José de Urrea: Difference between revisions

José de Urrea
José de Urrea
Born	March 19, 1797; Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón, New Navarre, Viceroyalty of New Spain; (now Tucson, Arizona, U.S.)
Died	August 1, 1849 (aged 52); Durango, Mexico
Allegiance	New Spain; Mexico
Service / branch	Spanish Army; Mexican Army
Years of service	1807–1824 (Spain); 1829–1846 (Mexico)
Rank	Captain (Spain); General (Mexico)
Battles / wars	Texas Revolution Battle of San Patricio; Battle of Agua Dulce; Battle of Refugio; Battle of Coleto; ; Federalist Revolt of 1840; Mexican–American War;

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 21:22, 22 October 2024

José Cosme de Urrea y Elías González (full name) or simply José de Urrea (March 19, 1797 – August 1, 1849) was a Mexican general. He fought under General Antonio López de Santa Anna during the Texas Revolution. Urrea's forces were never defeated in battle during the Texas Revolution. His most notable success was that of the Goliad Campaign, in which James Fannin's 400 soldiers were surrounded and induced to capitulate under terms, but were massacred in Urrea's absence on the orders of Santa Anna.^[1] Urrea also fought in the Mexican–American War.

Early life

Urrea was born at the Presidio Real de San Augustín de Tucsón (now the U.S. city of Tucson, Arizona), during Spanish regime of the region.^[2] Despite being born on the northern frontier of Mexico, his family had deep roots in the state of Durango.

Military career

In 1807 Urrea entered the Spanish army.^[3] He was a military cadet in the presidial company of San Rafael Buenavista in 1809 and a lieutenant in 1816, participating in battles in Jalisco and Michoacán. In 1821 he supported the Plan of Iguala of Agustín de Iturbide. He participated in the anti-Iturbide Plan of Casa Mata and the siege of San Juan de Uluá.^[4] In 1824 he rose to the rank of captain, but he resigned from the army and entered private life. In 1829 he rejoined the military as a major and helped to liberate the city of Durango, allying himself with Antonio López de Santa Anna.^[5] He was promoted to colonel for his actions. In 1835 he reluctantly took part in Santa Anna's attack on the state of Zacatecas (the state had openly rebelled against his rise to power). Santa Anna promoted Urrea to Brigadier General for his role in this.^[5]

Texas Revolution

When the Mexican state of Texas also revolted against Santa Anna's Centralist government, Urrea was sent there to help put down the colonists.^[5] He easily defeated small groups of Texan forces at the Battle of San Patricio, Battle of Refugio, and Battle of Coleto. The last, also known as the "Goliad Massacre", included the deliberate slaughter of Texans who had surrendered. The execution of prisoners, however, was not Urrea's choice, but an order by General Santa Anna.^[6]

Due to Urrea's string of victories, Santa Anna decided to stay in Texas and personally finish off the rebellious Texas government. His motives were personal and political^[7] as Urrea was getting all the headlines and would be seen back in Mexico as a more popular figure.

Aftermath

The military defeat of Santa Anna's forces at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836, resulted in Santa Anna's capture, and him being forced to order all Mexican forces to withdraw from Texas soil. Urrea was infuriated and, after linking up with Vicente Filisola's forces, he wanted to continue the war against the Texans since the Mexicans still had over 2,500 troops in Texas against less than 900 of Sam Houston's Texans. But both Urrea and Filisola had no choice but to comply with Santa Anna's orders, so by the middle of June, Urrea and all Mexican forces had withdrawn from Texas. The Mexican authorities criticized Filisola for leading the retreat, stripped him of his command, and made Urrea the new commander of the army. Within a few months, Urrea gathered an army of 6,000 troops near Matamoros to finally reconquer Texas. However, the invasion never occurred as he and his troops were redirected to address several federalist rebellions across Mexico.

In 1837, Urrea turned against Santa Anna upon his return to Mexico, and fought against him at the Battle of Mazatlán in 1838. The attempted uprising resulted in his eventual arrest, and he was sent to Perote Prison.^[3] He later revived his military career with the invasion of French forces into Mexico, and another failed coup attempt followed.

The Mexican–American War saw Urrea leading a cavalry division against invading American troops.^[5] Urrea died August 1, 1849, of cholera shortly after the war ended.^[5]

Notes

^ The Goliad Massacre, Presidio La Bahia Archived 2003-04-16 at the Wayback Machine, Goliad, Texas, Presidio Nuestra Senora De Loreto De La Bahia, Friends of the Fort website, accessed 28 Oct 2006"
^ Roell, Craig H. (2013), Matamoros and the Texas Revolution, Denton, TX: Texas State Historical Association, p. 69, ISBN 978-0-87611-260-1
^ ^a ^b Ohlendorf, Shelia M. "Urrea, José de". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 2007-11-07.
^ "TSHA | Urrea, José de". www.tshaonline.org. Retrieved 2021-09-10.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Roell (2013), p. 70.
^ Long, Jeff (1990), Duel of Eagles: The Mexican and U.S. Fight for the Alamo, New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., p. 280, ISBN 978-0-688-07252-0.
^ Edmondson (2000), p. 287.

References

Edmondson, J.R. (2000), The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts, Plano, TX: Republic of Texas Press, ISBN 1-55622-678-0
Long, Jeff (1990), Duel of Eagles: The Mexican and U.S. Fight for the Alamo, New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., ISBN 978-0-688-07252-0
Roell, Craig H. (2013), Matamoros and the Texas Revolution, Denton, TX: Texas State Historical Association, ISBN 978-0-87611-260-1

External links

José de Urrea from the Handbook of Texas Online
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2DBUFJSaZDY

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Mexican general (1797–1849)}}
+{{family name hatnote|Urrea|Elías González|lang=Spanish}}
 {{Infobox military person
-|name= José de Urrea
+| name          = José de Urrea
-|image=JOSE COSME URREA.jpg
+| image         = JOSE COSME URREA.jpg
-|image_size=200
+| image_size    = 200
+| birth_date    = {{birth date|1797|3|19}}
-|caption= General José de Urrea
-|birth_date={{birth date|1797|3|19}}
+| death_date    = {{death date and age|1849|8|1|1797|3|19}}
+| birth_place   = [[Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón]], [[New Navarre]], [[New Spain|Viceroyalty of New Spain]]<br/>{{small|(now [[Tucson|Tucson, Arizona]], [[United States|U.S.]])}}
-|death_date={{death date and age|1849|8|1|1797|3|19}}
+| death_place   = [[Durango]], [[Second Federal Republic of Mexico|Mexico]]
-|birth_place= [[Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón]], [[New Navarre]], [[New Spain|Viceroyalty of New Spain]]<br/>{{small|(now [[Tucson|Tucson, Arizona]], [[United States|U.S.]])}}
+| placeofburial =
-|death_place= [[Durango]], [[Second Federal Republic of Mexico|Mexico]]
+| placeofburial_label =
-|placeofburial=
+| nickname      =
-|placeofburial_label=
+| allegiance    = {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[File:Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg|border|24px]] [[New Spain]]<br/>{{flag|Mexico|1823}}
-|nickname=
-|allegiance={{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[File:Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg|24px]] [[New Spain]]<br/>{{flag|Mexico|1823}}
+| branch        = {{flagdeco|Spain|1785}} [[Spanish Army]]<br/>{{flagdeco|Mexico|1823}} [[Mexican Army]]
+| serviceyears  = 1807–1824 (Spain)<br/>1829–1846 (Mexico)
-|branch={{flagdeco|Spain|1785}} [[Spanish Army]]<br/>{{flagdeco|Mexico|1823}} [[Mexican Army]]
-|serviceyears= 1807–1824 (Spain)<br/>1829–1846 (Mexico)
+| rank          = [[Captain]] (Spain)<br/>[[General]] (Mexico)
+| unit          =
-|rank=[[Captain]] (Spain)<br/>[[General]] (Mexico)
+| commands      =
-|unit=
+| battles       = {{tree list}}
-|commands=
-|battles=[[Texas Revolution]]
+* [[Texas Revolution]]
-*[[Battle of San Patricio]]
+** [[Battle of San Patricio]]
-*[[Battle of Agua Dulce]]
+** [[Battle of Agua Dulce]]
-*[[Battle of Refugio]]
+** [[Battle of Refugio]]
-*[[Battle of Coleto]]
+** [[Battle of Coleto]]
+* [[Federalist Revolt of 1840]]
-[[Mexican–American War]]
+* [[Mexican–American War]]
-|relations=
+{{tree list/end}}
-|laterwork=}}
+| relations     =
+| laterwork     =
+}}
-'''José Cosme de Urrea y Elías González''' (full name) or simply '''José de Urrea''' (March 19, 1797 – August 1, 1849) was a [[Mexico|Mexican]] general. He fought under General [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] during the [[Texas Revolution]]. Urrea's forces were never defeated in battle during the Texas Revolution. His most notable success was that of the [[Goliad Campaign]], in which [[James Fannin]]'s 400 soldiers were surrounded and induced to capitulate under terms, but were [[Goliad Campaign#The Massacre|massacred]] in Urrea's absence on the orders of Santa Anna.<ref>''The Goliad Massacre'', [http://www.presidiolabahia.org/massacre.htm Presidio La Bahia], Goliad, Texas, Presidio Nuestra Senora De Loreto De La Bahia, Friends of the Fort website, accessed 28 Oct 2006"</ref> Urrea also fought in the [[Mexican–American War]].
+'''José Cosme de Urrea y Elías González''' (full name) or simply '''José de Urrea''' (March 19, 1797 – August 1, 1849) was a Mexican general. He fought under General [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] during the [[Texas Revolution]]. Urrea's forces were never defeated in battle during the Texas Revolution. His most notable success was that of the [[Goliad Campaign]], in which [[James Fannin]]'s 400 soldiers were surrounded and induced to capitulate under terms, but were [[Goliad Campaign#The Massacre|massacred]] in Urrea's absence on the orders of Santa Anna.<ref>''The Goliad Massacre'', [http://www.presidiolabahia.org/massacre.htm Presidio La Bahia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030416203640/http://www.presidiolabahia.org/massacre.htm |date=2003-04-16 }}, Goliad, Texas, Presidio Nuestra Senora De Loreto De La Bahia, Friends of the Fort website, accessed 28 Oct 2006"</ref> Urrea also fought in the [[Mexican–American War]].
 ==Early life==
-Urrea was born at the Presidio Real de San Augustín de Tucsón (now the U.S. city of [[Tucson, Arizona]]), during [[New Spain|Spanish regime]] of the region.<ref name=Roell69>{{citation| author = | last = Roell | first = Craig H. | author-link =  | publication-date = 2013 | title = Matamoros and the Texas Revolution | chapter = | page= 69 | pages= | publisher= Texas State Historical Association | publication-place= Denton, TX | ISBN= 978-0-87611-260-1 }}</ref> Despite being born on the northern frontier of Mexico, his family had deep roots in the state of [[Durango]].
+Urrea was born at the Presidio Real de San Augustín de Tucsón (now the U.S. city of [[Tucson, Arizona]]), during [[New Spain|Spanish regime]] of the region.<ref name=Roell69>{{citation| last = Roell | first = Craig H. | date = 2013 | title = Matamoros and the Texas Revolution | page= 69 | publisher= Texas State Historical Association | location= Denton, TX | isbn= 978-0-87611-260-1 }}</ref> Despite being born on the northern frontier of Mexico, his family had deep roots in the state of [[Durango]].
 ==Military career==
-In 1807 Urrea entered the Spanish army.<ref name="Handbook"/> In 1824 he rose to the rank of captain, but he resigned from the army and entered private life. In 1829 he rejoined the military as a major and helped to liberate the city of Durango, allying himself with [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]].<ref name=Roell70>Roell (2013), p. 70.</ref> He was promoted to colonel for his actions. In 1835 he reluctantly took part in Santa Anna's attack on the state of [[Zacatecas]] (the state had openly rebelled against his rise to power). Santa Anna promoted Urrea to Brigadier General for his role in this.<ref name=Roell70/>
+In 1807 Urrea entered the Spanish army.<ref name="Handbook"/> He was a military cadet in the presidial company of San Rafael Buenavista in 1809 and a lieutenant in 1816, participating in battles in Jalisco and Michoacán. In 1821 he supported the Plan of Iguala of Agustín de Iturbide. He participated in the anti-Iturbide Plan of Casa Mata and the siege of San Juan de Uluá.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TSHA {{!}} Urrea, José de|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/urrea-jose-de|access-date=2021-09-10|website=www.tshaonline.org}}</ref>  In 1824 he rose to the rank of captain, but he resigned from the army and entered private life. In 1829 he rejoined the military as a major and helped to liberate the city of Durango, allying himself with [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]].<ref name=Roell70>Roell (2013), p. 70.</ref> He was promoted to colonel for his actions. In 1835 he reluctantly took part in Santa Anna's attack on the state of [[Zacatecas]] (the state had openly rebelled against his rise to power). Santa Anna promoted Urrea to Brigadier General for his role in this.<ref name=Roell70/>
 ==Texas Revolution==
-When the [[Coahuila y Tejas|Mexican state of Texas]] also revolted against Santa Anna's Centralist government, Urrea was sent there to help put down the colonists.<ref name=Roell70/> He easily defeated small groups of Texan forces at the [[Battle of San Patricio]], [[Battle of Refugio]], and [[Battle of Coleto]]. The last, also known as the "[[Goliad Massacre]]", included the deliberate slaughter of Texans who had surrendered. The execution of prisoners, however, was not Urrea's choice, but an order by General Santa Anna.<ref name=Long280>{{citation| author = | last = Long | first = Jeff | author-link = Jeff Long (writer) | publication-date = 1990 | title = Duel of Eagles: The Mexican and U.S. Fight for the Alamo | chapter = | page= 280 | pages= | publisher= William Morrow and Company, Inc. | publication-place= New York | ISBN= 978-0-688-07252-0 }}.</ref>
+When the [[Coahuila y Tejas|Mexican state of Texas]] also revolted against Santa Anna's Centralist government, Urrea was sent there to help put down the colonists.<ref name=Roell70/> He easily defeated small groups of Texan forces at the [[Battle of San Patricio]], [[Battle of Refugio]], and [[Battle of Coleto]]. The last, also known as the "[[Goliad Massacre]]", included the deliberate slaughter of Texans who had surrendered. The execution of prisoners, however, was not Urrea's choice, but an order by General Santa Anna.<ref name=Long280>{{citation | last = Long | first = Jeff | author-link = Jeff Long (writer) | date = 1990 | title = Duel of Eagles: The Mexican and U.S. Fight for the Alamo | page = [https://archive.org/details/duelofeaglesmexi00long/page/280 280] | publisher = William Morrow and Company, Inc. | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-688-07252-0 | url = https://archive.org/details/duelofeaglesmexi00long/page/280 }}.</ref>
 Due to Urrea's string of victories, Santa Anna decided to stay in Texas and personally finish off the rebellious Texas government. His motives were personal and political<ref name=edmondson287>Edmondson (2000), p. 287.</ref> as Urrea was getting all the headlines and would be seen back in Mexico as a more popular figure.
 ==Aftermath==
-The military defeat of Santa Anna's forces at the [[Battle of San Jacinto]] on April 21, 1836 resulted in Santa Anna's capture, and him being forced to order all Mexican forces to withdraw from Texas soil. Urrea was infuriated and, after linking up with [[Vicente Filisola]]'s forces, he wanted to continue the war against the Texans since the Mexicans still had over 2,500 troops in Texas against less than 900 of Sam Houston's Texans. But both Urrea and Filisola had no choice but to comply with Santa Anna's orders, so by the middle of June, Urrea and all Mexican forces had withdrawn from Texas. The Mexican authorities criticized Filisola for leading the retreat, stripped him of his command, and made Urrea the new commander of the army. Within a few months, Urrea gathered an army of 6,000 troops near [[Matamoros, Tamaulipas|Matamoros]] to finally reconquer Texas. However, the invasion never occurred as he and his troops were redirected to address several federalist rebellions across Mexico.
+The military defeat of Santa Anna's forces at the [[Battle of San Jacinto]] on April 21, 1836, resulted in Santa Anna's capture, and him being forced to order all Mexican forces to withdraw from Texas soil. Urrea was infuriated and, after linking up with [[Vicente Filisola]]'s forces, he wanted to continue the war against the Texans since the Mexicans still had over 2,500 troops in Texas against less than 900 of Sam Houston's Texans. But both Urrea and Filisola had no choice but to comply with Santa Anna's orders, so by the middle of June, Urrea and all Mexican forces had withdrawn from Texas. The Mexican authorities criticized Filisola for leading the retreat, stripped him of his command, and made Urrea the new commander of the army. Within a few months, Urrea gathered an army of 6,000 troops near [[Matamoros, Tamaulipas|Matamoros]] to finally reconquer Texas. However, the invasion never occurred as he and his troops were redirected to address several federalist rebellions across Mexico.
 In 1837, Urrea turned against Santa Anna upon his return to Mexico, and fought against him at the Battle of Mazatlán in 1838. The attempted uprising resulted in his eventual arrest, and he was sent to [[San Carlos Fortress|Perote Prison]].<ref name="Handbook">{{cite encyclopedia
@@ Line 46: / Line 51: @@
   | author = Ohlendorf, Shelia M.
   | encyclopedia = Handbook of Texas Online
-  | volume =
-  | pages =
   | publisher = Texas State Historical Association
-  | date =
-  | id =
   | url = http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fur02
-  | accessdate = 2007-11-07}}</ref> He later revived his military career with the invasion of French forces into Mexico, and another failed coup attempt followed.
+  | access-date = 2007-11-07}}</ref> He later revived his military career with the invasion of French forces into Mexico, and another failed coup attempt followed.
-The Mexican–American War saw Urrea leading a cavalry division against invading American troops.<ref name=Roell70/> Urrea died August 1, 1849 of [[cholera]] shortly after the war ended.<ref name=Roell70/>
+The Mexican–American War saw Urrea leading a cavalry division against invading American troops.<ref name=Roell70/> Urrea died August 1, 1849, of [[cholera]] shortly after the war ended.<ref name=Roell70/>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 64: / Line 65: @@
 ==References==
 * {{citation|last=Edmondson|first=J.R.|title=The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts|publisher=Republic of Texas Press|place=[[Plano, TX]]|isbn=1-55622-678-0|year=2000}}
-* {{citation| author = | last = Long | first = Jeff | author-link = Jeff Long (writer) | publication-date = 1990 | title = Duel of Eagles: The Mexican and U.S. Fight for the Alamo | chapter = | page= | pages= | publisher= William Morrow and Company, Inc. | publication-place= New York | ISBN= 978-0-688-07252-0 }}
+* {{citation | last = Long | first = Jeff | author-link = Jeff Long (writer) | date = 1990 | title = Duel of Eagles: The Mexican and U.S. Fight for the Alamo | publisher = William Morrow and Company, Inc. | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-688-07252-0 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/duelofeaglesmexi00long }}
-* {{citation| author = | last = Roell | first = Craig H. | author-link =  | publication-date = 2013 | title = Matamoros and the Texas Revolution | chapter = | page= | pages= | publisher= Texas State Historical Association | publication-place= Denton, TX | ISBN= 978-0-87611-260-1 }}
+* {{citation| last = Roell | first = Craig H. | date = 2013 | title = Matamoros and the Texas Revolution | publisher= Texas State Historical Association | location= Denton, TX | isbn= 978-0-87611-260-1 }}
 ==External links==
@@ Line 80: / Line 81: @@
 [[Category:1797 births]]
 [[Category:1849 deaths]]
-[[Category:People in colonial Arizona]]
+[[Category:People from pre-statehood Arizona]]
+[[Category:People of Alta California]]
 [[Category:Mexican generals]]
-[[Category:People of Mexican side in the Texas Revolution]]
+[[Category:Mexican Republic combatants of the Texas Revolution]]
 [[Category:Mexican military personnel of the Mexican–American War]]
 [[Category:Military personnel from Tucson, Arizona]]
 [[Category:Mexican people of Basque descent]]
 [[Category:Spanish army officers]]
-[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in Mexico]]
+[[Category:Deaths from cholera in Mexico]]
-[[Category:Deaths from cholera]]

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat
National	Germany United States Spain