National Observatory of Athens station data, Great Lavra falls in hardiness zone 10a. [5]

Climate data for Great Lavra (2015–2024)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.7
(71.1) 		22.8
(73.0) 		23.2
(73.8) 		28.5
(83.3) 		30.9
(87.6) 		36.6
(97.9) 		39.1
(102.4) 		38.9
(102.0) 		35.8
(96.4) 		29.2
(84.6) 		26.1
(79.0) 		23.1
(73.6) 		39.1
(102.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 11.2
(52.2) 		12.7
(54.9) 		14.7
(58.5) 		18.6
(65.5) 		23.1
(73.6) 		28.0
(82.4) 		30.7
(87.3) 		30.7
(87.3) 		26.2
(79.2) 		20.4
(68.7) 		16.8
(62.2) 		12.7
(54.9) 		20.5
(68.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 9.3
(48.7) 		10.6
(51.1) 		12.1
(53.8) 		15.6
(60.1) 		19.9
(67.8) 		24.8
(76.6) 		27.4
(81.3) 		27.8
(82.0) 		23.5
(74.3) 		18.4
(65.1) 		14.9
(58.8) 		11.0
(51.8) 		17.9
(64.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.3
(45.1) 		8.4
(47.1) 		9.6
(49.3) 		12.6
(54.7) 		16.6
(61.9) 		21.5
(70.7) 		24.0
(75.2) 		24.8
(76.6) 		20.8
(69.4) 		16.3
(61.3) 		12.9
(55.2) 		9.2
(48.6) 		15.3
(59.6)
Record low °C (°F) −3.7
(25.3) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		3.0
(37.4) 		9.9
(49.8) 		14.1
(57.4) 		15.3
(59.5) 		17.4
(63.3) 		12.6
(54.7) 		9.4
(48.9) 		2.3
(36.1) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		−3.7
(25.3)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 128.7
(5.07) 		71.3
(2.81) 		70.9
(2.79) 		54.2
(2.13) 		45.1
(1.78) 		33.7
(1.33) 		36.8
(1.45) 		22.0
(0.87) 		50.7
(2.00) 		80.2
(3.16) 		95.4
(3.76) 		123.0
(4.84) 		812
(31.99)
Source: National Observatory of Athens (Apr 2015 - Apr 2024),[6]
Great Lavra N.O.A station. [7]

Namesakes

[edit]

A plant species, Campanula lavrensis, is named after the Great Lavra.[8]

[edit]
  • Road to the monastery
    Road to the monastery
  • Cypress of St. Athanasius, as seen from the entrance in the church of Great Lavra. It is said to be over 1000 years old.
    Cypress of St. Athanasius, as seen from the entrance in the church of Great Lavra. It is said to be over 1000 years old.
  • A gate
    A gate
  • Saint Nicholas fresco (1560)
    Saint Nicholas fresco (1560)
  • Main church of the monastery.
    Main church of the monastery.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ http://www.mountathos.gr/active.aspx?mode=en{1bb71778-73e0-407e-946b-ba79377d6121}View Archived 7 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ A. E. Bakalopulos (1973). History of Macedonia, 1354-1833. [By] A.E. Vacalopoulos. p. 166. At the end of the 15th century, the Russian pilgrim Isaiah relates that the monks support themselves with various kinds of work including the cultivation of their vineyards....He also tells us that nearly half the monasteries are Slav or Albanian. As Serbian he instances Docheiariou, Grigoriou, Ayiou Pavlou, a monastery near Ayiou Pavlou and dedicated to St. John the Theologian (he no doubt means the monastery of Ayiou Dionysiou), and Chilandariou. Panteleïmon is Russian, Simonopetra is Bulgarian, and Karakallou and Philotheou are Albanian. Zographou, Kastamonitou (see fig. 58), Xeropotamou, Koutloumousiou, Xenophontos, Iveron and Protaton he mentions without any designation; while Lavra, Vatopedi (see fig. 59), Pantokratoros, and Stavronikita (which had been recently founded by the patriarch Jeremiah I) he names specifically as being Greek (see map 6).
  3. ^ "Idiorrythmic Monasticism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  4. ^ Dorobantu, Marius (28 August 2017). Hesychasm, the Jesus Prayer and the contemporary spiritual revival of Mount Athos (Master's thesis). Nijmegen: Radboud University. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  5. ^ "N.O.A Monthly Bulletins".
  6. ^ "N.O.A Monthly Bulletins".
  7. ^ https://penteli.meteo.gr/stations/megistilavra
  8. ^ Speake, Graham (2014). Mount Athos: renewal in paradise. Limni, Evia, Greece. p. 34. ISBN 978-960-7120-34-2. OCLC 903320491.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
[edit]
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