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The '''Jelling stones''' ({{lang-da|Jellingstenene}}) are massive carved [[runestone]]s from the 10th century, found at the town of [[Jelling]] in [[Denmark]]. The older of the two Jelling stones was raised by King [[Gorm the Old]] in memory of his wife [[Thyra]]. The larger of the two stones was raised by King Gorm's son, [[Harald Bluetooth]], in memory of his parents, celebrating his conquest of Denmark and [[Norway]], and his conversion of the Danes to Christianity.
The '''Jelling stones''' ({{langx|da|Jellingstenene}}) are massive carved [[runestone]]s from the 10th century, found at the town of [[Jelling]] in [[Denmark]]. The older of the two Jelling stones was raised by King [[Gorm the Old]] in memory of his wife [[Thyra]]. The larger of the two stones was raised by King Gorm's son, [[Harald Bluetooth]], in memory of his parents, celebrating his conquest of Denmark and [[Norway]], and his conversion of the Danes to Christianity.

The [[runic]] inscriptions on these stones are considered the best known in Denmark.<ref>{{cite book |title=Jelling stones |year=2008 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/302453/Jelling-stones }}</ref> In 1994, the stones, in addition to the burial mounds and small church nearby, were inscribed on the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]] as an unparalleled example of both pagan and Christian Nordic culture.<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |title = Jelling Mounds, Runic Stones and Church |url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/697 |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 19 Jun 2021}}</ref>
The [[runic]] inscriptions on these stones are considered the best known in Denmark.<ref>{{cite book |title=Jelling stones |year=2008 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/302453/Jelling-stones }}</ref> In 1994, the stones, in addition to the burial mounds and small church nearby, were inscribed on the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]] as an unparalleled example of both pagan and Christian Nordic culture.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Jelling Mounds, Runic Stones and Church |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/697 |access-date=19 Jun 2021}}</ref>


==Significance==
==Significance==
[[File:Jelling gr kl Stein.JPG|thumb|left|The heritage site in 2004: Runestones are in the foreground; in the background is one of two mounds.]]
[[File:Jelling gr kl Stein.JPG|thumb|left|The heritage site in 2004: Runestones are in the foreground; in the background is one of two mounds.]]
The stones are strongly identified with the creation of Denmark as a nation state. Both inscriptions mention the name "Danmark" (in the form of [[accusative case|accusative]] "tanmaurk" ({{IPA|[dɑnmɒrk]}}) on the large stone, and [[genitive case|genitive]] "tanmarkar" (pronounced {{IPA|[dɑnmɑrkɑɹ̻̊˔]}}) on the small stone).<ref>[[Carl L. Thunberg|Thunberg, Carl L.]] (2012). ''Att tolka Svitjod''. Göteborgs universitet. CLTS. p. 51. {{ISBN|978-91-981859-4-2}}.</ref>
The stones are strongly identified with the creation of Denmark as a nation state. Both inscriptions mention the name "Danmark" (in the form of [[accusative case|accusative]] "tanmaurk" ({{IPA|[dɑnmɒrk]}}) on the large stone, and [[genitive case|genitive]] "tanmarkar" (pronounced {{IPA|[dɑnmɑrkɑɹ̻̊˔]}}) on the small stone).<ref>{{cite book |last=Thunberg |first=Carl L. |author-link=Carl L. Thunberg |date=2012 |lang=sv |title=Att tolka Svitjod |trans-title=Interpreting Svitjod |location= |publisher=University of Gothenburg |page=15 |isbn=978-91-981859-4-2}}</ref>


The larger stone explicitly mentions the [[Christianization of Scandinavia|conversion]] of Denmark from [[Norse paganism]] and the process of [[Christianization of Scandinavia|Christianization]], alongside a depiction of the [[crucifix|crucified Christ]]; it is therefore popularly dubbed "Denmark's baptismal certificate" (''Danmarks dåbsattest''), an expression coined by art historian [[Rudolf Broby-Johansen]] in the 1930s.<ref>[http://www.hsso.dk/pdf/yearbook-33.pdf ''Lokalhistorie fra Sydøstjylland''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905092738/http://www.hsso.dk/pdf/yearbook-33.pdf |date=2021-09-05 }}, Historisk Samfund for Sydøstjylland og bidragyderne (2010), p. 83.</ref> In 1997 a photo of this stone inspired the name [[Bluetooth]] for the now-ubiquitous wireless standard.
The larger stone explicitly mentions the [[Christianization of Scandinavia|conversion]] of Denmark from [[Norse paganism]] and the process of [[Christianization of Scandinavia|Christianization]], alongside a depiction of the [[crucifix|crucified Christ]]; it is therefore popularly dubbed "Denmark's baptismal certificate" (''Danmarks dåbsattest''), an expression coined by art historian [[Rudolf Broby-Johansen]] in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite book |lang=da |date=2010 |title=Lokalhistorie fra Sydøstjylland |trans-title=Local history from Southeast Jutland |location= |publisher=Historisk Samfund for Sydøstjylland og bidragyderne |page=83 |isbn=978-87-92571-07-6 |url=http://www.hsso.dk/pdf/yearbook-33.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905092738/http://www.hsso.dk/pdf/yearbook-33.pdf |archive-date=2021-09-05}}</ref> In 1997 a photo of this stone inspired the name [[Bluetooth]] for the now-ubiquitous wireless standard.


[[File:JELLING CHURCH, DENMARK.jpg|thumb|right|Jelling Church]]
[[File:JELLING CHURCH, DENMARK.jpg|thumb|right|Jelling Church]]
Line 27: Line 28:


==Recent history==
==Recent history==
After having been exposed to the elements for a thousand years, cracks were beginning to show. On 15 November 2008 experts from [[UNESCO]] examined the stones to determine their condition. Experts requested that the stones be moved to an indoor exhibition hall, or in some other way protected ''in situ'', to prevent further damage from the weather.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dr.dk/Nyheder/Indland/2008/11/16/085024.htm |title=Eksperter: Runestenene skal reddes |access-date=16 November 2008 |publisher=Danmarks Radio |date=16 November 2008}}</ref>
After having been exposed to the elements for a thousand years, cracks were beginning to show. On 15 November 2008 experts from [[UNESCO]] examined the stones to determine their condition. Experts requested that the stones be moved to an indoor exhibition hall, or in some other way protected ''in situ'', to prevent further damage from the weather.<ref>{{cite web |lang=da |date=16 November 2008 |title=Eksperter: Runestenene skal reddes |trans-title=Experts: The runestones must be saved |publisher=[[DR (broadcaster)]] |url=http://www.dr.dk/Nyheder/Indland/2008/11/16/085024.htm |access-date=16 November 2008}}</ref>


In February 2011 the site was vandalized using green spray paint, with the word "GELWANE" written on both sides of the larger stone, and with identical graffiti sprayed on a nearby gravestone and on the church door.<ref>Politiken.dk: [http://politiken.dk/indland/ECE1194524/jellingstenene-haerget-af-graffiti/ Jellingstenene hærget af graffiti]</ref> After much speculation about the possible meaning of the enigmatic word "gelwane",<ref>[https://finnaarupnielsen.wordpress.com/2011/02/18/more-jelling-stones-graffiti-gelwane-the-seco/ More Jelling Stones graffiti: Gelwane the Second and Web mining]</ref> the vandal was eventually discovered to be a 15-year-old boy with [[Asperger's syndrome]] and the word itself was meaningless.<ref>[http://politiken.dk/indland/ECE1719555/16-aarig-bag-graffiti-paa-jellingesten-skal-i-behandling/ Politiken.dk]</ref><ref name=Ritzau20feb>Ritzau (20 February 2011). [https://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/kultur/jellingstenen-skal-renses-hurtigst-muligt Jellingstenen skal renses hurtigst muligt.] Kriteligt Dagblad. Retrieved 3 April 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.themutual.org.uk/mutualcharter/gelwane.html "Gelwane" art project]</ref> As the paint had not fully hardened,<ref name=Ritzau20feb/> experts were able to remove it.<ref>Skarum, S. (7 March 2011). [https://www.b.dk/nationalt/jellingstenen-er-reddet-naesten Jellingstenen er reddet – næsten.] Berlinske. Retrieved 3 April 2017.</ref>
In February 2011 the site was vandalized using green spray paint, with the word "GELWANE" written on both sides of the larger stone, and with identical graffiti sprayed on a nearby gravestone and on the church door.<ref>{{cite news |first=Mette |last=Lützhøft |date=12 Feb 2011 |lang=da |title=Jellingstenene hærget af graffiti |trans-title=The Jelling stones ravaged by graffiti |work=[[Politiken]] |url=https://politiken.dk/danmark/art5597861/Jellingstenene-h%C3%A6rget-af-graffiti}}</ref> After much speculation about the possible meaning of the enigmatic word "gelwane",<ref>{{cite web |first=Finn Årup |last=Nielsen |date=18 Feb 2011 |title=More Jelling Stones graffiti: Gelwane the Second and Web mining |url=https://finnaarupnielsen.wordpress.com/2011/02/18/more-jelling-stones-graffiti-gelwane-the-seco/}}</ref> the vandal was eventually discovered to be a 15-year-old boy with [[Asperger's syndrome]] and the word itself was meaningless.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |date=13 Aug 2012 |lang=da |title=16-årig bag graffiti på Jellingesten skal i behandling |trans-title=16-year-old behind graffiti on Jellinge stone needs treatment |work=[[Politiken]] |url=https://politiken.dk/danmark/art5400828/16-%C3%A5rig-bag-graffiti-p%C3%A5-Jellingesten-skal-i-behandling}}</ref><ref name=Ritzau20feb>{{cite news |author=Ritzau |date=20 February 2011 |lang=da |title=Jellingstenen skal renses hurtigst muligt |trans-title=The Jelling stone must be cleaned as soon as possible |work=[[Kristeligt Dagblad]] |url=https://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/kultur/jellingstenen-skal-renses-hurtigst-muligt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001122851/https://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/kultur/jellingstenen-skal-renses-hurtigst-muligt |archive-date=1 Oct 2017 |access-date=3 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date= |title=Gelwane |work=The Mutual Charter |url=http://www.themutual.org.uk/mutualcharter/gelwane.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001121731/http://www.themutual.org.uk/mutualcharter/gelwane.html |archive-date=1 Oct 2017}}</ref> As the paint had not fully hardened,<ref name=Ritzau20feb/> experts were able to remove it.<ref>{{cite news |last=Skarum |first=Sarah |date=7 March 2011 |lang=da |title=Jellingstenen er reddet - næsten |trans-title=The Jelling stone is saved - almost |work=[[Berlingske]] |location= |url=https://www.b.dk/nationalt/jellingstenen-er-reddet-naesten |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404044637/https://www.b.dk/nationalt/jellingstenen-er-reddet-naesten |archive-date=4 April 2017 |access-date=3 April 2017}}</ref>


The Heritage Agency of Denmark decided to keep the stones in their current location and selected a protective casing design from 157 projects submitted through a competition. The winner of the competition was Nobel Architects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cphpost.dk/culture/culture/122-culture/48424-jelling-stones-get-designer-cases.html |title=Jelling Stones get designer cases |publisher=Copenhagen Post |date=5 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315203304/http://www.cphpost.dk/culture/culture/122-culture/48424-jelling-stones-get-designer-cases.html |archive-date=15 March 2010 }}</ref> The glass casing creates a climate system that keeps the stones at a fixed temperature and humidity and protects them from weathering.<ref name="casing">[http://www.copperconcept.org/sv/referenser/covering-runic-stones-jelling-denmark ''Covering of the runic stones in Jelling, Denmark''] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130414155144/http://www.copperconcept.org/sv/referenser/covering-runic-stones-jelling-denmark |date=2013-04-14 }}. – Copper Concept. Access date: 13 July 2012.</ref> The design features rectangular glass casings strengthened by two solid bronze sides mounted on a supporting steel skeleton. The glass is coated with an anti-reflective material that gives the exhibit a greenish hue. Additionally, the bronze patina gives off a rusty, greenish colour, highlighting the runestones' gray and reddish tones and emphasising their monumental character and significance.<ref name="casing" />
The Heritage Agency of Denmark decided to keep the stones in their current location and selected a protective casing design from 157 projects submitted through a competition. The winner of the competition was Nobel Architects.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cphpost.dk/culture/culture/122-culture/48424-jelling-stones-get-designer-cases.html |title=Jelling Stones get designer cases |work=[[The Copenhagen Post]] |date=5 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315203304/http://www.cphpost.dk/culture/culture/122-culture/48424-jelling-stones-get-designer-cases.html |archive-date=15 March 2010 }}</ref> The glass casing creates a climate system that keeps the stones at a fixed temperature and humidity and protects them from weathering.<ref name="casing">{{cite web |title=Covering of the runic stones in Jelling, Denmark |last=Nobel |first=Erik |date=2012-05-31 |website=Copper Concept |url=http://www.copperconcept.org/sv/referenser/covering-runic-stones-jelling-denmark |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414155144/http://www.copperconcept.org/sv/referenser/covering-runic-stones-jelling-denmark |archive-date=2013-04-14 |access-date=13 July 2012}}</ref> The design features rectangular glass casings strengthened by two solid bronze sides mounted on a supporting steel skeleton. The glass is coated with an anti-reflective material that gives the exhibit a greenish hue. Additionally, the bronze patina gives off a rusty, greenish colour, highlighting the runestones' gray and reddish tones and emphasising their monumental character and significance.<ref name="casing" />


== Runestone of Harald Bluetooth ==
== Runestone of Harald Bluetooth ==
The inscription on the larger of the two Jelling stones (Jelling II, [[Rundata]] DR 42) translates to:

{{quotation
|King Haraldr ordered this monument made in memory of Gormr, his father, and in memory of Thyrvé, his mother; that Haraldr who won for himself all of Denmark and Norway and made the Danes Christian.
|source= English translation}}

It reads:

{{fs interlinear |lang=non |spacing=0.5 |italics2=no |number=(side A)|indent=5
|ᚼᛅᚱᛅᛚᛏᚱ ᛬ ᚴᚢᚾᚢᚴᛦ ᛬ ᛒᛅᚦ ᛬ ᚴᛅᚢᚱᚢᛅ / ᚴᚢᛒᛚ ᛬ ᚦᛅᚢᛋᛁ ᛬ ᛅᚠᛏ ᛬ ᚴᚢᚱᛘ ᚠᛅᚦᚢᚱ ᛋᛁᚾ / ᛅᚢᚴ ᛅᚠᛏ ᛬ ᚦᚭᚢᚱᚢᛁ ᛬ ᛘᚢᚦᚢᚱ ᛬ ᛋᛁᚾᛅ ᛬ ᛋᛅ / ᚼᛅᚱᛅᛚᛏᚱ (᛬) ᛁᛅᛋ ᛬ ᛋᚭᛦ ᛫ ᚢᛅᚾ ᛫ ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚢᚱᚴ
|haraltr : kunukʀ : baþ : kaurua / kubl : þausi : aft : kurm faþur sin / auk aft : þąurui : muþur : sina : sa / haraltr (:) ias : sąʀ * uan * tanmaurk
|}}
{{fs interlinear |lang=non |spacing=0.5 |italics2=no |number=(side B)|indent=5
|ᛅᛚᛅ ᛫ ᛅᚢᚴ ᛫ ᚾᚢᚱᚢᛁᛅᚴ
|ala * auk * nuruiak
|}}
{{fs interlinear |lang=non |spacing=0.5 |italics2=no |number=(side C)|indent=5
|᛫ ᛅᚢᚴ ᛫ ᛏ(ᛅ)ᚾᛁ (᛫ ᚴᛅᚱᚦᛁ ᛫) ᚴᚱᛁᛋᛏᚾᚭ
|* auk * t(a)ni (* karþi *) kristną
|}}

{{quotation|
{{Listen
{{Listen
<!-- Old East Norse -->
|filename=DR-42-rundanska.opus
|filename=DR-42-rundanska.opus
|title=''Haraldr konungr bað gǫrva kumbl...''
|title=''Haraldr konungr bað gǫrva kumbl...''
|description=Listen to the runes of Harald's stone read in [[Old Norse#Old East Norse|Old East Norse]].
|description=Listen to the runes of Harald's stone read in [[Old Norse#Old East Norse|Old East Norse]].
<!-- Danish -->
}}
|filename2= DR-42-nydansk.opus
{{lang|non|Haraldr konungr bað gǫrva kumbl þausi aft Gorm faður sinn auk aft Þórví móður sína. Sá Haraldr es sér vann Danmǫrk alla auk Norveg auk dani gærði kristna.}}
|title2= ''Kong Harald bød gøre disse kumler...''
|source= normalized Old Norse<ref>Stefan Brink, Neil Price, ''The Viking World'', Routledge (2008), [https://books.google.com/books?id=wuN-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA277 p. 277].</ref>
|description2= Listen to the runes of Harald's stone read in [[Danish language|Modern Danish]].
}}
}}


The inscription on the larger of the two Jelling stones (Jelling II, [[Rundata]] DR 42<ref name="RundataDR42">{{cite web |title=Runic inscription DR 42 |website=[[Rundata|Scandinavian Runic-text Database]] |edition=2020 |publisher=Department of Scandinavian Languages |location=Uppsala University |url=http://kulturarvsdata.se/uu/srdb/0d45c79a-c0d6-4937-9663-f044b31fcc65 |access-date=Feb 23, 2024}}</ref>) reads:
{{quotation|

{{Listen
* runes
|filename= DR-42-nydansk.opus
* [[Runic transliteration and transcription#Transliteration|rune transliteration]]
|title= ''Kong Harald bød gøre disse kumler...''
* [[Old West Norse]] normalization
|description= Listen to the runes of Harald's stone read in [[Danish language|Danish]].
* [[Old East Norse]] normalization
}}

{{lang|da|Kong Harald bød gøre disse kumler efter Gorm, sin fader, og efter Thyre, sin moder, den Harald, som vandt sig hele Danmark og Norge og gjorde danerne kristne.}}
{{clear}}
|source= Danish translation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jellingstenene, ca. 950-965 |url=https://danmarkshistorien.dk/vis/materiale/jelling-stenene-ca-935-985 |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=danmarkshistorien.dk |language=da}}</ref>
{{fs interlinear |lang=non |spacing=0.5 |number=(side A)|indent=5
|italics2=no |class2=bold |italics3=yes |italics4=yes
|{} ᚼᛅᚱᛅᛚᛏᚱ ᛬ ᚴᚢᚾᚢᚴᛦ ᛬ ᛒᛅᚦ ᛬ ᚴᛅᚢᚱᚢᛅ / ᚴᚢᛒᛚ ᛬ ᚦᛅᚢᛋᛁ ᛬ ᛅᚠᛏ ᛬ ᚴᚢᚱᛘ ᚠᛅᚦᚢᚱ ᛋᛁᚾ / ᛅᚢᚴ ᛅᚠᛏ ᛬ ᚦᚭᚢᚱᚢᛁ ᛬ ᛘᚢᚦᚢᚱ ᛬ ᛋᛁᚾᛅ ᛬ ᛋᛅ / ᚼᛅᚱᛅᛚᛏᚱ (᛬) ᛁᛅᛋ ᛬ ᛋᚭᛦ ᛫ ᚢᛅᚾ ᛫ ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚢᚱᚴ
|: haraltr : kunukʀ : baþ : kaurua ¶ kubl : þausi : aft : kurm faþur sin ¶ auk aft : þourui : muþur : sina : sa ¶ haraltr (:) ias : soʀ · uan · tanmaurk
|{} Haraldr {} konungr {} bað {} gera {} kuml {} þessi {} ept {} Gorm, fǫður sinn, {} ok ept {} Þyrvé, {} móður {} sína, {} sá {} Haraldr {} er {} sér {} vann {} Danmǫrk
|{} Haraldr {} kunungʀ {} baþ {} gørwa {} kumbl {} þøsi {} æft {} Gorm, faþur sin, {} ok æft {} Þorwi, {} moþur {} sina, {} sa {} Haraldr {} æs {} seʀ {} wan {} Danmork
|[[Harald Bluetooth|King Haraldr]] ordered these monuments made in memory of [[Gorm the Old|Gormr]], his father, and in memory of [[Thyra|Þyrvé]], his mother; that Haraldr who won for himself all of Denmark}}

{{fs interlinear |lang=non |spacing=0.5 |number=(side B)|indent=5
|italics2=no |class2=bold |italics3=yes |italics4=yes
||ᛅᛚᛅ ᛫ ᛅᚢᚴ ᛫ ᚾᚢᚱᚢᛁᛅᚴ
|ala · auk · nuruiak
|alla {} ok {} Norveg
|alla {} ok {} Norwæg
|and Norway}}

{{fs interlinear |lang=non |spacing=0.5 |number=(side C)|indent=5
|italics2=no |class2=bold |italics3=yes |italics4=yes
|᛫ ᛅᚢᚴ ᛫ ᛏ(ᛅ)ᚾᛁ (᛫ ᚴᛅᚱᚦᛁ ᛫) ᚴᚱᛁᛋᛏᚾᚭ
|(·) auk {} t(a)ni {} (k)(a)(r)(þ)(i) {} kristno |c2=<ref name="RundataDR42"/>
|{} ok {} dani {} gerði {} kristna. |c3=<ref name="RundataDR42"/>
|{} ok {} dani {} gærþi {} kristna. |c4=<ref name="RundataDR42"/>
|and made the Danes Christian.<ref name="RundataDR42"/>
}}
}}
<!--
In [[Old Danish]] ([[Old East Norse]]) phonetic transcription: {{cn|date=May 2017}} whose reconstruction are we looking at?
:{{IPA|[ˈharaldr ˈkʰɔnʊŋɡɽ ˈbɑð ˈɡœrwa ˈkʰʊmbl θøːsi aft ˈɡɔrm ˈfaðʊr siːn ʌk aft ˈθœrwɪ moːður siːna saː ˈharaldr ɛs sæːɽ wanː ˈdanmɒrkʰ ˈalːa ɒkʰ ˈnɔrwɛɣ ɒkʰ ˈdanɪ ˈɡarðɪ ˈkʰrɪstna]}}
-->


The stone has a figure of the [[Crucifix|crucified Christ]] on one side and on another side a serpent wrapped around a lion. Christ is depicted as standing in the shape of a cross and entangled in what appear to be branches.<ref name="Kure">{{Cite book |last=Kure |first=Henning |editor-last=Andrén |editor-first=Anders |editor2-last=Jennbert |editor2-first=Kristina|contribution=Hanging on the World Tree: Man and Cosmos in Old Norse Mythic Poetry |title=Old Norse Religion in Long-Term Perspectives: Origins, Changes, and Interactions |publisher=Nordic Academic Press |year=2007 |location=Lund |pages=68–73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gjq6rvoIRpAC |isbn=978-91-89116-81-8|display-editors=etal}} pp. 69–70.</ref> This depiction of Christ has often been taken as indicating the parallels with the "hanging" of the Norse pagan god [[Odin]], who in ''[[Rúnatal]]'' gives an account of being hanged from a tree and pierced by a spear.<ref name="Kure"/>
The stone has a figure of the [[Crucifix|crucified Christ]] on one side and on another side a serpent wrapped around a lion. Christ is depicted as standing in the shape of a cross and entangled in what appear to be branches.<ref name="Kure">{{Cite book |last=Kure |first=Henning |editor1-last=Andrén |editor1-first=Anders |editor2-last=Jennbert |editor2-first=Kristina |contribution=Hanging on the World Tree: Man and Cosmos in Old Norse Mythic Poetry |title=Old Norse Religion in Long-Term Perspectives: Origins, Changes, and Interactions |publisher=Nordic Academic Press |year=2007 |location=Lund |pages=68–73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gjq6rvoIRpAC |isbn=978-91-89116-81-8 |display-editors=etal}} pp. 69–70.</ref> This depiction of Christ has often been taken as indicating the parallels with the "hanging" of the Norse pagan god [[Odin]], who in ''[[Rúnatal]]'' gives an account of being hanged from a tree and pierced by a spear.<ref name="Kure"/>


{{multiple image|align=center|direction=horizontal|header=Harald's runestone
{{multiple image
|total_width=500
|align=center
|direction=horizontal
|perrow=2
|header=Harald's runestone
|image1=Jellingsten.1..jpg|caption1=side A (see ''[[commons:Image:Inscriptions grosse pierre Jelling.png|image of transcribed runes]]'')
|image1=Jellingsten.1..jpg
|caption1=side A
|image2=Inscriptions grosse pierre Jelling.png
|caption2=image of transcribed runes
|image3=Jelling gr Stein 2.JPG
|image2=Jelling gr Stein 2.JPG|caption2=side B: animal engraving & Norway claim (see ''[[commons:Image:Jelling-grosses-tier.gif|reconstruction of original colors]]'')
|image3=Jelling gr Stein 3.JPG|caption3=side C: crucifixion scene & Danish baptism claim
|caption3=side B{{br}}animal engraving & Norway claim
|image4=Jelling-grosses-tier.gif
|image4=The Jelling Stone - VIKING exhibition at the National Museum of Denmark - Photo The National Museum of Denmark (9084035770).jpg|caption4=The colorized copy, from the VIKING exhibition at the [[National Museum of Denmark]]
|caption4=side B{{br}}reconstruction of original colors
|image5=Jelling gr Stein 3.JPG
|caption5=side C{{br}}crucifixion scene & Danish baptism claim
|image6=The Jelling Stone - VIKING exhibition at the National Museum of Denmark - Photo The National Museum of Denmark (9084035770).jpg
|caption6=side C{{br}}colorized, from the VIKING exhibition at the [[National Museum of Denmark]]
}}
}}


Line 93: Line 106:
Another copy of this stone was placed in 1936 on the Domplein ('Dom Square') in [[Utrecht]] in the [[Netherlands]], next to the [[Cathedral of Utrecht]], on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of [[Utrecht University]].
Another copy of this stone was placed in 1936 on the Domplein ('Dom Square') in [[Utrecht]] in the [[Netherlands]], next to the [[Cathedral of Utrecht]], on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of [[Utrecht University]].


In 1955, a plaster cast of this stone was made for a festival in London. It is now located in the grounds of the [[Nordic churches in London|Danish Church in London]], 4 St Katherines Precinct, Regents Park, London. The copy is painted in bright colours, like the original. Most of the original paint has flaked away from the original stone, but enough small specks of paint remained to enable the determination of what the colours looked like when they were freshly painted. A copy is also located in the [[National Museum of Denmark]], and another copy, decorated by [[Rudolf Broby-Johansen]] in the 1930s, just outside the Jelling museum, which stands within sight of the Jelling mounds.<ref>[http://www.emu.dk/gsk/fag/his/historie-kanon/jellingsten.html Jellingstenen – en del af historiekanonen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091116090852/http://www.emu.dk/gsk/fag/his/historie-kanon/jellingsten.html |date=16 November 2009 }}, Lærere i grundskolen: Historie, EMU, Danmarks Undervisningsportal {{in lang|da}}</ref>
In 1955, a plaster cast of this stone was made for a festival in London. It is now located in the grounds of the [[Nordic churches in London|Danish Church in London]], 4 St Katherines Precinct, Regents Park, London. The copy is painted in bright colours, like the original. Most of the original paint has flaked away from the original stone, but enough small specks of paint remained to enable the determination of what the colours looked like when they were freshly painted. A copy is also located in the [[National Museum of Denmark]], and another copy, decorated by [[Rudolf Broby-Johansen]] in the 1930s, just outside the Jelling museum, which stands within sight of the Jelling mounds.<ref>{{cite web |lang=da |title=Jellingstenen - en del af historiekanonen |trans-title=The Jelling stone - part of the canon of history |website=Danmarks Undervisningsportal |publisher=EMU |url=http://www.emu.dk/gsk/fag/his/historie-kanon/jellingsten.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091116090852/http://www.emu.dk/gsk/fag/his/historie-kanon/jellingsten.html |archive-date=16 November 2009}}</ref>


A copy exists in [[Rouen]], [[Normandy]], [[France]], near [[Church of St. Ouen, Rouen|Saint-Ouen Abbey Church]], offered by [[Denmark]] to the city of Rouen, on the occasion of the millennium of Normandy in 1911.
A copy exists in [[Rouen]], [[Normandy]], [[France]], near [[Church of St. Ouen, Rouen|Saint-Ouen Abbey Church]], offered by [[Denmark]] to the city of Rouen, on the occasion of the millennium of Normandy in 1911.


A [[facsimile]] of the image of Christ on Harald's runestone appears on the inside front cover of [[Danish passport]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://prado.consilium.europa.eu/en/5672/viewImage_157135.html |title=Council of Europe |access-date=2012-07-17 |archive-date=2012-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717005138/http://prado.consilium.europa.eu/en/5672/viewImage_157135.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
A [[facsimile]] of the image of Christ on Harald's runestone appears on the inside front cover of [[Danish passport]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DNK-AO-05001 <Cover - front, inside> |website=Council of Europe |access-date=2012-07-17 |url=http://prado.consilium.europa.eu/en/5672/viewImage_157135.html |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717005138/http://prado.consilium.europa.eu/en/5672/viewImage_157135.html}}</ref>


== Runestone of Gorm ==
== Runestone of Gorm ==
{{Listen
The inscription on the older and smaller of the Jelling stones (Jelling I, [[Rundata]] DR 41) translates to "King Gormr made this monument in memory of Thyrvé, his wife, Denmark's adornment."
|filename= DR-41-rundanska.opus
|title= ''kurmʀ kunukʀ k(ar)þi kubl...''
|description= Listen to the runes of Gorm's stone read in [[Old Norse#Old East Norse|Old East Norse]].
}}


The inscription on the older and smaller of the Jelling stones (Jelling I, [[Rundata]] DR 41<ref name="RundataDR41">{{cite web |title=Runic inscription DR 41 |website=[[Rundata|Scandinavian Runic-text Database]] |edition=2020 |publisher=Department of Scandinavian Languages |location=Uppsala University |url=http://kulturarvsdata.se/uu/srdb/4ed033a9-1fc7-40d7-a252-84c9c3810f02 |access-date=Feb 23, 2024}}</ref>) reads:
{{fs interlinear

|lang=non |spacing=0.5 |italics2=no |number=(side A)|indent=5
* runes
* [[Runic transliteration and transcription#Transliteration|rune transliteration]]
* [[Old West Norse]] normalization
* [[Old East Norse]] normalization

{{clear}}
{{fs interlinear |lang=non |spacing=0.5 |number=(side A)|indent=5
|italics2=no |class2=bold |italics3=yes |italics4=yes
|᛬ ᚴᚢᚱᛘᛦ ᛬ ᚴᚢᚾᚢᚴᛦ ᛬ ᚴ(ᛅᚱ)ᚦᛁ ᛬ ᚴᚢᛒᛚ ᛬ ᚦᚢᛋᛁ ᛬ ᛅ(ᚠᛏ) ᛬ ᚦᚢᚱᚢᛁ ᛬ ᚴᚢᚾᚢ
|᛬ ᚴᚢᚱᛘᛦ ᛬ ᚴᚢᚾᚢᚴᛦ ᛬ ᚴ(ᛅᚱ)ᚦᛁ ᛬ ᚴᚢᛒᛚ ᛬ ᚦᚢᛋᛁ ᛬ ᛅ(ᚠᛏ) ᛬ ᚦᚢᚱᚢᛁ ᛬ ᚴᚢᚾᚢ
|: kurmʀ : kunukʀ : k(ar)þi : kubl : þusi : a(ft) : þurui : kunu
|: kurmʀ : kunukʀ {: ¶ :} k(a)(r)þi : kubl : þusi {: ¶ :} a(f)(t) : þurui : kunu
|{} Gormr {} konungr {} gerði {} kuml {} þessi {} ept {} Þyrvé, {} konu
|}}
|{} Gormʀ {} kunungʀ {} gærþi {} kumbl {} þøsi {} æft {} Þorwi, {} kunu
{{fs interlinear
|[[Gorm the Old|King Gormr]] made these monuments in memory of [[Thyra|Þyrvé]],
|lang=non |spacing=0.5 |italics2=no |number=(side B)|indent=5
}}
{{fs interlinear |lang=non |spacing=0.5 |number=(side B)|indent=5
|italics2=no |class2=bold |italics3=yes |italics4=yes
|᛬ ᛋᛁᚾᛅ ᛬ ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚱᚴᛅᛦ ᛬ ᛒᚢᛏ ᛬
|᛬ ᛋᛁᚾᛅ ᛬ ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚱᚴᛅᛦ ᛬ ᛒᚢᛏ ᛬
|: sina : tanmarkaʀ : but :
|⁓ sina ⁓ tanmarkaʀ ⁓ but ⁓ |c2=<ref name="RundataDR41"/>
|{} sína, {} Danmarkar {} bót. {} |c3=<ref name="RundataDR41"/>
|c2=<ref>(Jacobsen & Moltke, 1941–42, DR 41)</ref>
|{} sina, {} Danmarkaʀ {} bot. {} |c4=<ref name="RundataDR41"/>
|}}
|his wife, Denmark's salvation.<ref name="RundataDR41"/>

}}
{{Listen|filename=DR-41-rundanska.opus|title=''kurmʀ kunukʀ k(ar)þi kubl...''|description=Listen to the runes of Gorm's stone read in [[Old Norse#Old East Norse|Old East Norse]].|pos=left|style=float:none; clear:none}}


{{multiple image|align=none|header=Gorm's runestone
{{multiple image
|total_width=500
|align=center
|header=Gorm's runestone
|image1=Jelling kl Stein 2.JPG|caption1=side A
|image1=Jelling kl Stein 2.JPG|caption1=side A
|image2=Jelling kl Stein 1.JPG|caption2=side B: ''Denmark's adornment'' claim
|image2=Jelling kl Stein 1.JPG|caption2=side B
}}
}}


Line 136: Line 167:
== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* Hogan, C. Michael. "[http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=17683 Jelling Stones]," Megalithic Portal, editor Andy Burnham
* Hogan, C. Michael. "[http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=17683 Jelling Stones]," Megalithic Portal, editor Andy Burnham
* [[Rundata]], Joint Nordic database for runic inscriptions.
* {{cite book | last1=Jacobsen | first1=Lis |last2=Moltke |first2=Erik |author2-link=Erik Moltke | title=Danmarks Runeindskrifter | publisher=Ejnar Munksgaards Forlag | location=Copenhagen | year=1941–42}}
* {{cite book | last1=Jacobsen | first1=Lis |last2=Moltke |first2=Erik |author2-link=Erik Moltke | title=Danmarks Runeindskrifter | publisher=Ejnar Munksgaards Forlag | location=Copenhagen | year=1941–42}}


Line 154: Line 184:
[[Category:National Museum of Denmark]]
[[Category:National Museum of Denmark]]
[[Category:Viking Age museums]]
[[Category:Viking Age museums]]
[[Category:Gorm the Old]]
[[Category:Harald Bluetooth]]
[[Category:Harald Bluetooth]]

Latest revision as of 23:25, 22 October 2024

This article contains runic characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of runes.
Jelling Mounds, Runic Stones and Church
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Jelling stones, in their glass casing (2012)
LocationJelling, Denmark
CriteriaCultural: iii
Reference697
Inscription1994 (18th Session)
Area4.96 ha
Coordinates55°45′24″N 9°25′10″E / 55.75667°N 9.41944°E / 55.75667; 9.41944
Jelling stones is located in Denmark
Jelling stones
Location of Jelling stones in Denmark

The Jelling stones (Danish: Jellingstenene) are massive carved runestones from the 10th century, found at the town of Jelling in Denmark. The older of the two Jelling stones was raised by King Gorm the Old in memory of his wife Thyra. The larger of the two stones was raised by King Gorm's son, Harald Bluetooth, in memory of his parents, celebrating his conquest of Denmark and Norway, and his conversion of the Danes to Christianity.

The runic inscriptions on these stones are considered the best known in Denmark.[1] In 1994, the stones, in addition to the burial mounds and small church nearby, were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as an unparalleled example of both pagan and Christian Nordic culture.[2]

Significance

[edit]
The heritage site in 2004: Runestones are in the foreground; in the background is one of two mounds.

The stones are strongly identified with the creation of Denmark as a nation state. Both inscriptions mention the name "Danmark" (in the form of accusative "tanmaurk" ([dɑnmɒrk]) on the large stone, and genitive "tanmarkar" (pronounced [dɑnmɑrkɑɹ̻̊˔]) on the small stone).[3]

The larger stone explicitly mentions the conversion of Denmark from Norse paganism and the process of Christianization, alongside a depiction of the crucified Christ; it is therefore popularly dubbed "Denmark's baptismal certificate" (Danmarks dåbsattest), an expression coined by art historian Rudolf Broby-Johansen in the 1930s.[4] In 1997 a photo of this stone inspired the name Bluetooth for the now-ubiquitous wireless standard.

Jelling Church
Interior of Jelling Church, showing frescos dating from 1125

Recent history

[edit]

After having been exposed to the elements for a thousand years, cracks were beginning to show. On 15 November 2008 experts from UNESCO examined the stones to determine their condition. Experts requested that the stones be moved to an indoor exhibition hall, or in some other way protected in situ, to prevent further damage from the weather.[5]

In February 2011 the site was vandalized using green spray paint, with the word "GELWANE" written on both sides of the larger stone, and with identical graffiti sprayed on a nearby gravestone and on the church door.[6] After much speculation about the possible meaning of the enigmatic word "gelwane",[7] the vandal was eventually discovered to be a 15-year-old boy with Asperger's syndrome and the word itself was meaningless.[8][9][10] As the paint had not fully hardened,[9] experts were able to remove it.[11]

The Heritage Agency of Denmark decided to keep the stones in their current location and selected a protective casing design from 157 projects submitted through a competition. The winner of the competition was Nobel Architects.[12] The glass casing creates a climate system that keeps the stones at a fixed temperature and humidity and protects them from weathering.[13] The design features rectangular glass casings strengthened by two solid bronze sides mounted on a supporting steel skeleton. The glass is coated with an anti-reflective material that gives the exhibit a greenish hue. Additionally, the bronze patina gives off a rusty, greenish colour, highlighting the runestones' gray and reddish tones and emphasising their monumental character and significance.[13]

Runestone of Harald Bluetooth

[edit]
Haraldr konungr bað gǫrva kumbl...
Listen to the runes of Harald's stone read in Old East Norse.
Kong Harald bød gøre disse kumler...
Listen to the runes of Harald's stone read in Modern Danish.
Problems playing these files? See media help.

The inscription on the larger of the two Jelling stones (Jelling II, Rundata DR 42[14]) reads:

(side A)

 

:

 

 

ᚼᛅᚱᛅᛚᛏᚱ

haraltr

Haraldr

Haraldr

᛬

:

 

 

ᚴᚢᚾᚢᚴᛦ

kunukʀ

konungr

kunungʀ

᛬

:

 

 

ᛒᛅᚦ

baþ

bað

baþ

᛬

:

 

 

ᚴᛅᚢᚱᚢᛅ

kaurua

gera

gørwa

/

 

 

ᚴᚢᛒᛚ

kubl

kuml

kumbl

᛬

:

 

 

ᚦᛅᚢᛋᛁ

þausi

þessi

þøsi

᛬

:

 

 

ᛅᚠᛏ

aft

ept

æft

᛬

:

 

 

ᚴᚢᚱᛘ

kurm

Gorm,

Gorm,

ᚠᛅᚦᚢᚱ

faþur

fǫður

faþur

ᛋᛁᚾ

sin

sinn,

sin,

/

 

 

ᛅᚢᚴ

auk

ok

ok

ᛅᚠᛏ

aft

ept

æft

᛬

:

 

 

ᚦᚭᚢᚱᚢᛁ

þourui

Þyrvé,

Þorwi,

᛬

:

 

 

ᛘᚢᚦᚢᚱ

muþur

móður

moþur

᛬

:

 

 

ᛋᛁᚾᛅ

sina

sína,

sina,

᛬

:

 

 

ᛋᛅ

sa

sá

sa

/

 

 

ᚼᛅᚱᛅᛚᛏᚱ

haraltr

Haraldr

Haraldr

(᛬)

(:)

 

 

ᛁᛅᛋ

ias

er

æs

᛬

:

 

 

ᛋᚭᛦ

soʀ

sér

seʀ

᛫

·

 

 

ᚢᛅᚾ

uan

vann

wan

᛫

·

 

 

ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚢᚱᚴ

tanmaurk

Danmǫrk

Danmork

{} ᚼᛅᚱᛅᛚᛏᚱ ᛬ ᚴᚢᚾᚢᚴᛦ ᛬ ᛒᛅᚦ ᛬ ᚴᛅᚢᚱᚢᛅ / ᚴᚢᛒᛚ ᛬ ᚦᛅᚢᛋᛁ ᛬ ᛅᚠᛏ ᛬ ᚴᚢᚱᛘ ᚠᛅᚦᚢᚱ ᛋᛁᚾ / ᛅᚢᚴ ᛅᚠᛏ ᛬ ᚦᚭᚢᚱᚢᛁ ᛬ ᛘᚢᚦᚢᚱ ᛬ ᛋᛁᚾᛅ ᛬ ᛋᛅ / ᚼᛅᚱᛅᛚᛏᚱ (᛬) ᛁᛅᛋ ᛬ ᛋᚭᛦ ᛫ ᚢᛅᚾ ᛫ ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚢᚱᚴ

: haraltr : kunukʀ : baþ : kaurua ¶ kubl : þausi : aft : kurm faþur sin ¶ auk aft : þourui : muþur : sina : sa ¶ haraltr (:) ias : soʀ · uan · tanmaurk

{} Haraldr {} konungr {} bað {} gera {} kuml {} þessi {} ept {} Gorm, fǫður sinn, {} ok ept {} Þyrvé, {} móður {} sína, {} sá {} Haraldr {} er {} sér {} vann {} Danmǫrk

{} Haraldr {} kunungʀ {} baþ {} gørwa {} kumbl {} þøsi {} æft {} Gorm, faþur sin, {} ok æft {} Þorwi, {} moþur {} sina, {} sa {} Haraldr {} æs {} seʀ {} wan {} Danmork

King Haraldr ordered these monuments made in memory of Gormr, his father, and in memory of Þyrvé, his mother; that Haraldr who won for himself all of Denmark

(side B)

ᛅᛚᛅ

ala

alla

alla

᛫

·

 

 

ᛅᚢᚴ

auk

ok

ok

᛫

·

 

 

ᚾᚢᚱᚢᛁᛅᚴ

nuruiak

Norveg

Norwæg

ᛅᛚᛅ ᛫ ᛅᚢᚴ ᛫ ᚾᚢᚱᚢᛁᛅᚴ

ala · auk · nuruiak

alla {} ok {} Norveg

alla {} ok {} Norwæg

and Norway

(side C)

᛫

(·)

 

 

ᛅᚢᚴ

auk

ok

ok

᛫

 

 

 

ᛏ(ᛅ)ᚾᛁ

t(a)ni

dani

dani

(᛫

 

 

 

ᚴᛅᚱᚦᛁ

(k)(a)(r)(þ)(i)

gerði

gærþi

᛫)

 

 

 

ᚴᚱᛁᛋᛏᚾᚭ

kristno

kristna.

kristna.

᛫ ᛅᚢᚴ ᛫ ᛏ(ᛅ)ᚾᛁ (᛫ ᚴᛅᚱᚦᛁ ᛫) ᚴᚱᛁᛋᛏᚾᚭ

(·) auk {} t(a)ni {} (k)(a)(r)(þ)(i) {} kristno

{} ok {} dani {} gerði {} kristna.

{} ok {} dani {} gærþi {} kristna.

and made the Danes Christian.[14]

The stone has a figure of the crucified Christ on one side and on another side a serpent wrapped around a lion. Christ is depicted as standing in the shape of a cross and entangled in what appear to be branches.[15] This depiction of Christ has often been taken as indicating the parallels with the "hanging" of the Norse pagan god Odin, who in Rúnatal gives an account of being hanged from a tree and pierced by a spear.[15]

Harald's runestone
side A
image of transcribed runes
side B
animal engraving & Norway claim
side B
reconstruction of original colors
side C
crucifixion scene & Danish baptism claim
side C
colorized, from the VIKING exhibition at the National Museum of Denmark

Modern copies of the runestone of Harald Bluetooth

[edit]
The 1936 sign next to the Utrecht stone with the original runes, transliteration and Dutch translation

Another copy of this stone was placed in 1936 on the Domplein ('Dom Square') in Utrecht in the Netherlands, next to the Cathedral of Utrecht, on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of Utrecht University.

In 1955, a plaster cast of this stone was made for a festival in London. It is now located in the grounds of the Danish Church in London, 4 St Katherines Precinct, Regents Park, London. The copy is painted in bright colours, like the original. Most of the original paint has flaked away from the original stone, but enough small specks of paint remained to enable the determination of what the colours looked like when they were freshly painted. A copy is also located in the National Museum of Denmark, and another copy, decorated by Rudolf Broby-Johansen in the 1930s, just outside the Jelling museum, which stands within sight of the Jelling mounds.[16]

A copy exists in Rouen, Normandy, France, near Saint-Ouen Abbey Church, offered by Denmark to the city of Rouen, on the occasion of the millennium of Normandy in 1911.

A facsimile of the image of Christ on Harald's runestone appears on the inside front cover of Danish passports.[17]

Runestone of Gorm

[edit]
kurmʀ kunukʀ k(ar)þi kubl...
Listen to the runes of Gorm's stone read in Old East Norse.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

The inscription on the older and smaller of the Jelling stones (Jelling I, Rundata DR 41[18]) reads:

(side A)

᛬

:

 

 

ᚴᚢᚱᛘᛦ

kurmʀ

Gormr

Gormʀ

᛬

:

 

 

ᚴᚢᚾᚢᚴᛦ

kunukʀ

konungr

kunungʀ

᛬

: ¶ :

 

 

ᚴ(ᛅᚱ)ᚦᛁ

k(a)(r)þi

gerði

gærþi

᛬

:

 

 

ᚴᚢᛒᛚ

kubl

kuml

kumbl

᛬

:

 

 

ᚦᚢᛋᛁ

þusi

þessi

þøsi

᛬

: ¶ :

 

 

ᛅ(ᚠᛏ)

a(f)(t)

ept

æft

᛬

:

 

 

ᚦᚢᚱᚢᛁ

þurui

Þyrvé,

Þorwi,

᛬

:

 

 

ᚴᚢᚾᚢ

kunu

konu

kunu

᛬ ᚴᚢᚱᛘᛦ ᛬ ᚴᚢᚾᚢᚴᛦ ᛬ ᚴ(ᛅᚱ)ᚦᛁ ᛬ ᚴᚢᛒᛚ ᛬ ᚦᚢᛋᛁ ᛬ ᛅ(ᚠᛏ) ᛬ ᚦᚢᚱᚢᛁ ᛬ ᚴᚢᚾᚢ

: kurmʀ : kunukʀ {: ¶ :} k(a)(r)þi : kubl : þusi {: ¶ :} a(f)(t) : þurui : kunu

{} Gormr {} konungr {} gerði {} kuml {} þessi {} ept {} Þyrvé, {} konu

{} Gormʀ {} kunungʀ {} gærþi {} kumbl {} þøsi {} æft {} Þorwi, {} kunu

King Gormr made these monuments in memory of Þyrvé,

(side B)

᛬

⁓

 

 

ᛋᛁᚾᛅ

sina

sína,

sina,

᛬

⁓

 

 

ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚱᚴᛅᛦ

tanmarkaʀ

Danmarkar

Danmarkaʀ

᛬

⁓

 

 

ᛒᚢᛏ

but

bót.

bot.

᛬

⁓

 

 

᛬ ᛋᛁᚾᛅ ᛬ ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚱᚴᛅᛦ ᛬ ᛒᚢᛏ ᛬

⁓ sina ⁓ tanmarkaʀ ⁓ but ⁓

{} sína, {} Danmarkar {} bót. {}

{} sina, {} Danmarkaʀ {} bot. {}

his wife, Denmark's salvation.[18]

Gorm's runestone
side A
side B

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Jelling stones. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
  2. ^ "Jelling Mounds, Runic Stones and Church". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 19 Jun 2021.
  3. ^ Thunberg, Carl L. (2012). Att tolka Svitjod [Interpreting Svitjod] (in Swedish). University of Gothenburg. p. 15. ISBN 978-91-981859-4-2.
  4. ^ Lokalhistorie fra Sydøstjylland [Local history from Southeast Jutland] (PDF) (in Danish). Historisk Samfund for Sydøstjylland og bidragyderne. 2010. p. 83. ISBN 978-87-92571-07-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-05.
  5. ^ "Eksperter: Runestenene skal reddes" [Experts: The runestones must be saved] (in Danish). DR (broadcaster). 16 November 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  6. ^ Lützhøft, Mette (12 Feb 2011). "Jellingstenene hærget af graffiti" [The Jelling stones ravaged by graffiti]. Politiken (in Danish).
  7. ^ Nielsen, Finn Årup (18 Feb 2011). "More Jelling Stones graffiti: Gelwane the Second and Web mining".
  8. ^ "16-årig bag graffiti på Jellingesten skal i behandling" [16-year-old behind graffiti on Jellinge stone needs treatment]. Politiken (in Danish). 13 Aug 2012.
  9. ^ a b Ritzau (20 February 2011). "Jellingstenen skal renses hurtigst muligt" [The Jelling stone must be cleaned as soon as possible]. Kristeligt Dagblad (in Danish). Archived from the original on 1 Oct 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
  10. ^ "Gelwane". The Mutual Charter. Archived from the original on 1 Oct 2017.
  11. ^ Skarum, Sarah (7 March 2011). "Jellingstenen er reddet - næsten" [The Jelling stone is saved - almost]. Berlingske (in Danish). Archived from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
  12. ^ "Jelling Stones get designer cases". The Copenhagen Post. 5 March 2010. Archived from the original on 15 March 2010.
  13. ^ a b Nobel, Erik (2012-05-31). "Covering of the runic stones in Jelling, Denmark". Copper Concept. Archived from the original on 2013-04-14. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  14. ^ a b c d e "Runic inscription DR 42". Scandinavian Runic-text Database (2020 ed.). Uppsala University: Department of Scandinavian Languages. Retrieved Feb 23, 2024.
  15. ^ a b Kure, Henning (2007). "Hanging on the World Tree: Man and Cosmos in Old Norse Mythic Poetry". In Andrén, Anders; Jennbert, Kristina; et al. (eds.). Old Norse Religion in Long-Term Perspectives: Origins, Changes, and Interactions. Lund: Nordic Academic Press. pp. 68–73. ISBN 978-91-89116-81-8. pp. 69–70.
  16. ^ "Jellingstenen - en del af historiekanonen" [The Jelling stone - part of the canon of history]. Danmarks Undervisningsportal (in Danish). EMU. Archived from the original on 16 November 2009.
  17. ^ "DNK-AO-05001 <Cover - front, inside>". Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 2012-07-17. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
  18. ^ a b c d e "Runic inscription DR 41". Scandinavian Runic-text Database (2020 ed.). Uppsala University: Department of Scandinavian Languages. Retrieved Feb 23, 2024.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Hogan, C. Michael. "Jelling Stones," Megalithic Portal, editor Andy Burnham
  • Jacobsen, Lis; Moltke, Erik (1941–42). Danmarks Runeindskrifter. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaards Forlag.
[edit]
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