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{{Short description|Superfamily of mammals}}
{{Hatnote|For the common rhinocerotoid family, see [[Rhinoceros]]}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Rhinocerotoidea
| name = Rhinocerotoids
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|56|0|earliest=63}}[[Paleocene]]-[[Holocene]]
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|56|0|earliest=63}}[[Paleocene|Latest Paleocene]]-[[Holocene|Present]]
| image = The Perissodactyl.jpg
| image = Rhino collage.png
| image_caption = Rhinoceroses, a type of rhinocerotoid
| image_upright = 1.2
| image2 = Палеонтологический музей Орлова (20221008151051).jpg
| image_caption = Clockwise from left: [[plains zebra]] (''Equus quagga''), [[Indian rhinoceros]] (''Rhinoceros unicornis'') and [[Brazilian tapir]] (''Tapirus terrestris'')
| image2_caption = Skeleton of ''[[Paraceratherium]]'' ([[Paraceratheriidae]])
| taxon = Rhinocerotoidea
| taxon = Rhinocerotoidea
| authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1821
| subdivision_ranks =
| subdivision = *{{extinct}}[[Hyracodontidae]]
*{{extinct}}[[Amynodontidae]]
*{{extinct}}[[Paraceratheriidae]]
*{{extinct}}[[Eggysodontidae]]
*[[Rhinocerotidae]]
}}
}}
'''Rhinocerotoidea''' is a [[superfamily]] consisting of three family groups horned [[odd-toed ungulate]]s, two of which are extinct. These are [[Amynodontidae]] and [[Hyracodontidae]]. The last family group is [[Rhinocerotidae]] (rhinoceroses), which survives by virtue of five living species.


'''Rhinocerotoidea''' is a [[superfamily (taxonomy)|superfamily]] of [[Perissodactyla|perissodactyls]] that appeared 56 million years ago in the [[Paleocene]]. They included four extinct families, the [[Amynodontidae]], the [[Hyracodontidae]], the [[Paraceratheriidae]], and the [[Eggysodontidae]]. The only extant family is the [[Rhinocerotidae]] (true rhinoceroses), which survives as five living species. Extinct non-rhinocerotid members of the group are sometimes considered rhinoceroses in a broad sense. Although the term 'rhinoceroses' is sometimes used to refer to all of these, a less ambiguous vernacular term for this group is 'rhinocerotoids'. The family Paraceratheriidae contains the largest land mammals known to have ever existed.<ref name="Nature">{{cite journal |last1=Deng |first1=T. |last2=Lu |first2=X. |last3=Wang |first3=S. |last4=Flynn |first4=L. J. |last5=Sun |first5=D. |last6=He |first6=W. |last7=Chen |first7=S. |date=2021 |title=An Oligocene giant rhino provides insights into ''Paraceratherium'' evolution |journal=Communications Biology |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=639 |doi=10.1038/s42003-021-02170-6 |pmc=8211792 |pmid=34140631}}</ref>
==Taxonomy==

The family tree below shows the relationship between Rhinocerotoidea and other groups.<ref>Luke T. Holbrook and Joshua Lapergola: A New Genus of Perissodactyl (Mammalia) from the Bridgerian of Wyoming, with comments on basal Perissodactyl phylogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31 (4), 2011, S. 895-901</ref>
==Taxonomy==
{| class="wikitable"
The [[cladogram]] below follows a [[phylogenetic analysis]] by Bai ''et al.'' (2020):<ref name="Bai2020">{{cite journal |last1=Bai |first1=B. |last2=Meng |first2=J. |last3=Zhang |first3=C. |last4=Gong |first4=Y.-X. |last5=Wang |first5=Y.-Q. |title=The origin of Rhinocerotoidea and phylogeny of Ceratomorpha (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) |journal=Communications Biology |date=2020 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=509 |doi=10.1038/s42003-020-01205-8|doi-access=free |pmid=32929169 |pmc=7490376 }}</ref>
|-

|+ Internal classification of Perissodactyla
{{Clade|style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%
|-
|label1='''Rhinocerotoidea'''|sublabel1=(''sensu lato'')
|{{Clade|style=white-space:nowrap;font-size:75%;line-height:100%
|label1=&nbsp;'''Perissodactyla'''&nbsp;
|1={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|label1=&nbsp;[[Tapiromorpha]]&nbsp;
|1={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1=&nbsp;[[Isectolophidae]] (†)
|1=''[[Indolophus]]''
|2={{Clade
|2={{Clade
|label1=&nbsp;[[Ancylopoda]]&nbsp;
|1=''[[Breviodon]]''
|1={{Clade
|2=''[[Fouchia]]''
}} }}
|1=&nbsp;[[Lophiodontidae]] (†)
|2={{Clade
|2=&nbsp;[[Chalicotheriidae]] (†)
}}
|1={{Clade
|label2=&nbsp;[[Ceratomorpha]]&nbsp;
|1=''[[Minchenoletes]]''
|2={{Clade
|2={{Clade
|label1=&nbsp;[[Tapiroidea]]&nbsp;
|1=''[[Triplopus cubitalus]]''
|1={{Clade
|2=''[[Yimengia]]''
|1=&nbsp;[[Helaletidae]] (†)
}} }}
|label2='''Rhinocerotoidea'''|sublabel2=(''sensu stricto'')
|2=&nbsp;[[Tapiridae]]
}}
|2={{Clade
|label2=&nbsp;[[Rhinocerotoidea]]&nbsp;
|1=''[[Hyrachyus]]''
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Uintaceras]]''
|2={{Clade
|2={{Clade
|1=&nbsp;[[Amynodontidae]] (†)
|1=''[[Teletaceras]]''
|2={{Clade
|2={{Clade
|1=&nbsp;[[Hyracodontidae]] (†)
|1=''[[Selenaletes]]''
|2=&nbsp;[[Rhinocerotidae]]
|2={{Clade
}}
|1=''[[Triplopus youjingensis|Triplopus? youjingensis]]''
}}
|2={{Clade
}}
|1={{Clade
|label1=[[Hyracodontidae]]
}}
|1={{Clade
}}
|1={{Clade
|label2=&nbsp;[[Hippomorpha]]&nbsp;
|1=''[[Ephyrachyus]]''
|2={{Clade
|2=''[[Prohyracodon]]''
|label1=&nbsp;[[Equoidea]]&nbsp;
}}
|1={{Clade
|2={{Clade
|1=&nbsp;[[Palaeotheriidae]] (†)
|2=&nbsp;[[Equidae]]
|1=''[[Ardynia]]''
|2={{Clade
}}
|1=''[[Hyracodon]]''
|label2=&nbsp;[[Brontotherioidea]]&nbsp;
|2={{Clade
|2={{Clade
|1=&nbsp;[[Lambdotheriidae]] (†)
|1=''[[Epitriplopus]]''
|2=&nbsp;[[Brontotheriidae]] (†)
|2=''[[Triplopides]]''
}}
}} }} }} }} }}
|2={{Clade
}}
|1={{Clade
}}
|label1=[[Forstercooperiidae]]
}}
|1={{Clade
|}
|1=''[[Forstercooperia]]''
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Gobicerops]]''
|2=''[[Pappaceras]]''
}} }} }}
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|label1=[[Amynodontidae]]
|1={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1=''[[Caenolophus]]''
|2=''[[Proeggysodon]]''
}}
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Rostriamynodon]]''
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Sharamynodon]]''
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Amynodon]]''
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Cadurcodon]]''
|2=''[[Metamynodon]]''
|3=''[[Paramynodon]]''
}} }} }} }} }} }}
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Eggysodon]]''
|2={{Clade
|label1=[[Paraceratheriidae]]
|1={{Clade
|1=''[[Juxia]]''
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Paraceratherium]]''
|2=''[[Urtinotherium]]''
}} }}
|label2=[[Rhinocerotidae]]
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Trigonias]]''
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Subhyracodon]]''
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Menoceras]]''
|2=''[[Rhinoceros (genus)|Rhinoceros]]''
}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

==References==
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:odd-toed ungulates]]
{{Perissodactyla Genera|R.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q15487229}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rhinocerotoidea| ]]
[[Category:Ceratomorpha]]
[[Category:Mammal superfamilies]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray]]

Latest revision as of 16:58, 22 October 2024

For the common rhinocerotoid family, see Rhinoceros

Rhinocerotoids
Temporal range: 56–0 Ma Latest Paleocene-Present
Rhinoceroses, a type of rhinocerotoid
Skeleton of Paraceratherium (Paraceratheriidae)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Perissodactyla
Suborder: Ceratomorpha
Superfamily: Rhinocerotoidea
Gray, 1821
Families

Rhinocerotoidea is a superfamily of perissodactyls that appeared 56 million years ago in the Paleocene. They included four extinct families, the Amynodontidae, the Hyracodontidae, the Paraceratheriidae, and the Eggysodontidae. The only extant family is the Rhinocerotidae (true rhinoceroses), which survives as five living species. Extinct non-rhinocerotid members of the group are sometimes considered rhinoceroses in a broad sense. Although the term 'rhinoceroses' is sometimes used to refer to all of these, a less ambiguous vernacular term for this group is 'rhinocerotoids'. The family Paraceratheriidae contains the largest land mammals known to have ever existed.[1]

Taxonomy

[edit]

The cladogram below follows a phylogenetic analysis by Bai et al. (2020):[2]

Rhinocerotoidea
(sensu lato)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Deng, T.; Lu, X.; Wang, S.; Flynn, L. J.; Sun, D.; He, W.; Chen, S. (2021). "An Oligocene giant rhino provides insights into Paraceratherium evolution". Communications Biology. 4 (1): 639. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02170-6. PMC 8211792. PMID 34140631.
  2. ^ Bai, B.; Meng, J.; Zhang, C.; Gong, Y.-X.; Wang, Y.-Q. (2020). "The origin of Rhinocerotoidea and phylogeny of Ceratomorpha (Mammalia, Perissodactyla)". Communications Biology. 3 (1): 509. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01205-8. PMC 7490376. PMID 32929169.
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