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{{Short description|Archaeological site in Belgium}}
{{Infobox ancient site
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Spy Cave
| name = Spy Cave
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| coordinates = {{coord|50|28|56|N|4|40|9|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|50|28|56|N|4|40|9|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = near [[Spy, Belgium|Spy]]
| location = near [[Spy, Belgium|Spy]]
| region = [[Jemeppe-sur-Sambre]], [[Namur (province)|province of Namur]], [[Belgium]]
| region = [[Jemeppe-sur-Sambre]], [[Namur Province]], [[Belgium]]
| type = limestone
| type = limestone
| part_of =
| part_of =
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}}
}}


'''Spy Cave''' ({{lang-fr|'''Grotte de Spy'''}}) is located near [[Spy, Belgium|Spy]] in the municipality of [[Jemeppe-sur-Sambre]], [[Namur (province)|province of Namur]], [[Belgium]] above the left bank of the Orneau River.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://users.swing.be/grottedespy/page10.html |title=Accéder |work=La grotte de Spy: le sommaire |language=French |accessdate=2007-03-15}}</ref> Classified as a premier [[Wallonia]]n Heritage site of the [[Wallonia|Walloon Region]], the location ranks among the most significant [[paleolithic]] sites in [[Europe]]. The cave consists of numerous small chambers and corridors.<ref name= "Deaujeard">Camille Daujeard, Grégory Abrams, Mietje Germonpré, Jeanne-Marie Le Pape, Alicia Wampach, Kevin Di Modica, Marie-Hélène Moncel "Neanderthal and animal karstic occupations from southern Belgium and south-eastern France: Regional or common features?", ''Quaternary International'' Available online 27 May 2016, doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.02.009. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303635030_Neanderthal_and_animal_karstic_occupations_from_southern_Belgium_and_south-eastern_France_Regional_or_common_features]</ref>
'''Spy Cave''' ({{langx|fr|'''Grotte de Spy'''}}) is located in [[Wallonia]] near [[Spy, Belgium|Spy]] in the municipality of [[Jemeppe-sur-Sambre]], [[Namur Province]], [[Belgium]] above the left bank of the Orneau River.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://users.swing.be/grottedespy/page10.html |title=Accéder |work=La grotte de Spy: le sommaire |language=fr |access-date=2007-03-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312122832/http://users.swing.be/grottedespy/page10.html |archive-date=2007-03-12 }}</ref> Classified as a premier Heritage site of the [[Walloon Region]], the location ranks among the most significant [[paleolithic]] sites in [[Europe]]. The cave consists of numerous small chambers and corridors.<ref name= "Deaujeard">Camille Daujeard, Grégory Abrams, Mietje Germonpré, Jeanne-Marie Le Pape, Alicia Wampach, Kevin Di Modica, Marie-Hélène Moncel "Neanderthal and animal karstic occupations from southern Belgium and south-eastern France: Regional or common features?", ''Quaternary International'' Available online 27 May 2016, doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.02.009. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303635030_Neanderthal_and_animal_karstic_occupations_from_southern_Belgium_and_south-eastern_France_Regional_or_common_features]</ref>


==Excavations==
==Excavations==
[[File:Spy Skull.jpg|thumb|240px|The ''Spy 2'' cranium]]
[[File:Spy Skull.jpg|thumb|240px|The ''Spy 2'' cranium]]
Since the first amateur investigations during the late 19th century numerous amateur and professional archaeologists have carried out excavations and removed all sediment deposits of the cave. In 1886 Neanderthal fossils of excellent quality were discovered, which caused the 19th century scientific community to finally exact a paradigm shift and recognize the existing fossils [[Engis 2]] and [[Neanderthal 1]] and embrace the notion of the mutability of species in an evolutionary context. The excavation was conducted by [[Liège (city)|Liège]], archaeologist Marcel de Puydt and geologist Max Lohest. Paleontologist and zoologist Julien Fraipont published the specimen description in the [[American Anthropologist]] journal.<ref>''La race humaine de Neanderthal ou de Canstadt en Belgique: Recherches ethnographiques sur des ossements d'une grotte à Spy et détermination de leur âge géologique in ''[[American Anthropologist]]'', Vol. 1, No. 3 (Jul., 1888), pp. 286-287 (review consists of 2 pages).</ref>
Since the first amateur investigations during the late 19th century numerous amateur and professional archaeologists have carried out excavations and removed all sediment deposits of the cave. In 1886 Neanderthal fossils of excellent quality were discovered, which contributed to the 19th century scientific community to occasion the paradigm shift and recognize the existing fossils [[Engis 2]] and [[Neanderthal 1]] and embrace the notion of the mutability of species in an evolutionary context. The excavation was conducted by [[Liège]]-based archaeologist [[Marcel de Puydt]] and geologist [[Max Lohest]]. Paleontologist and zoologist [[Julien Fraipont]] published the specimen description in the [[American Anthropologist]] journal.<ref>''La race humaine de Neanderthal ou de Canstadt en Belgique: Recherches ethnographiques sur des ossements d'une grotte à Spy et détermination de leur âge géologique in ''[[American Anthropologist]]'', Vol. 1, No. 3 (Jul., 1888), pp. 286-287 (review consists of 2 pages).</ref>


The [[Assemblage (archaeology)|assemblages]] of the oldest excavations have been mixed, that makes the interpretation of the palaeoenvironment difficult.<ref name="Chrono">Stéphane Pirson, Damien Flas, Grégory Abrams, Dominique Bonjean, Mona Court-Picon, Kévin Di Modica, Christelle Draily, Freddy Damblon, Paul Haesaerts, Rebecca Miller, Hélène Rougier, Michel Toussaint, Patrick Semal, "Chronostratigraphic context of the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition: Recent data from Belgium", ''Quaternary International'' 259:78-94 · May 2012, pp.78-94 [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251636402_Chronostratigraphic_context_of_the_Middle_to_Upper_Palaeolithic_transition_Recent_data_from_Belgium]</ref> In addition publications of de Puydt, Lohest and Fraipoint disagree on the number of layers of [[Knapping|knapped]] [[flint]]s. Nonetheless, it is assumed that there existed seven, possibly more, Paleolithic occupation sequences, three are attributed to Neanderthals and the [[Mousterian]] culture and four to Modern human [[Upper Paleolithic]] presence.<ref name="Neandertal2006">{{cite journal|last1=Toussaint|first1=Michel|last2=Pirson|first2=Stéphane|title=Neandertal Studies in Belgium: 2000–2005|journal=Periodicum Biologorum|date=2006|volume=108|issue=3|pages=373–387|issn=0031-5362}}</ref>
The [[Assemblage (archaeology)|assemblages]] of the oldest excavations have been mixed, that makes the interpretation of the palaeoenvironment difficult.<ref name="Chrono">Stéphane Pirson, Damien Flas, Grégory Abrams, Dominique Bonjean, Mona Court-Picon, Kévin Di Modica, Christelle Draily, Freddy Damblon, Paul Haesaerts, Rebecca Miller, Hélène Rougier, Michel Toussaint, Patrick Semal, "Chronostratigraphic context of the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition: Recent data from Belgium", ''Quaternary International'' 259:78-94 · May 2012, pp.78-94 [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251636402_Chronostratigraphic_context_of_the_Middle_to_Upper_Palaeolithic_transition_Recent_data_from_Belgium]</ref> In addition publications of de Puydt, Lohest and Fraipoint disagree on the number of layers of [[Knapping|knapped]] [[flint]]s. Nonetheless, it is assumed that there existed seven, possibly more, Paleolithic occupation sequences, three are attributed to Neanderthals and the [[Mousterian]] culture and four to Modern human [[Upper Paleolithic]] presence.<ref name="Neandertal2006">{{cite journal|last1=Toussaint|first1=Michel|last2=Pirson|first2=Stéphane|title=Neandertal Studies in Belgium: 2000–2005|journal=Periodicum Biologorum|date=2006|volume=108|issue=3|pages=373–387|issn=0031-5362}}</ref>


The hominid skeletons discovered during the first excavations have been named ''Spy I'', a female, and ''Spy 2'', a young male. These were dated to around 36,000 years [[Before present|BP]]<ref name="Chrono"/><ref name=Semal>Semal P, Rougier H, Crevecoeur I, Jungels C, Flas D, Hauzeur A, Maureille B, Germonpré M, Bocherens H, Pirson S, Cammaert L, De Clerck N, Hambucken A, Higham T, Toussaint M, van der Plicht J.(April 2009) "New data on the late Neandertals: direct dating of the Belgian Spy fossils", ''American Journal of Physical Anthropology'', 138 (4): 421–8. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20954</ref> (34,000 BC), although a [[Bayesian]] analysis in 2014 concluded that they were probably more than 40,000 years old.<ref name=higham2014>{{cite journal|journal=Nature|last=Higham|first= Tom et al|title=The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance|date=21 August 2014|doi=10.1038/nature13621|volume=512|issue=7514|pages=306–309}} See Figure S18 in the Supplementary Information.</ref> The identification of the remains of a Neanderthal child, ''Spy VI'', was published in 2010. The identification was made from an analysis of the mandibular remains and the child is thought to have died at about 18 months, "making the Spy Neandertal
The hominid skeletons discovered during the first excavations have been named ''Spy I'', thought to be a female, and ''Spy 2'', a young male. These were dated to around 36,000 years [[Before present|BP]]<ref name="Chrono"/><ref name=Semal>{{cite journal | last1 = Semal | first1 = P | last2 = Rougier | first2 = H | last3 = Crevecoeur | first3 = I | last4 = Jungels | first4 = C | last5 = Flas | first5 = D | last6 = Hauzeur | first6 = A | last7 = Maureille | first7 = B | last8 = Germonpré | first8 = M | last9 = Bocherens | first9 = H | last10 = Pirson | first10 = S | last11 = Cammaert | first11 = L | last12 = De Clerck | first12 = N | last13 = Hambucken | first13 = A | last14 = Higham | first14 = T | last15 = Toussaint | first15 = M | last16 = van der Plicht | first16 = J. | year = 2009 | title = New data on the late Neandertals: direct dating of the Belgian Spy fossils | url = https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6730585/2009AmJPhysAnthropolSemal.pdf| journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 138 | issue = 4| pages = 421–8 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.20954 | pmid=19003923| hdl = 11370/1c7cb183-a72b-4998-97ee-b67effc29e8a | s2cid = 23053729 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> (34,000 BC), although a [[Bayesian probability|Bayesian]] analysis in 2014 concluded that they were probably more than 40,000 years old.<ref name=higham2014>{{cite journal|journal=Nature|last=Higham|first= Tom |display-authors=etal |title=The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance|date=21 August 2014|doi=10.1038/nature13621|volume=512|issue=7514|pages=306–309|pmid=25143113|bibcode=2014Natur.512..306H |s2cid=205239973}} See Figure S18 in the Supplementary Information.</ref> The identification of the remains of a Neanderthal child, ''Spy VI'', was published in 2010. The identification was made from an analysis of the mandibular remains and the child is thought to have died at about 18 months, "making the Spy Neandertal
remains the youngest ever directly dated in northwest Europe."<ref name=Crevecoeur>Crevecoeur I, Bayle P, Rougier H, Maureille B, Higham T, van der Plicht J, et al. "The Spy VI child: A newly discovered Neandertal infant", ''Journal of Human Evolution'', 2010;59: 641–656. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.022</ref> A paper in ''Anthropologica et Præhistorica'' states that the original excavators at Spy did not believe that the remains were deliberately buried in graves but that this hypothesis is "now
remains the youngest ever directly dated in northwest Europe."<ref name=Crevecoeur>{{cite journal | last1 = Crevecoeur | first1 = I | last2 = Bayle | first2 = P | last3 = Rougier | first3 = H | last4 = Maureille | first4 = B | last5 = Higham | first5 = T | last6 = van der Plicht | first6 = J |display-authors=etal | year = 2010 | title = The Spy VI child: A newly discovered Neandertal infant | journal = Journal of Human Evolution | volume = 59 | issue = 6| pages = 641–656 | doi = 10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.022 | pmid = 20934740 }}</ref> A paper in ''Anthropologica et Præhistorica'' states that the original excavators at Spy did not believe that the remains were deliberately buried in graves but that this hypothesis is "now
widely accepted".<ref name=Semal2012>Semal, P, Hauzeur, A, Rougier, H, Crevecoeur, I, Germonpré, M, Pirson, S, Haesaerts, P, Jungels, C, Flas, D, Toussaint, M, Maureille, B, Bocherens, H, Higham, T, van der Plicht, J, "Radiocarbon Dating Of Human Remains And Associated Archaeological Material", ''Anthropologica et Præhistorica'', Vol. 123, 2012, pp.331-356</ref>
widely accepted".<ref name=Semal2012>Semal, P, Hauzeur, A, Rougier, H, Crevecoeur, I, Germonpré, M, Pirson, S, Haesaerts, P, Jungels, C, Flas, D, Toussaint, M, Maureille, B, Bocherens, H, Higham, T, van der Plicht, J, "Radiocarbon Dating Of Human Remains And Associated Archaeological Material", ''Anthropologica et Præhistorica'', Vol. 123, 2012, pp.331-356</ref>


== Archaeogenetics ==
⚫
Almost 12,000 faunal remains of the [[Pleistocene]] were discovered, including mammoth, horse, cave hyena, woolly rhinoceros reindeer and cave bear bones.<ref name= "Deaujeard"/>
In 2018, researchers succeeded in extracting DNA from ''Spy94a'', an upper right molar that has been directly dated to around 39,150-37,880 BP. Researchers believe that ''Spy94a'' belongs to ''Spy 1''. DNA analysis reveals that ''Spy94a'' was male. Compared to other Neanderthals for which [[nuclear DNA]] has been extracted, ''Spy94a'' is genetically closest to ''Goyet Q56-1'' from [[Goyet Caves]] and groups closest with other Late European Neanderthals.<ref name="Hajdinjak 2018">{{cite journal|last1=Hajdinjak|first1=Mateja|last2=Fu|first2=Qiaomei|last3=Hübner|first3=Alexander|last4=Petr|first4=Martin|last5=Mafessoni|first5=Fabrizio|last6=Grote|first6=Steffi|last7=Skoglund|first7=Pontus|last8=Narasimham|first8=Vagheesh|last9=Rougier|first9=Hélène|last10=Crevecoeur|first10=Isabelle|last11=Semal|first11=Patrick|last12=Soressi|first12=Marie|last13=Talamo|first13=Sahra|last14=Hublin|first14=Jean-Jacques|last15=Gušić|first15=Ivan|last16=Kućan|first16=Željko|last17=Rudan|first17=Pavao|last18=Golovanova|first18=Liubov V.|last19=Doronichev|first19=Vladimir B.|last20=Posth|first20=Cosimo|last21=Krause|first21=Johannes|last22=Korlević|first22=Petra|last23=Nagel|first23=Sarah|last24=Nickel|first24=Birgit|last25=Slatkin|first25=Montgomery|last26=Patterson|first26=Nick|last27=Reich|first27=David|last28=Prüfer|first28=Kay|last29=Meyer|first29=Matthias|last30=Pääbo|first30=Svante|last31=Kelso|first31=Janet|title=Reconstructing the genetic history of late Neanderthals|journal=Nature|volume=555|issue=7698|pages=652–656|year=2018|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/nature26151|pmid=29562232|pmc=6485383|bibcode=2018Natur.555..652H |hdl=1887/70268}}</ref>


== Mammoth hunting ==
== Mammoth Consumption ==
⚫
Almost 12,000 faunal remains of the [[Pleistocene]] were discovered, including [[mammoth]], horse, [[cave hyena]], [[woolly rhinoceros]], reindeer, and [[cave bear]] bones.<ref name= "Deaujeard"/>


All levels contained mammoth remains, including an unusual (compared to other sites) number of molars. It has been suggested that the Neanderthal occupants brought mammoth heads to the site and ate the brains. Because many of the molars were unworn, these would have been very young or newborn calves, "killed in early spring, when plant food would not yet have been available."<ref name="Mammoth">{{cite journal|last1=Germonpré|first1=Mietje|last2=Udrescu|first2=Mircea|last3=Fiers|first3=Evelyne|title=Possible evidence of mammoth hunting at the Neanderthal site of Spy (Belgium)|journal=Quaternary International|date=2013|volume=337|pages=28–42|url=http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/34467451/Germonpre_et_al_mammoth_hunting_Spy_2014.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAJ56TQJRTWSMTNPEA&Expires=1470242016&Signature=vG6VbyxrRbCiylLEtBECBEa2hYg%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DPossible_evidence_of_mammoth_hunting_at.pdf}}</ref>
All levels contained mammoth remains, including an unusual (compared to other sites) number of molars. It has been suggested that the Neanderthal occupants brought mammoth heads to the site and ate the brains. Because many of the molars were unworn, these would have been very young or newborn calves, "killed in early spring, when plant food would not yet have been available."<ref name="Mammoth">{{cite journal|last1=Germonpré|first1=Mietje|last2=Udrescu|first2=Mircea|last3=Fiers|first3=Evelyne|title=Possible evidence of mammoth hunting at the Neanderthal site of Spy (Belgium)|journal=Quaternary International|date=2013|volume=337|pages=28–42|doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2012.10.035}}</ref>


== Anatomically modern humans ==
== Anatomically modern humans ==
Evidence of occupation by [[Upper Paleolithic]] [[anatomically modern humans]] has also been found at Spy. A report published in 2013 states that "Based on cut-marked bones, remains with [[ochre]] traces and an [[Aurignacian]] spear point, it seems that AMH visited Spy at least three times: at around 34,500 BP, 33,000 BP and 26,000 BP."<ref name="Germonpré">{{cite journal|last1=Germonpré|first1=Mietje|last2=Udrescu|first2=Mircea|last3=Fiers|first3=Evelyne|title=The Fossil Mammals Of Spy|journal=Anthropologica et Præhistorica|date=2013|volume=123|pages=289–327|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mietje_Germonpre/publication/286140590_The_fossil_mammals_of_spy/links/56d3f73708ae85c8234cd9c0.pdf|accessdate=4 August 2016}}</ref> Pendants and perforated beads made from mammoth ivory, presumably by modern humans, were found in the cave.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Crow|first1=T. J.|title=The Speciation of Modern Homo Sapiens|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0197263112|page=33|url=https://books.google.com/?id=pBXO4Ixd-9wC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=%22spy+cave%22+%22homo+sapiens%22#v=onepage&q=%22spy%20cave%22%20&f=false|accessdate=4 August 2016}}</ref>
Evidence of occupation by [[Upper Paleolithic]] [[anatomically modern humans]] has also been found at Spy. A report published in 2013 states that "Based on cut-marked bones, remains with [[ochre]] traces and an [[Aurignacian]] spear point, it seems that AMH visited Spy at least three times: at around 34,500 BP, 33,000 BP and 26,000 BP."<ref name="Germonpré">{{cite journal|last1=Germonpré|first1=Mietje|last2=Udrescu|first2=Mircea|last3=Fiers|first3=Evelyne|title=The Fossil Mammals Of Spy|journal=Anthropologica et Præhistorica|date=2013|volume=123|pages=289–327|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286140590|access-date=4 August 2016}}</ref> Pendants and perforated beads made from mammoth ivory, presumably by modern humans, were found in the cave.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Crow|first1=T. J.|title=The Speciation of Modern Homo Sapiens|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0197263112|page=33|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBXO4Ixd-9wC&q=%22spy+cave%22+&pg=PA33|access-date=4 August 2016}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 71: Line 74:


{{Navbox prehistoric caves}}
{{Navbox prehistoric caves}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:1886 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:Caves of Wallonia|Spy]]
[[Category:Caves of Wallonia|Spy]]
[[Category:Wallonia's Major Heritage]]
[[Category:Wallonia's Major Heritage]]
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[[Category:Archaeological sites in Belgium]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Belgium]]
[[Category:Limestone caves]]
[[Category:Limestone caves]]
[[Category:Prehistoric sites in Belgium]]
[[Category:Mousterian]]
[[Category:Cave bear]]

Latest revision as of 18:35, 22 October 2024

Spy Cave
Grotte de Spy
Spy Cave entrance
Spy Cave in Belgium
Spy Cave in Belgium
Location in Belgium
Locationnear Spy
RegionJemeppe-sur-Sambre, Namur Province, Belgium
Coordinates50°28′56″N 4°40′9″E / 50.48222°N 4.66917°E / 50.48222; 4.66917
Typelimestone
History
Materiallimestone Karst
Associated withNeanderthals, Homo sapiens
Site notes
Excavation dates1886
ArchaeologistsMarcel de Puydt, Max Lohest

Spy Cave (French: Grotte de Spy) is located in Wallonia near Spy in the municipality of Jemeppe-sur-Sambre, Namur Province, Belgium above the left bank of the Orneau River.[1] Classified as a premier Heritage site of the Walloon Region, the location ranks among the most significant paleolithic sites in Europe. The cave consists of numerous small chambers and corridors.[2]

Excavations

[edit]
The Spy 2 cranium

Since the first amateur investigations during the late 19th century numerous amateur and professional archaeologists have carried out excavations and removed all sediment deposits of the cave. In 1886 Neanderthal fossils of excellent quality were discovered, which contributed to the 19th century scientific community to occasion the paradigm shift and recognize the existing fossils Engis 2 and Neanderthal 1 and embrace the notion of the mutability of species in an evolutionary context. The excavation was conducted by Liège-based archaeologist Marcel de Puydt and geologist Max Lohest. Paleontologist and zoologist Julien Fraipont published the specimen description in the American Anthropologist journal.[3]

The assemblages of the oldest excavations have been mixed, that makes the interpretation of the palaeoenvironment difficult.[4] In addition publications of de Puydt, Lohest and Fraipoint disagree on the number of layers of knapped flints. Nonetheless, it is assumed that there existed seven, possibly more, Paleolithic occupation sequences, three are attributed to Neanderthals and the Mousterian culture and four to Modern human Upper Paleolithic presence.[5]

The hominid skeletons discovered during the first excavations have been named Spy I, thought to be a female, and Spy 2, a young male. These were dated to around 36,000 years BP[4][6] (34,000 BC), although a Bayesian analysis in 2014 concluded that they were probably more than 40,000 years old.[7] The identification of the remains of a Neanderthal child, Spy VI, was published in 2010. The identification was made from an analysis of the mandibular remains and the child is thought to have died at about 18 months, "making the Spy Neandertal remains the youngest ever directly dated in northwest Europe."[8] A paper in Anthropologica et Præhistorica states that the original excavators at Spy did not believe that the remains were deliberately buried in graves but that this hypothesis is "now widely accepted".[9]

Archaeogenetics

[edit]

In 2018, researchers succeeded in extracting DNA from Spy94a, an upper right molar that has been directly dated to around 39,150-37,880 BP. Researchers believe that Spy94a belongs to Spy 1. DNA analysis reveals that Spy94a was male. Compared to other Neanderthals for which nuclear DNA has been extracted, Spy94a is genetically closest to Goyet Q56-1 from Goyet Caves and groups closest with other Late European Neanderthals.[10]

Mammoth Consumption

[edit]

Almost 12,000 faunal remains of the Pleistocene were discovered, including mammoth, horse, cave hyena, woolly rhinoceros, reindeer, and cave bear bones.[2]

All levels contained mammoth remains, including an unusual (compared to other sites) number of molars. It has been suggested that the Neanderthal occupants brought mammoth heads to the site and ate the brains. Because many of the molars were unworn, these would have been very young or newborn calves, "killed in early spring, when plant food would not yet have been available."[11]

Anatomically modern humans

[edit]

Evidence of occupation by Upper Paleolithic anatomically modern humans has also been found at Spy. A report published in 2013 states that "Based on cut-marked bones, remains with ochre traces and an Aurignacian spear point, it seems that AMH visited Spy at least three times: at around 34,500 BP, 33,000 BP and 26,000 BP."[12] Pendants and perforated beads made from mammoth ivory, presumably by modern humans, were found in the cave.[13]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Accéder". La grotte de Spy: le sommaire (in French). Archived from the original on 2007-03-12. Retrieved 2007-03-15.
  2. ^ a b Camille Daujeard, Grégory Abrams, Mietje Germonpré, Jeanne-Marie Le Pape, Alicia Wampach, Kevin Di Modica, Marie-Hélène Moncel "Neanderthal and animal karstic occupations from southern Belgium and south-eastern France: Regional or common features?", Quaternary International Available online 27 May 2016, doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.02.009. [1]
  3. ^ La race humaine de Neanderthal ou de Canstadt en Belgique: Recherches ethnographiques sur des ossements d'une grotte à Spy et détermination de leur âge géologique in American Anthropologist, Vol. 1, No. 3 (Jul., 1888), pp. 286-287 (review consists of 2 pages).
  4. ^ a b Stéphane Pirson, Damien Flas, Grégory Abrams, Dominique Bonjean, Mona Court-Picon, Kévin Di Modica, Christelle Draily, Freddy Damblon, Paul Haesaerts, Rebecca Miller, Hélène Rougier, Michel Toussaint, Patrick Semal, "Chronostratigraphic context of the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition: Recent data from Belgium", Quaternary International 259:78-94 · May 2012, pp.78-94 [2]
  5. ^ Toussaint, Michel; Pirson, Stéphane (2006). "Neandertal Studies in Belgium: 2000–2005". Periodicum Biologorum. 108 (3): 373–387. ISSN 0031-5362.
  6. ^ Semal, P; Rougier, H; Crevecoeur, I; Jungels, C; Flas, D; Hauzeur, A; Maureille, B; Germonpré, M; Bocherens, H; Pirson, S; Cammaert, L; De Clerck, N; Hambucken, A; Higham, T; Toussaint, M; van der Plicht, J. (2009). "New data on the late Neandertals: direct dating of the Belgian Spy fossils" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 138 (4): 421–8. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20954. hdl:11370/1c7cb183-a72b-4998-97ee-b67effc29e8a. PMID 19003923. S2CID 23053729.
  7. ^ Higham, Tom; et al. (21 August 2014). "The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance". Nature. 512 (7514): 306–309. Bibcode:2014Natur.512..306H. doi:10.1038/nature13621. PMID 25143113. S2CID 205239973. See Figure S18 in the Supplementary Information.
  8. ^ Crevecoeur, I; Bayle, P; Rougier, H; Maureille, B; Higham, T; van der Plicht, J; et al. (2010). "The Spy VI child: A newly discovered Neandertal infant". Journal of Human Evolution. 59 (6): 641–656. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.022. PMID 20934740.
  9. ^ Semal, P, Hauzeur, A, Rougier, H, Crevecoeur, I, Germonpré, M, Pirson, S, Haesaerts, P, Jungels, C, Flas, D, Toussaint, M, Maureille, B, Bocherens, H, Higham, T, van der Plicht, J, "Radiocarbon Dating Of Human Remains And Associated Archaeological Material", Anthropologica et Præhistorica, Vol. 123, 2012, pp.331-356
  10. ^ Hajdinjak, Mateja; Fu, Qiaomei; Hübner, Alexander; Petr, Martin; Mafessoni, Fabrizio; Grote, Steffi; Skoglund, Pontus; Narasimham, Vagheesh; Rougier, Hélène; Crevecoeur, Isabelle; Semal, Patrick; Soressi, Marie; Talamo, Sahra; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Gušić, Ivan; Kućan, Željko; Rudan, Pavao; Golovanova, Liubov V.; Doronichev, Vladimir B.; Posth, Cosimo; Krause, Johannes; Korlević, Petra; Nagel, Sarah; Nickel, Birgit; Slatkin, Montgomery; Patterson, Nick; Reich, David; Prüfer, Kay; Meyer, Matthias; Pääbo, Svante; Kelso, Janet (2018). "Reconstructing the genetic history of late Neanderthals". Nature. 555 (7698): 652–656. Bibcode:2018Natur.555..652H. doi:10.1038/nature26151. hdl:1887/70268. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 6485383. PMID 29562232.
  11. ^ Germonpré, Mietje; Udrescu, Mircea; Fiers, Evelyne (2013). "Possible evidence of mammoth hunting at the Neanderthal site of Spy (Belgium)". Quaternary International. 337: 28–42. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.10.035.
  12. ^ Germonpré, Mietje; Udrescu, Mircea; Fiers, Evelyne (2013). "The Fossil Mammals Of Spy". Anthropologica et Præhistorica. 123: 289–327. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  13. ^ Crow, T. J. (2004). The Speciation of Modern Homo Sapiens. Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0197263112. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
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