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{{Short description|Chief dwellings attached to farms}}
{{Short description|Chief dwellings attached to farms}}
{{About|the building|the social fraternity|FarmHouse|the album by the American band Phish|Farmhouse (album)|Australian supergroup|Farmhouse (group)}}
{{About|the building|the social fraternity|FarmHouse|the album by the American band Phish|Farmhouse (album)|Australian supergroup|Farmhouse (group)}}
[[File:Einsiedeln IMG 2819.JPG|thumb|250px|A farmhouse (at bottom) in [[Einsiedeln, Switzerland]]]]
[[File:Einsiedeln IMG 2819.JPG|thumb|A farmhouse (at bottom) in [[Einsiedeln, Switzerland]]]]
[[File:The_Devil's_Farmhouse_in_Mellieha,_Malta.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|[[The Devil's Farmhouse]] in [[Mellieħa]], [[Malta]], built by the [[Order of St. John]] with [[limestone]]]]
[[File:The Devil's Farmhouse in Mellieha, Malta.jpeg|thumb|[[The Devil's Farmhouse]] in [[Mellieħa]], Malta, built by the [[Order of St. John]] with [[limestone]]]]


A '''farmhouse''' is a building that serves as the primary quarters in a [[rural]] or [[agricultural]] setting. Historically, farmhouses were often combined with space for animals called a [[housebarn]]. Other farmhouses may be [[connected farm|connected]] to one or more [[barn]]s, built to form a [[courtyard]], or with each separate from each other.The farmhouse a place of living.[https://beautyandhealthtip786.blogspot.com/2022/09/farmhouse-living-room-ideas.html?m=1]<ref name=Airs>{{cite book|last1=Airs|first1=Malcolm|editor1-last=Jones|editor1-first=Norman|editor2-last=Tittler|editor2-first=Robert|title=A Companion to Tudor Britain|date=2004|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0-631-23618-4|pages=483–486|url=http://au.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-063123618X.html|access-date=4 August 2015|chapter=26: Architecture, Politics and Society|url-access=registration }}</ref><ref name=Ashby>{{cite book|last1=Ashby|first1=Wallace|title=Farmhouse plans|date=1934|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Agriculture|location=Washington, D.C|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112019286936|access-date=4 August 2015}}</ref>
A '''farmhouse''' is a building that serves as the primary quarters in a [[rural]] or [[agricultural]] setting. Historically, farmhouses were often combined with space for animals called a [[housebarn]]. Other farmhouses may be [[connected farm|connected]] to one or more [[barn]]s, built to form a [[courtyard]], or with each [[farm]] building separate from each other.<ref name=Airs>{{cite book|last1=Airs|first1=Malcolm|editor1-last=Jones|editor1-first=Norman|editor2-last=Tittler|editor2-first=Robert|title=A Companion to Tudor Britain|date=2004|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0-631-23618-4|pages=483–486|url=http://au.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-063123618X.html|access-date=4 August 2015|chapter=26: Architecture, Politics and Society|url-access=registration }}</ref><ref name=Ashby>{{cite book|last1=Ashby|first1=Wallace|title=Farmhouse plans|date=1934|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Agriculture|location=Washington, D.C.|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112019286936|access-date=4 August 2015}}</ref>


== Europe ==
== Europe ==
Line 12: Line 12:
File:Farmhouse upper Trenta Soca 06052006 63.jpg|Typical farmhouse in [[Triglav National Park]], Slovenia
File:Farmhouse upper Trenta Soca 06052006 63.jpg|Typical farmhouse in [[Triglav National Park]], Slovenia
File:Abernodwydd Farmhouse, St Fagans Museum of Welsh Life.jpg|A half-timbered farmhouse in [[Wales]]
File:Abernodwydd Farmhouse, St Fagans Museum of Welsh Life.jpg|A half-timbered farmhouse in [[Wales]]
File:Matin Talo, Kokemaki.jpeg|A farmhouse in [[Kokemäki]], Finland
File:Famous cottage in Haapsu, Saare County.jpg|A farmhouse in [[Haapsu]], Saaremaa, Estonia
</gallery>
</gallery>


=== France ===
=== France ===
A [[Bresse house]] ({{lang-fr|Ferme bressane}}) is a type of farmhouse found in the [[Bresse]] region and characterized by its long length, brick walls and wooden roof.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bresse Farms |url=http://www.bresse-bourguignonne.com/discovery.../architecture/bresse-farms-2-11.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194446/http://www.bresse-bourguignonne.com/discovery.../architecture/bresse-farms-2-11.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 September 2015 |website=bresse-bourguignonne |publisher=Office de Tourisme du Pays de la Bresse Bourguignonne |access-date=4 August 2015 }}</ref><ref>Monmarché, Georges (1949). ''France'', Les Guides Bleu, English series, Nagel, p. 170.</ref>
A [[Bresse house]] ({{langx|fr|Ferme bressane}}) is a type of farmhouse found in the [[Bresse]] region and characterized by its long length, brick walls and wooden roof.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bresse Farms |url=http://www.bresse-bourguignonne.com/discovery.../architecture/bresse-farms-2-11.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194446/http://www.bresse-bourguignonne.com/discovery.../architecture/bresse-farms-2-11.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 September 2015 |website=bresse-bourguignonne |publisher=Office de Tourisme du Pays de la Bresse Bourguignonne |access-date=4 August 2015 }}</ref><ref>Monmarché, Georges (1949). ''France'', Les Guides Bleu, English series, Nagel, p. 170.</ref>
A [[Mas (Provençal farmhouse)|Mas]] is a traditional farmhouse unique to [[Provence]] and [[Southern France]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mas|url=http://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/mas?|website=Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales|access-date=3 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Massot|first1=Jean-Luc|title=Maisons rurales et vie paysanne en Provence. L'habitat en ordre dispersé|date=1 January 1995|publisher=Serg/Berger-Levrault|location=Paris|isbn=2701303354|pages=152–157}}</ref>
A [[Mas (Provençal farmhouse)|Mas]] is a traditional farmhouse unique to [[Provence]] and [[Southern France]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mas |url=http://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/mas? |website=Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales |access-date=3 August 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Massot |first=Jean-Luc |title=Maisons rurales et vie paysanne en Provence. L'habitat en ordre dispersé |date=1 January 1995 |publisher=Serg/Berger-Levrault |location=Paris |isbn=2701303354 |pages=152–157 }}</ref>


=== Germany ===
=== Germany ===
{{More footnotes|section|date=August 2015}}
[[File:Mitteldeutsches Haus.png|thumb|A timber-framed [[Middle German house]] in Klein Schöppenstedt near [[Cremlingen]] around 1900]]
[[File:Mitteldeutsches Haus.png|thumb|A timber-framed [[Middle German house]] in Klein Schöppenstedt near [[Cremlingen]] around 1900]]

Historically there were three main types of German farmhouses, many of which survive today. The [[Low German house]] or ''Niedersachsenhaus'' (Lower Saxony house) is found mainly on the [[North German Plain]], but also in large parts of the [[Netherlands]]. It is a large structure with a sweeping roof supported by two to four rows of internal posts. The large barn door at the gable end opens into a spacious hall, or ''Deele'', with cattle stalls and barns on either side and living accommodation at the end. The [[Middle German house]] may also be a single unit, but access is from the side, and the roof is supported by the outside walls. Later this type of ''mitteldeutsches Haus'' was expanded to two or more buildings around a rectangular farmyard, often with a second story. The South German house is found in southern Germany and has two main variants, the Swabian or [[Black Forest house]] and the Bavarian farmstead.<ref>{{Dickinson's Germany|pages=152–154}}</ref>
Historically there were three main types of German farmhouses, many of which survive today. The [[Low German house]] or ''Niedersachsenhaus'' (Lower Saxony house) is found mainly on the [[North German Plain]], but also in large parts of the [[Netherlands]]. It is a large structure with a sweeping roof supported by two to four rows of internal posts. The large barn door at the gable end opens into a spacious hall, or ''Deele'', with cattle stalls and barns on either side and living accommodation at the end. The [[Middle German house]] may also be a single unit, but access is from the side, and the roof is supported by the outside walls. Later this type of ''mitteldeutsches Haus'' was expanded to two or more buildings around a rectangular farmyard, often with a second story. The South German house is found in southern Germany and has two main variants, the Swabian or [[Black Forest house]] and the Bavarian farmstead.<ref>{{Dickinson's Germany|pages=152–154}}</ref>


=== Italy ===
=== Italy ===
A [[Cascina a corte]] is a courtyard building whose arrangement is based on the [[Roman villa]] found in the [[Po Valley]] of northern Italy.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}
A [[Cascina a corte]] is a courtyard building whose arrangement is based on the [[Roman villa]] found in the [[Po Valley]] of northern Italy.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}
A house called {{illm|Casa colonica|it|Casa colonica}} in Italy is a type of farmhouse where the residents work the land but do not own the farm.<ref name=Lazzaro>{{cite journal|last1=Lazzaro|first1=Claudia|title=Rustic Country House to Refined Farmhouse: The Evolution and Migration of an Architectural Form|journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians|date=December 1985|volume=44|issue=4|page=347|jstor=990113|publisher=University of California Press on behalf of the Society of Architectural Historians}}</ref>
A house called {{illm|Casa colonica|it|Casa colonica}} in Italy is a type of farmhouse where the residents work the land but do not own the farm.<ref name=Lazzaro>{{cite journal |last=Lazzaro |first=Claudia |title=Rustic Country House to Refined Farmhouse: The Evolution and Migration of an Architectural Form |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |date=December 1985 |volume=44 |issue=4 |page=347 |jstor=990113 |publisher=University of California Press on behalf of the Society of Architectural Historians |doi=10.2307/990113 }}</ref>


=== Malta ===
=== Malta ===
[[Ta' Tabibu farmhouse]] and [[Ta' Xindi Farmhouse]] are two typical [[Malta|Maltese]] farmhouses built with the use of [[Limestone]] material. In [[Maltese language|Maltese]] a farmhouse is called ''Razzett''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ta Tabibu Farmhouse|url=http://8472cdn.biz/gallery/index.php?/category/111|website=8472cdn.biz|access-date=28 August 2015|language=de}}</ref><ref>[http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/01222v2.pdf "National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands"], Ta' Xindi Farmhouse, Scheduled 1994, Published 28 December 2012; accessed 2 January 2016, p. 1-2.</ref> Other examples of Maltese farmhouses are the [[Ta' Cisju Farmhouse]] and [[The Devil's Farmhouse]].
[[Ta' Tabibu farmhouse]] and [[Ta' Xindi Farmhouse]] are two typical [[Malta|Maltese]] farmhouses built with the use of [[Limestone]] material. In [[Maltese language|Maltese]] a farmhouse is called ''Razzett''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ta Tabibu Farmhouse|url=http://8472cdn.biz/gallery/index.php?/category/111|website=8472cdn.biz|access-date=28 August 2015|language=de}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160301221532/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/01222v2.pdf "National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands"], Ta' Xindi Farmhouse, Scheduled 1994, Published 28 December 2012; accessed 2 January 2016, p. 1-2.</ref> Other examples of Maltese farmhouses are the [[Ta' Cisju Farmhouse]] and [[The Devil's Farmhouse]].
<gallery class="center" caption="" widths="200px" heights="145px">
<gallery class="center" caption="" widths="200px" heights="145px">
File:Ta'_Tabibu_Farmhouse.png|[[Ta' Tabibu farmhouse]] at [[St. Paul's Bay]], Malta
File:Ta' Tabibu Farmhouse.png|[[Ta' Tabibu farmhouse]] at [[St. Paul's Bay]], Malta
File:Ta'_Xindi_Farmhouse.jpeg|[[Ta' Xindi Farmhouse]] at [[San Gwann]], Malta
File:Ta' Xindi Farmhouse.jpeg|[[Ta' Xindi Farmhouse]] at [[San Gwann]], Malta
</gallery>
</gallery>

=== Norway ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2015}}
Norwegian farmhouses used timber or logs and were built using Scandinavian [[vernacular architecture]]. The first examples are traced back to the 13th century. In some cases farmhouses are built on steep hillsides of the fjords, such as the [[Me-Åkernes]] farmland.

=== Spain ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2015}}
[[Alqueria]] is the name given to farmhouses in [[Valencian Community|Valencia]]. The [[Baserri]] is found in the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]] in Northern Spain and Southwestern France. The [[Cabaña pasiega]] is a two-level dwelling for farmers and livestock found in [[Cantabria]]. The [[Masia]] originates from [[Catalonia]], and the [[Palloza]] is a primitive, circular dwelling with a conical roof. [[Cortijo]]s also called Caserías when related to large rural estates are found [[Andalusia]], [[Extremadura]], [[Murcia]], [[Ciudad Real (Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha constituency)|Ciudad Real]] and [[Albacete (Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha constituency)|Albacete]]. [[Hacienda]] also occasionally functioned as a farmhouse.

[[File:Cortijo en Píñar.JPG|thumb|350px|Cortijo or Casería in [[Píñar]] ([[Province of Granada]])]]


== North America ==
== North America ==
Line 48: Line 40:


=== Canada ===
=== Canada ===
[[File:Victorian Farmhouse-Whitchurch-Stouffville Museum and Community Centre-Vandorf-Ontario-20220611.jpg|thumb|Victorian Farmhouse in [[Vandorf, Ontario]]]]
⚫
[[Canada|Canadian]] farmhouses were influenced by European settlers. In [[Quebec]], the style varied from Gothic to Swiss, with the kitchen being the most important room in the house.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nobbs|first1=Percy|editor1-last=Shortt|editor1-first=Adam|editor2-last=Doughty|editor2-first=Arthur G.|title=French Canadian Architecture in Canada and Its Provinces Vol. XII|publisher=Glasgow, Brook & Company|location=Toronto|pages=667–671|url=http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/FrenchCanadianArchitecture-LarchitectureauQuebec.htm|access-date=3 August 2015}}</ref> In [[Ontario]], the farmhouses of the late 19th century were of Victorian influence. Earlier ones used clapboard and later variations had brick. Many had front porches. In the west, dwellings varied from single-story wooden [[Homestead (buildings)|homesteads]] to straw huts. Wooden houses were built later as railroads brought wood from the Rockies ([[Alberta]], [[British Columbia]]). By the early 1900s houses could be purchased as [[Kit houses in North America|kits]] from several Canadian and American companies.<ref name=Sears>{{cite web|title=What is a Sears Modern Home?|url=http://www.searsarchives.com/homes/index.htm|publisher=[[Sears]]|access-date=4 August 2015|date=21 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kit Home Information|url=http://www.arts-crafts.com/archive/kithome/|website=The Arts & Crafts Society|access-date=4 August 2015}}</ref> Canadian homes often differ from their American counterparts in that the porch was often enclosed.


⚫
[[Canada|Canadian]] farmhouses were influenced by European settlers. In [[Quebec]], the style varied from Gothic to Swiss, with the kitchen being the most important room in the house.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nobbs |first=Percy |editor1-last=Shortt |editor1-first=Adam |editor2-last=Doughty |editor2-first=Arthur G. |title=French Canadian Architecture in Canada and Its Provinces Vol. XII |publisher=Glasgow, Brook & Company |location=Toronto |pages=667–671 |url=http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/FrenchCanadianArchitecture-LarchitectureauQuebec.htm |access-date=3 August 2015 }}</ref> In [[Ontario]], the farmhouses of the late 19th century were of Victorian influence. Earlier ones used clapboard and later variations had brick. Many had front porches. In the west, dwellings varied from single-story wooden [[Homestead (buildings)|homesteads]] to straw huts. Wooden houses were built later as railroads brought wood from the Rockies ([[Alberta]], British Columbia). By the early 1900s houses could be purchased as [[Kit houses in North America|kits]] from several Canadian and American companies.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is a Sears Modern Home?|url=http://www.searsarchives.com/homes/index.htm|publisher=[[Sears]]|access-date=4 August 2015|date=21 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kit Home Information|url=http://www.arts-crafts.com/archive/kithome/|website=The Arts & Crafts Society|access-date=4 August 2015}}</ref>
From 1850 onward many featured [[Vernacular architecture|vernacular]] interpretations of the more formal architectural styles, such as [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]], [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]], [[Carpenter Gothic]], and [[Queen Anne style architecture in the United States|Queen Anne]].{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}


=== United States ===
=== United States ===
[[File:2023-10-12 13 30 14 Old farmhouse and barn along Federal City Road across from the entrance to the Reed-Bryan Farm at Mercer Meadows in Hopewell Township, Mercer County, New Jersey.jpg|thumb|left|A typical American farmhouse, taken in 2023. The farm this house served has since been purchased for parkland.]]
⚫
American farmhouses had a straightforward construction designed to function amidst a working farm in a rural setting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Farmhouse design|url=http://www.vishwavedfarms.in|website=Farmhouse design|access-date=1 January 2019}}</ref> They had a simple rectangular floor plan, usually built with local materials, and included a dominant centrally-located [[fireplace]] for cooking and heating.<ref name=Ashby />

⚫
American farmhouses had a straightforward construction designed to function amidst a working farm in a rural setting.<ref name="Ashby" /> They had a simple rectangular floor plan, usually built with local materials, and included a dominant centrally-located [[fireplace]] for cooking and heating.<ref name="Ashby" />


[[File:KINETH FARM FROM ACROSS HIGHWAY 20, LOOKING SOUTHEAST. The Kineth house is seen on the right, facing the highway. Behind the house the milk house, out house, and a chicken coop are shown HABS WA-248-1.tif|thumb|left|A typical American farm]]
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}


Line 62: Line 55:
* [[List of house types]]
* [[List of house types]]
* [[Ranch-style house|Ranch house]]
* [[Ranch-style house|Ranch house]]
* [[Plantation house]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{Reflist}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|last=Peterson|first=Fred W.|title=Vernacular Building and Victorian Architecture: Midwestern American Farm Homes |newspaper=[[The Journal of Interdisciplinary History]]|volume=12|issue=3|date=Winter 1982|pages=409-427|publisher=[[The MIT Press]]|jstor=203267}}
* {{cite journal|last=Peterson|first=Fred W.|title=Vernacular Building and Victorian Architecture: Midwestern American Farm Homes |newspaper=[[The Journal of Interdisciplinary History]]|volume=12|issue=3|date=Winter 1982|pages=409–427|publisher=[[The MIT Press]]|doi=10.2307/203267 |jstor=203267}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
Line 75: Line 69:
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


⚫
[[Category:House types]]
[[Category:Farmhouses| ]]
[[Category:Farmhouses| ]]
[[Category:Agricultural buildings]]
[[Category:Agricultural buildings]]
[[Category:House styles]]
[[Category:House styles]]
⚫
[[Category:House types]]
[[Category:Vernacular architecture]]
[[Category:Vernacular architecture]]

Latest revision as of 05:16, 23 October 2024

This article is about the building. For the social fraternity, see FarmHouse. For the album by the American band Phish, see Farmhouse (album). For Australian supergroup, see Farmhouse (group).
A farmhouse (at bottom) in Einsiedeln, Switzerland
The Devil's Farmhouse in Mellieħa, Malta, built by the Order of St. John with limestone

A farmhouse is a building that serves as the primary quarters in a rural or agricultural setting. Historically, farmhouses were often combined with space for animals called a housebarn. Other farmhouses may be connected to one or more barns, built to form a courtyard, or with each farm building separate from each other.[1][2]

Europe

[edit]

Types of farmhouses in Europe include the following:

France

[edit]

A Bresse house (French: Ferme bressane) is a type of farmhouse found in the Bresse region and characterized by its long length, brick walls and wooden roof.[3][4] A Mas is a traditional farmhouse unique to Provence and Southern France.[5][6]

Germany

[edit]
A timber-framed Middle German house in Klein Schöppenstedt near Cremlingen around 1900

Historically there were three main types of German farmhouses, many of which survive today. The Low German house or Niedersachsenhaus (Lower Saxony house) is found mainly on the North German Plain, but also in large parts of the Netherlands. It is a large structure with a sweeping roof supported by two to four rows of internal posts. The large barn door at the gable end opens into a spacious hall, or Deele, with cattle stalls and barns on either side and living accommodation at the end. The Middle German house may also be a single unit, but access is from the side, and the roof is supported by the outside walls. Later this type of mitteldeutsches Haus was expanded to two or more buildings around a rectangular farmyard, often with a second story. The South German house is found in southern Germany and has two main variants, the Swabian or Black Forest house and the Bavarian farmstead.[7]

Italy

[edit]

A Cascina a corte is a courtyard building whose arrangement is based on the Roman villa found in the Po Valley of northern Italy.[citation needed] A house called Casa colonica [it] in Italy is a type of farmhouse where the residents work the land but do not own the farm.[8]

Malta

[edit]

Ta' Tabibu farmhouse and Ta' Xindi Farmhouse are two typical Maltese farmhouses built with the use of Limestone material. In Maltese a farmhouse is called Razzett.[9][10] Other examples of Maltese farmhouses are the Ta' Cisju Farmhouse and The Devil's Farmhouse.

North America

[edit]

Types of farmhouses in North America include the following:

Canada

[edit]
Victorian Farmhouse in Vandorf, Ontario

Canadian farmhouses were influenced by European settlers. In Quebec, the style varied from Gothic to Swiss, with the kitchen being the most important room in the house.[11] In Ontario, the farmhouses of the late 19th century were of Victorian influence. Earlier ones used clapboard and later variations had brick. Many had front porches. In the west, dwellings varied from single-story wooden homesteads to straw huts. Wooden houses were built later as railroads brought wood from the Rockies (Alberta, British Columbia). By the early 1900s houses could be purchased as kits from several Canadian and American companies.[12][13]

United States

[edit]
A typical American farmhouse, taken in 2023. The farm this house served has since been purchased for parkland.

American farmhouses had a straightforward construction designed to function amidst a working farm in a rural setting.[2] They had a simple rectangular floor plan, usually built with local materials, and included a dominant centrally-located fireplace for cooking and heating.[2]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Airs, Malcolm (2004). "26: Architecture, Politics and Society". In Jones, Norman; Tittler, Robert (eds.). A Companion to Tudor Britain. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 483–486. ISBN 978-0-631-23618-4. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  2. ^ a b c Ashby, Wallace (1934). Farmhouse plans. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  3. ^ "Bresse Farms". bresse-bourguignonne. Office de Tourisme du Pays de la Bresse Bourguignonne. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  4. ^ Monmarché, Georges (1949). France, Les Guides Bleu, English series, Nagel, p. 170.
  5. ^ "Mas". Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  6. ^ Massot, Jean-Luc (1 January 1995). Maisons rurales et vie paysanne en Provence. L'habitat en ordre dispersé. Paris: Serg/Berger-Levrault. pp. 152–157. ISBN 2701303354.
  7. ^ Dickinson, Robert E. (1964). Germany: A regional and economic geography (2nd ed.). London: Methuen. pp. 152–154.
  8. ^ Lazzaro, Claudia (December 1985). "Rustic Country House to Refined Farmhouse: The Evolution and Migration of an Architectural Form". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 44 (4). University of California Press on behalf of the Society of Architectural Historians: 347. doi:10.2307/990113. JSTOR 990113.
  9. ^ "Ta Tabibu Farmhouse". 8472cdn.biz (in German). Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  10. ^ "National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands", Ta' Xindi Farmhouse, Scheduled 1994, Published 28 December 2012; accessed 2 January 2016, p. 1-2.
  11. ^ Nobbs, Percy. Shortt, Adam; Doughty, Arthur G. (eds.). French Canadian Architecture in Canada and Its Provinces Vol. XII. Toronto: Glasgow, Brook & Company. pp. 667–671. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  12. ^ "What is a Sears Modern Home?". Sears. 21 March 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  13. ^ "Kit Home Information". The Arts & Crafts Society. Retrieved 4 August 2015.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
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