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{{Short description|1898–1945 French enclave in South China}}
{{Short description|1898–1945 French enclave in southern China}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Guangzhouwan|Guangzhou}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Guangzhouwan|Guangzhou}}
{{Use British English|date = January 2019}}
{{Use British English|date = January 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = January 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = January 2019}}
{{Coord|21|10|38.2|N|110|25|4.76|E|display=title|region:CN}}
{{Infobox country
{{Infobox country
| native_name = {{lang|zh-hant|廣州灣}}
| native_name = {{lang|zh-hant|廣州灣}}
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| image_map = KouangTcheouWang.JPG
| image_map = KouangTcheouWang.JPG
| image_map2 = Location Guangzhou Wan.png
| image_map2 = Location Guangzhou Wan.png
| image_map2_caption = Location of Kwangchow Wan in French Indochina
| image_map2_caption = Location of Kwangchow Wan and French Indochina
| capital = [[Zhanjiang|Fort-Bayard]]
| capital = [[Zhanjiang|Fort-Bayard]]
| common_languages = {{Plainlist}}
| common_languages = {{Plainlist}}
* [[French language|French]] (official)
* [[French language|French]] (official)
* [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]]{{clarify|What about the Luichew dialect of Minnanese, e.g.?|date=July 2024}}
* [[Cantonese]]
{{Endplainlist}}
{{Endplainlist}}
| title_deputy =
| title_deputy =
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| stat_pop3 = 209,000
| stat_pop3 = 209,000
}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese| t=廣州灣|s=广州湾|l=Guangzhou Bay|w={{Tone superscript|Kuang3 Chou1 Wan1}}|j={{Tone superscript|Gwong2 Zau1 Waan1}}|p=Guǎngzhōu wān}}
{{Infobox Chinese| t=廣州灣|s=广州湾|l=Guangzhou Bay|w={{Tone superscript|Kuang3 Chou1 Wan1}}|j={{Tone superscript|Gwong2 Zau1 Waan1}}|y=''gwóng dzàu wāan''|p=Guǎngzhōu wān|showflag=yj|lang1=fr|lang1_content=Kouang-Tchéou-Wan}}


The '''Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan''', officially the '''{{lang|fr|Territoire de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan|italics=no}}''',{{refn|group=nb|Also spelled '''Kwangchow Wan''', '''Kwangchow-wan''', '''Kwang-Chou-Wan''' or '''Quang-Tchéou-Wan'''.}} was a territory on the coast of [[Zhanjiang]] in [[China]] leased to France and administered by [[French Indochina]].{{sfn|Gale|1970|p=201}} The capital of the territory was Fort-Bayard, present-day [[Zhanjiang]].{{refn|group=nb|Also spelled Tsankiang, Chankiang, and Tsamkong.}}
The '''Leased Territory of''' {{cn span|'''Guangzhouwan''',|date=February 2024}} officially the '''{{lang|fr|Territoire de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan|italics=no}}''',{{refn|group=nb|Also spelt '''Kwangchow Wan''', '''Kwangchow-wan''', '''Kwang-Chou-Wan''' or '''Quang-Tchéou-Wan'''.}} was a territory on the coast of present-day [[Zhanjiang]] in [[China]] leased to France and administered by [[French Indochina]].{{sfn|Gale|1970|p=201}} The capital of the territory was Fort-Bayard, present-day Zhanjiang.{{refn|group=nb|Also spelt {{cn span|Tsankiang, Chankiang,|date=July 2024}} and Tsamkong.}}


The Japanese occupied the territory in February 1943. In 1945, following the surrender of Japan, France formally relinquished Guangzhouwan to China. The territory did not experience the rapid growth in population that other parts of coastal China experienced, rising from 189,000 in the early 20th century{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} to just 209,000 in 1935.{{sfn|Priestly|1967|p=441}} Industries included shipping and coal mining.
The Japanese occupied the territory in February 1943. In 1945, following the surrender of Japan, France formally relinquished Guangzhouwan to the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. The territory did not experience the rapid growth in population that other parts of coastal China experienced, rising from 189,000 in the early 20th century{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} to just 209,000 in 1935.{{sfn|Priestly|1967|p=441}} Industries included shipping and coal mining.


== Geography ==
== Geography ==
The leased territory was situated on the east side of the [[Leizhou Peninsula]] ({{lang-fr|Péninsule de Leitcheou}}), near Guangzhou, around a bay then called Kwangchowan, now called the [[Port of Zhanjiang]]. The bay forms the estuary of the Maxie River ({{Lang-zh|c=麻斜河|p=Máxié hé}}, {{lang-fr|Rivière Ma-The}}), now known as the Zhanjiang Waterway ({{Lang-zh|c=湛江水道|p=Zhànjiāng shuǐdào}})<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Chienwen |title=廣州灣 |url=https://dictionary.chienwen.net/word/ee/bb/c17656-%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9E%E7%81%A3.html |access-date=January 21, 2024 |website=國語辭典}}</ref>. The Maxie is navigable as far as {{convert|19|km}} inland even by large warships.
The leased territory was situated on the east side of the [[Leizhou Peninsula]] ({{langx|fr|Péninsule de Leitcheou}}), near Guangzhou, around a bay then called Kwangchowan, now called the [[Port of Zhanjiang]]. The bay forms the estuary of the Maxie River ({{langx|fr|link=no|Rivière Ma-The}}, {{Lang-zh|c=麻斜河|p=Máxié hé}}), now known as the Zhanjiang Waterway ({{Lang-zh|c=湛江水道|p=Zhànjiāng shuǐdào}}).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Chienwen |title=廣州灣 |url=https://dictionary.chienwen.net/word/ee/bb/c17656-%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9E%E7%81%A3.html |access-date=January 21, 2024 |website=國語辭典}}</ref> The Maxie is navigable as far as {{convert|19|km}} inland even by large warships.


The territory leased to France included the islands lying in the bay, which enclosed an area 29&nbsp;km long by 10&nbsp;km wide and a minimum water depth of 10 metres. The islands were recognized at the time as an admirable natural defense, the main islands being [[Donghai Island|Donghai Dao]]. On the smaller [[Naozhou Island]] farther to the southeast, a lighthouse was constructed.
The territory leased to France included the islands lying in the bay, which enclosed an area 29&nbsp;km long by 10&nbsp;km wide and a minimum water depth of {{convert|10|metres|fathom}}. The islands were recognised at the time as an admirable natural defence, the main island being [[Donghai Island|Île de Tan-Hai]]. On the smaller [[Naozhou Island|Île Nau-Chau]] farther to the southeast, a lighthouse was constructed. Another island of significant size is {{ill|Île Nansan|lt=Île des Aigrettes|fr|Île Nansan}} located to the north-northeast.


The limits of the territory inland were fixed in November 1899; on the left bank of the Maxie, France gained from [[Gaozhou]] prefecture (Kow Chow Fu) a strip of territory {{convert|18|km|mi}} by {{convert|10|km|mi}}, and on the right bank a strip {{convert|24|km|mi}} by {{convert|18|km|mi}} from [[Leizhou]] prefecture (Lei Chow Fu).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} The total land area of the leased territory was {{convert|1300|km2}}.{{sfn|Priestly|1967|p=441}} The city of Fort-Bayard ([[Zhanjiang]]) was developed as a port.
The limits of the territory inland were fixed in November 1899; on the left bank of the Maxie, France gained from [[Gaozhou]] prefecture (Kow Chow Fu) a strip of territory {{convert|18|km|mi}} by {{convert|10|km|mi}}, and on the right bank a strip {{convert|24|km|mi}} by {{convert|18|km|mi}} from [[Leizhou]] prefecture (Lei Chow Fu).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} The total land area of the leased territory was {{convert|1300|km2}}.{{sfn|Priestly|1967|p=441}} The city of Fort-Bayard (Zhanjiang) was developed as a port.


== History ==
== History ==

=== French occupation and early development ===
=== French occupation and early development ===
[[File:Kwangchowan. Fort Bayard.jpg|thumb|left|Fort-Bayard circa 1910]]
[[File:Kwangchowan. Fort Bayard.jpg|thumb|left|Fort-Bayard circa 1910]]


Kwangchouwan was leased to the French for 99 years, or until 1997 (as the British did in [[Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory|Hong Kong's New Territories]]) according to the Treaty of 29 May 1898, ratified by China on 5 January 1900. The colony was described as "commercially unimportant but strategically located"; most of France's energies went into their administration of the mainland of French Indochina, and their main concern in China was the protection of Roman Catholic missionaries, rather than the promotion of trade.{{sfn|Gale|1970|p=201}} Kwangchow Wan, while not a constituent part of Indochina, was effectively placed under the authority of the French [[Resident (title)|Resident Superior]] in [[Tonkin]] (itself under the Governor-General of French Indochina, also in Hanoi); the French Resident was represented locally by Administrators.{{Sfn|Olson|1991|p=349}} In addition to the territory acquired, France was given the right to connect the bay by railway with the city and harbour <!-- figure out what it's called today: of Ompon --> situated on the west side of the peninsula; however when they attempted to take possession of the land to build the railway, forces of the provincial government offered armed resistance. As a result, France demanded and obtained exclusive mining rights in the three adjoining prefectures.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} The return of the leased territory to China was promised after the [[First World War]] by the French at the [[Washington Naval Conference]] of 1921–1922 and ultimately returned.{{sfn|Escarra|1929|p=9}}
Kwangchouwan was leased to the French for 99 years, or until 1997 (as the British did in [[Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory|Hong Kong's New Territories]]) according to the Treaty of 29 May 1898, ratified by China on 5 January 1900, during the "[[Scramble for China|scramble for concessions]]". The colony was described as "commercially unimportant but strategically located"; most of France's energies went into their administration of the mainland of French Indochina, and their main concern in China was the protection of Roman Catholic missionaries, rather than the promotion of trade.{{sfn|Gale|1970|p=201}} Kwangchow Wan, while not a constituent part of Indochina, was effectively placed under the authority of the French [[Resident (title)|Resident Superior]] in [[Tonkin]] (itself under the Governor-General of French Indochina, also in Hanoi); the French Resident was represented locally by Administrators.{{Sfn|Olson|1991|p=349}} In addition to the territory acquired, France was given the right to connect the bay by railway with the city and harbour <!-- figure out what it's called today: of Ompon --> situated on the west side of the peninsula; however when they attempted to take possession of the land to build the railway, forces of the provincial government offered armed resistance. As a result, France demanded and obtained exclusive mining rights in the three adjoining prefectures.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} The return of the leased territory to China was promised after the [[First World War]] by the French at the [[Washington Naval Conference]] of 1921–1922, {{sfn|Escarra|1929|p=9}} but the promise was not fulfilled until 1945, by which time the territory had already ceased to be under French rule.


By 1931, the population of Kwangchow Wan had reached 206,000, giving the colony a population density of 245 persons per km<sup>2</sup>; virtually all Chinese, and only 266 French citizens and four other Europeans were recorded as living there.{{sfn|Priestly|1967|p=441}} Industries included shipping and coal mining.{{Sfn|Olson|1991|p=349}} The port was also popular with smugglers; prior to the 1928 cancellation of the American ban on the export of commercial airplanes, Kwangchow Wan was also used as a stop for Cantonese smugglers transporting military aircraft purchased in Manila to China,{{sfn|Xu|2001|p=21}} and US records mention at least one drug smuggler who picked up opium and Chinese emigrants to be smuggled into the United States from there.{{sfn|Anslinger|Tompkins|1953|p=141}}
By 1931, the population of Kwangchow Wan had reached 206,000, giving the colony a population density of 245 persons per km<sup>2</sup> (630 per square mile); virtually all Chinese, and only 266 French citizens and four other Europeans were recorded as living there.{{sfn|Priestly|1967|p=441}} Industries included shipping and coal mining.{{Sfn|Olson|1991|p=349}} The port was also popular with smugglers; prior to the 1928 cancellation of the American ban on the export of commercial airplanes, Kwangchow Wan was also used as a stop for Cantonese smugglers transporting military aircraft purchased in Manila to China,{{sfn|Xu|2001|p=21}} and US records mention at least one drug smuggler who picked up opium and Chinese emigrants to be smuggled into the United States from there.{{sfn|Anslinger|Tompkins|1953|p=141}}


=== World War II ===
=== World War II ===
[[File:Kwangchowan Japanese military occupation 1943.jpg|thumb|Landing of Japanese troops in Kwangchow Wan in February 1943]]
[[File:Kwangchowan Japanese military occupation 1943.jpg|thumb|Landing of Japanese troops in Kwangchow Wan in February 1943]]
As an adjunct of French Indochina, Kwangchow Wan generally endured the same fate as the rest of the Indochina colony during World War II. Even before the signing of the 30 August 1940 accord with Japan in which France recognized the “privileged status of Japanese interests in the Far East” and which constituted the first step of the Japanese military occupation of Indochina, a small detachment of Japanese marines had landed at Fort-Bayard without opposition in early July and set up a control and observation post in the harbor.{{sfn|Matot|2013|p=193}} However, as in the rest of French Indochina, the civilian administration of the territory was to remain in the hands of officials of [[Vichy France]] following the [[Fall of France]]; in November 1941, Governor-General [[Jean Decoux]], newly appointed by [[Philippe Pétain|Marshal Pétain]], made an official visit to Kwangchow Wan.{{sfn|Matot|2013|p=194}}
As an adjunct of French Indochina, Kwangchow Wan generally endured the same fate as the rest of the Indochina colony during World War II. Even before the signing of the 30 August 1940 accord with Japan in which France recognised the “privileged status of Japanese interests in the Far East” and which constituted the first step of the Japanese military occupation of Indochina, a small detachment of Japanese marines had landed at Fort-Bayard without opposition in early July and set up a control and observation post in the harbour.{{sfn|Matot|2013|p=193}} However, as in the rest of French Indochina, the civilian administration of the territory was to remain in the hands of officials of [[Vichy France]] following the [[Fall of France]]; in November 1941, Governor-General [[Jean Decoux]], newly appointed by Marshal [[Philippe Pétain]], made an official visit to Kwangchow Wan.{{sfn|Matot|2013|p=194}}


In mid-February 1943, the Japanese, after having informed the Vichy government that they needed to strengthen the defence of Kwangchow Wan Bay, unilaterally landed more troops and occupied the airport and all other strategic locations in the Territory. From then on, Kwanchow Wan was de facto under full military Japanese occupation and the French civilian administration was gradually reduced to a mere façade. The Administrator resigned in disgust and Adrien Roques, a local pro-Vichy militant, was appointed to replace him.{{sfn|Matot|2013|p=204}} In May of the same year, Roques signed a convention with the local Japanese military authorities in which the French authorities promised to cooperate fully with the Japanese. On 10 March 1945, the Japanese, following up on their [[Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|sudden attack on French garrisons throughout Indochina]] the night before, disarmed and imprisoned the small French colonial garrison in Fort-Bayard.{{sfn|Matot|2013|pp=209-210}} Just prior to the Japanese surrender, Chinese forces were prepared to launch a large-scale assault on Kwangchow Wan; however, due to the end of the war, the assault never materialised.{{sfn|Handel|1990|p=242}} While the Japanese were still occupying Kwangchow Wan following the surrender, a French diplomat from the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] and Kuo Chang Wu, Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China, signed the ''Convention between the Provisional Government of the French Republic and the National Government of China for the retrocession of the Leased Territory of Kouang-Tchéou-Wan''. Almost immediately after the last Japanese occupation troops had left the territory in late September, representatives of the French and the Chinese governments went to Fort-Bayard to proceed to the transfer of authority; the French flag was lowered for the last time on 20 November 1945.{{sfn|Matot|2013|pp=214-217}}
In mid-February 1943, the Japanese, after having informed the Vichy government that they needed to strengthen the defence of Kwangchow Wan, unilaterally landed more troops and occupied the airport and all other strategic locations in the Territory. From then on, Kwangchow Wan was ''de facto'' under full military Japanese occupation and the French civilian administration was gradually reduced to a mere façade. The Administrator resigned in disgust and Adrien Roques, a local pro-Vichy militant, was appointed to replace him.{{sfn|Matot|2013|p=204}} In May of the same year, Roques signed a convention with the local Japanese military authorities in which the French authorities promised to cooperate fully with the Japanese. On 10 March 1945, the Japanese, following up on their [[Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|sudden attack on French garrisons throughout Indochina]] the night before, disarmed and imprisoned the small French colonial garrison in Fort-Bayard.{{sfn|Matot|2013|pp=209-210}} Just prior to the Japanese surrender, Chinese forces were prepared to launch a large-scale assault on Kwangchow Wan; however, due to the end of the war, the assault never materialised.{{sfn|Handel|1990|p=242}} While the Japanese were still occupying Kwangchow Wan following the surrender, a French diplomat from the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] and Kuo Chang Wu, Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China, signed the ''Convention between the Provisional Government of the French Republic and the National Government of China for the retrocession of the Leased Territory of Kouang-Tchéou-Wan''. Almost immediately after the last Japanese occupation troops had left the territory in late September, representatives of the French and the Chinese governments went to Fort-Bayard to proceed to the transfer of authority; the French flag was lowered for the last time on 20 November 1945.{{sfn|Matot|2013|pp=214-217}}


During the [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong]], Kwangchow Wan was often used as a stopover on an escape route for civilians fleeing Hainan and Hong Kong and trying to make their way to Thailand, [[North America]] and Free China; [[Patrick Yu]], a prominent trial lawyer, recalled in his memoirs how a Japanese military officer helped him to escape in this way.{{sfn|Yu|2000|p=38}} However, the escape route was closed when the Japanese occupied the area in February 1943.{{Sfn|Olson|1991|pp=349–350}}
During the [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong]], Kwangchow Wan was often used as a stopover on an escape route for civilians fleeing Hainan and Hong Kong and trying to make their way to Thailand, [[North America]] and Free China; [[Patrick Yu]], a prominent trial lawyer, recalled in his memoirs how a Japanese military officer helped him escape in this way.{{sfn|Yu|2000|p=38}} However, the escape route was closed when the Japanese occupied the area in February 1943.{{Sfn|Olson|1991|pp=349–350}}


=== Return ===
=== Return ===
The territory was formally returned to China on 18 August 1945 after a meeting between the French and Chinese.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kang |first=Mathilde |title=Francophonie and the Orient: French-Asian transcultural crossings (1840-1940) |date=2018 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-485-4027-3 |series=Languages and culture in history |location=Amsterdam |pages=75}}</ref>
The territory was formally returned to the [[Republic of China (1911–1949)|Republic of China]] on 18 August 1945 after a meeting{{clarify|date=July 2024}} between the French and Chinese.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kang |first=Mathilde |title=Francophonie and the Orient: French-Asian transcultural crossings (1840-1940) |date=2018 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-485-4027-3 |series=Languages and culture in history |location=Amsterdam |pages=75}}</ref>


== French language ==
== French language ==
{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}
{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}


A French-language school, École Franco-Chinoise de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan, as well as a branch of the [[Banque de l'Indochine]], were set up in Fort-Bayard.<ref>Le Papier Colonial</ref> In addition, a Roman Catholic church constructed during the French occupation is still preserved today.{{sfn|Li|Ou|2001}}
A French-language school, École Franco-Chinoise de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan, as well as a branch of the [[Banque de l'Indochine]], were set up in Fort-Bayard.<ref>Le Papier Colonial</ref> In addition, a Roman Catholic church (St. Victor) constructed during the French occupation is still preserved today.{{sfn|Li|Ou|2001}}


== Gallery ==
== Gallery ==
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== See also ==
== See also ==
{{Portal|Geography|History|Asia|China|France}}
{{Portal|China|France|Asia|Geography|History}}
* [[China–France relations]]
* [[China–France relations]]
* [[French Indochina]]
* [[French Indochina]]
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== References ==
== References ==

=== Citations ===
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
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* [http://blog.voyagesmillebornes.com/public/cambodge/carte_indochine_1947_blog.jpg Map of French Indochina and Guangzhouwan]
* [http://blog.voyagesmillebornes.com/public/cambodge/carte_indochine_1947_blog.jpg Map of French Indochina and Guangzhouwan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005185836/http://md.bidoir.free.fr/indochine2.jpg Other map about Guangzhouwan and Indochina]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005185836/http://md.bidoir.free.fr/indochine2.jpg Other map about Guangzhouwan and Indochina]
* [http://belleindochine.free.fr/images/Plan/1909/KouangTcheouWang.JPG Map of Kwang Tchou Wan]
* [http://belleindochine.free.fr/images/Plan/1909/KouangTcheouWang.JPG Map of Kwang Tcheou Wan]
* [http://emsique.blogspot.fr/2013/04/french-colonial-zhanjiang.html "French Colonial Zhanjiang"]
* [http://emsique.blogspot.fr/2013/04/french-colonial-zhanjiang.html "French Colonial Zhanjiang"]


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Guangzhouwan}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Guangzhouwan}}
[[Category:Unequal treaties]]
[[Category:1898 establishments in China]]
[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]
[[Category:China–France relations]]
[[Category:China–France relations]]
[[Category:Concessions in China]]
[[Category:Concessions in China]]
[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]
[[Category:Former French colonies]]
[[Category:Former French colonies]]
[[Category:History of Guangdong]]
[[Category:History of Guangdong]]
[[Category:1898 establishments in China]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1945]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1945]]
[[Category:Unequal treaties]]
[[Category:Zhanjiang]]

Latest revision as of 20:53, 22 October 2024

Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
廣州灣
1898–1945
Flag of Kwangchow Wan
Flag
Location of Kwangchow Wan
Location of Kwangchow Wan and French Indochina
Location of Kwangchow Wan and French Indochina
StatusLeased territory of France
CapitalFort-Bayard
Common languages
Historical eraNew Imperialism
• French occupation
22 April 1898
• Leased by France
29 May 1898
• Administered by French Indochina
5 January 1900
• Occupied by Japan
21 February 1943
• Returned by France
18 August 1945
Area
1,300 km2 (500 sq mi)
Population
• 1911
189,000
• 1935
209,000
CurrencyFrench Indochinese piastre
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Zhanjiang
Zhanjiang
Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese廣州灣
Simplified Chinese广州湾
Cantonese Yalegwóng dzàu wāan
JyutpingGwong2 Zau1 Waan1
Literal meaningGuangzhou Bay
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinGuǎngzhōu wān
Wade–GilesKuang3 Chou1 Wan1
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanizationgwóng dzàu wāan
JyutpingGwong2 Zau1 Waan1
French name
FrenchKouang-Tchéou-Wan

The Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan,[citation needed] officially the Territoire de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan,[nb 1] was a territory on the coast of present-day Zhanjiang in China leased to France and administered by French Indochina.[1] The capital of the territory was Fort-Bayard, present-day Zhanjiang.[nb 2]

The Japanese occupied the territory in February 1943. In 1945, following the surrender of Japan, France formally relinquished Guangzhouwan to the Republic of China. The territory did not experience the rapid growth in population that other parts of coastal China experienced, rising from 189,000 in the early 20th century[2] to just 209,000 in 1935.[3] Industries included shipping and coal mining.

Geography

[edit]

The leased territory was situated on the east side of the Leizhou Peninsula (French: Péninsule de Leitcheou), near Guangzhou, around a bay then called Kwangchowan, now called the Port of Zhanjiang. The bay forms the estuary of the Maxie River (French: Rivière Ma-The, Chinese: 麻斜河; pinyin: Máxié hé), now known as the Zhanjiang Waterway (Chinese: 湛江水道; pinyin: Zhànjiāng shuǐdào).[4] The Maxie is navigable as far as 19 kilometres (12 mi) inland even by large warships.

The territory leased to France included the islands lying in the bay, which enclosed an area 29 km long by 10 km wide and a minimum water depth of 10 metres (5.5 fathoms). The islands were recognised at the time as an admirable natural defence, the main island being Île de Tan-Hai. On the smaller Île Nau-Chau farther to the southeast, a lighthouse was constructed. Another island of significant size is Île des Aigrettes [fr] located to the north-northeast.

The limits of the territory inland were fixed in November 1899; on the left bank of the Maxie, France gained from Gaozhou prefecture (Kow Chow Fu) a strip of territory 18 kilometres (11 mi) by 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), and on the right bank a strip 24 kilometres (15 mi) by 18 kilometres (11 mi) from Leizhou prefecture (Lei Chow Fu).[2] The total land area of the leased territory was 1,300 square kilometres (500 sq mi).[3] The city of Fort-Bayard (Zhanjiang) was developed as a port.

History

[edit]

French occupation and early development

[edit]
Fort-Bayard circa 1910

Kwangchouwan was leased to the French for 99 years, or until 1997 (as the British did in Hong Kong's New Territories) according to the Treaty of 29 May 1898, ratified by China on 5 January 1900, during the "scramble for concessions". The colony was described as "commercially unimportant but strategically located"; most of France's energies went into their administration of the mainland of French Indochina, and their main concern in China was the protection of Roman Catholic missionaries, rather than the promotion of trade.[1] Kwangchow Wan, while not a constituent part of Indochina, was effectively placed under the authority of the French Resident Superior in Tonkin (itself under the Governor-General of French Indochina, also in Hanoi); the French Resident was represented locally by Administrators.[5] In addition to the territory acquired, France was given the right to connect the bay by railway with the city and harbour situated on the west side of the peninsula; however when they attempted to take possession of the land to build the railway, forces of the provincial government offered armed resistance. As a result, France demanded and obtained exclusive mining rights in the three adjoining prefectures.[2] The return of the leased territory to China was promised after the First World War by the French at the Washington Naval Conference of 1921–1922, [6] but the promise was not fulfilled until 1945, by which time the territory had already ceased to be under French rule.

By 1931, the population of Kwangchow Wan had reached 206,000, giving the colony a population density of 245 persons per km2 (630 per square mile); virtually all Chinese, and only 266 French citizens and four other Europeans were recorded as living there.[3] Industries included shipping and coal mining.[5] The port was also popular with smugglers; prior to the 1928 cancellation of the American ban on the export of commercial airplanes, Kwangchow Wan was also used as a stop for Cantonese smugglers transporting military aircraft purchased in Manila to China,[7] and US records mention at least one drug smuggler who picked up opium and Chinese emigrants to be smuggled into the United States from there.[8]

World War II

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Landing of Japanese troops in Kwangchow Wan in February 1943

As an adjunct of French Indochina, Kwangchow Wan generally endured the same fate as the rest of the Indochina colony during World War II. Even before the signing of the 30 August 1940 accord with Japan in which France recognised the “privileged status of Japanese interests in the Far East” and which constituted the first step of the Japanese military occupation of Indochina, a small detachment of Japanese marines had landed at Fort-Bayard without opposition in early July and set up a control and observation post in the harbour.[9] However, as in the rest of French Indochina, the civilian administration of the territory was to remain in the hands of officials of Vichy France following the Fall of France; in November 1941, Governor-General Jean Decoux, newly appointed by Marshal Philippe Pétain, made an official visit to Kwangchow Wan.[10]

In mid-February 1943, the Japanese, after having informed the Vichy government that they needed to strengthen the defence of Kwangchow Wan, unilaterally landed more troops and occupied the airport and all other strategic locations in the Territory. From then on, Kwangchow Wan was de facto under full military Japanese occupation and the French civilian administration was gradually reduced to a mere façade. The Administrator resigned in disgust and Adrien Roques, a local pro-Vichy militant, was appointed to replace him.[11] In May of the same year, Roques signed a convention with the local Japanese military authorities in which the French authorities promised to cooperate fully with the Japanese. On 10 March 1945, the Japanese, following up on their sudden attack on French garrisons throughout Indochina the night before, disarmed and imprisoned the small French colonial garrison in Fort-Bayard.[12] Just prior to the Japanese surrender, Chinese forces were prepared to launch a large-scale assault on Kwangchow Wan; however, due to the end of the war, the assault never materialised.[13] While the Japanese were still occupying Kwangchow Wan following the surrender, a French diplomat from the Provisional Government of the French Republic and Kuo Chang Wu, Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China, signed the Convention between the Provisional Government of the French Republic and the National Government of China for the retrocession of the Leased Territory of Kouang-Tchéou-Wan. Almost immediately after the last Japanese occupation troops had left the territory in late September, representatives of the French and the Chinese governments went to Fort-Bayard to proceed to the transfer of authority; the French flag was lowered for the last time on 20 November 1945.[14]

During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, Kwangchow Wan was often used as a stopover on an escape route for civilians fleeing Hainan and Hong Kong and trying to make their way to Thailand, North America and Free China; Patrick Yu, a prominent trial lawyer, recalled in his memoirs how a Japanese military officer helped him escape in this way.[15] However, the escape route was closed when the Japanese occupied the area in February 1943.[16]

Return

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The territory was formally returned to the Republic of China on 18 August 1945 after a meeting[clarification needed] between the French and Chinese.[17]

French language

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A French-language school, École Franco-Chinoise de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan, as well as a branch of the Banque de l'Indochine, were set up in Fort-Bayard.[18] In addition, a Roman Catholic church (St. Victor) constructed during the French occupation is still preserved today.[19]

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Also spelt Kwangchow Wan, Kwangchow-wan, Kwang-Chou-Wan or Quang-Tchéou-Wan.
  2. ^ Also spelt Tsankiang, Chankiang,[citation needed] and Tsamkong.

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b Gale 1970, p. 201.
  2. ^ a b c Chisholm 1911.
  3. ^ a b c Priestly 1967, p. 441.
  4. ^ Chen, Chienwen. "廣州灣". 國語辭典. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
  5. ^ a b Olson 1991, p. 349.
  6. ^ Escarra 1929, p. 9.
  7. ^ Xu 2001, p. 21.
  8. ^ Anslinger & Tompkins 1953, p. 141.
  9. ^ Matot 2013, p. 193.
  10. ^ Matot 2013, p. 194.
  11. ^ Matot 2013, p. 204.
  12. ^ Matot 2013, pp. 209–210.
  13. ^ Handel 1990, p. 242.
  14. ^ Matot 2013, pp. 214–217.
  15. ^ Yu 2000, p. 38.
  16. ^ Olson 1991, pp. 349–350.
  17. ^ Kang, Mathilde (2018). Francophonie and the Orient: French-Asian transcultural crossings (1840-1940). Languages and culture in history. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-90-485-4027-3.
  18. ^ Le Papier Colonial
  19. ^ Li & Ou 2001.

Sources

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  • Anslinger, H.J.; Tompkins, William F. (1953), The Traffic in Narcotics, Funk and Wagnalls
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kwangchow Bay" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 957.
  • Escarra, Jean (1929), Le régime des concessions étrangères en Chine, Académie de droit international
  • Gale, Esson M. (1970), "International Relations: The Twentieth Century", China, Ayer Publishing, pp. 200–221, ISBN 0-8369-1987-4
  • A. Choveaux, "Situation économique du territoire de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan en 1923". Annales de Géographie, Volume 34, Nr. 187, pp. 74–77, 1925.
  • Handel, Michael (1990), Intelligence and Military Operations, United Kingdom: Routledge
  • Li, Chuanyi; Ou, Jie (2001), "湛江维多尔天主教堂考察" [Research on the Victor Catholic Church of Zhanjiang], Study and Preservation of Chinese Modern Architecture Series, 1, Tsinghua University, archived from the original on October 21, 2014
  • Luong, Hy Van (1992), Revolution in the Village: tradition and transformation in North Vietnam, 1925–1988, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press
  • Matot, Bertrand (2013). Fort Bayard. Quand la France vendait son opium. Paris: Éditions François Bourin.
  • Olson, James S., ed. (1991), Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press
  • Pieragastini, Steven (2017), State and Smuggling in Modern China: The Case of Guangzhouwan/Zhanjiang, Cross-Currents e-Journal (No. 25)
  • Priestly, Herbert Ingram (1967), France Overseas: Study of Modern Imperialism, United Kingdom: Routledge
  • Vannière, Antoine (2020), Kouang Tchéou-Wan, colonie clandestine: Un territoire à bail français en Chine du Sud 1898-1946, Indes Savantes
  • Xu, Guangqiu (2001), War Wings: The United States and Chinese Military Aviation, 1929–1949, Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-32004-7
  • Yu, Patrick Shuk-Siu (2000), A Seventh Child and the Law, Hong Kong, China: Hong Kong University Press
  • lettres > par pays > Chine > Kouang-Tcheou-Wan, Le Papier Colonial: la France d'outre-mer et ses anciennes colonies, retrieved January 1, 2007[permanent dead link] Includes images of letters sent to and from the territory.
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