Nephrolepis exaltata: Difference between revisions

Nephrolepis exaltata
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
	; Secure (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Division:	Polypodiophyta
Class:	Polypodiopsida
Order:	Polypodiales
Suborder:	Polypodiineae
Family:	Nephrolepidaceae
Genus:	Nephrolepis
Species:	N. exaltata
Binomial name
	Nephrolepis exaltata; (L.) Schott

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Nephrolepis exaltata, known as the sword fern^[1] or Boston fern, is a species of fern in the family Nephrolepidaceae.^[2] It is native to the Americas.^[1] This evergreen plant can reach as high as 40–90 centimetres (16–35 in), and in extreme cases up to 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in). It is also known as the Boston sword fern, wild Boston fern, Boston blue bell fern, tuber ladder fern, or fishbone fern.^[3]

Description

The fronds of Nephrolepis exaltata are 50–250 centimetres (20–98 in) long and 6–15 centimetres (2.4–5.9 in) broad, with alternate pinnae (the small "leaflets" on either side of the midrib), each pinna being 2–8 centimetres (0.79–3.15 in) long. The pinnae are generally deltoid, as seen in the adjacent picture. The pinnate vein pattern is also visible on these highly compound leaves. The edges appear slightly serrate, linear to lanceolate and glandular. The rachis bears monochrome sprout soups. The leaflets are entire, undestroyed and oblong-lanceolate up to 4.8 inches (120 mm) long and up to 0.9 inches (23 mm) wide. They stand at a distance of less than 1 centimetre (0.39 in). The sori are rounded. The spores are warty and wrinkled. Nephrolepis exaltata forms an underground rhizome that is slim and tuberous.

The species has erect fronds, but Nephrolepis exaltata 'Bostoniensis' (Boston fern) and 'Teddy Junior' have gracefully arching fronds. This mutation was discovered in a shipment of N. exaltata to Boston from Philadelphia in 1894.^[4] Other proposals for the origin of the term Boston fern were documented by David Fairchild, who stated that the term came from Florida pioneer nurseryman John Soar, who sent the plants to his friend in Boston.^[5]

Range

The fern is common in humid forests and swamps, especially in northern South America, Mexico, Central America, Florida, the West Indies, Polynesia and Africa. N. exaltata thrives in moist, shady locations and is found frequently in swamps and floodplains. The plant can grow both terrestrially and as an epiphyte. It grows epiphytically on the Sabal palmetto.

Cultivation and uses

Nephrolepis exaltata is a very popular house plant, often grown in hanging baskets or similar conditions. It is a perennial plant hardy in USDA plant hardiness zones 9–11. Although the fern may appear totally dead during periods of frost, it will re-emerge in the spring. In general, the Boston fern thrives in damp, but not soggy, soil that is rich in nutrients. Of the common cultivated ferns, the Boston fern is the most tolerant to drought. The fern is acclimated to humid conditions, so when grown as a house plant, it is necessary to mist the plant when relative humidity falls below around 80%. Although the plant prefers partial shade or full shade outdoors, it doesn't grow in shade when indoors and responds best to bright filtered light.^[6] The plant is usually propagated by division of the rooted runners, as named cultivars will not produce true spores. It is safe for pets as it is known to be non-toxic.^[7]^[8]

Cultivars

A number of cultivars exist:^[9]

'Teddy Junior'
'Bostoniensis'
'Sonata'
'Montana'
'Green Lady'
'Marissa' (a dwarf variety)
'Todeoides'
'Whitmanii Improved'
'Rooseveltii'

The following are recipients of the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

Nephrolepis exaltata^[10]
Nephrolepis exaltata 'Bostoniensis'^[11]
Nephrolepis exaltata 'Elegantissima'^[12]

Invasive species

A related species, Nephrolepis cordifolia (Tuberous sword fern), is frequently confused with this sword fern, and is a serious exotic invasive plant, forming dense monocultures. Nephrolepis exaltata is classified as an invasive alien plant in South Africa. In some provinces it must be eradicated by law. In others, a permit is required to import, possess, grow, breed, move, sell, buy or accept one as a gift.^[13]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Bárrios, S. & Copeland, A. (2021). "Nephrolepis exaltata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T192003740A192138518. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
^ PPG I (November 2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229. ISSN 1674-4918.
^ "Nephrolepis exaltata". Plants & Flowers: Plants Database. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
^ Greenhouse Production of Boston Ferns - Alabama Cooperative Extension System
^ http://www.fshs.org/Proceedings/Password%20Protected/1980%20Vol.%2093/208-210%20(SMITH).pdf Cecil N. Smith - Evolution of the Florida Foliage Plant Industry
^ "Growing Indoor Plants with Success". extension.uga.edu. Retrieved 2024-08-14.
^ "Boston Fern". aspca.org.
^ "Poisonous and non toxic plants for cats - Article on Pets.ca | Pets.ca".
^ VIDALIE Henri (8 September 2009). Les productions florales (8e ed.). Lavoisier. pp. 112–. ISBN 978-2-7430-1667-8.
^ "Nephrolepis exaltata". www.rhs.org. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
^ "Nephrolepis exaltata 'Bostoniensis'". RHS. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
^ "Nephrolepis exaltata 'legantissima'". RHS. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
^ "Alien Invasive Plants - The South African Nursery Association". Archived from the original on 2013-03-13. Retrieved 2012-12-02.

External links

Data related to Nephrolepis exaltata at Wikispecies
"Nephrolepis exaltata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
Floridata: Nephrolepis exaltata

[IUCN-1] Bárrios, S. & Copeland, A. (2021). "Nephrolepis exaltata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T192003740A192138518. Retrieved 16 June 2022.

[2] PPG I (November 2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229. ISSN 1674-4918.

[3] "Nephrolepis exaltata". Plants & Flowers: Plants Database. Retrieved 12 April 2018.

[4] Greenhouse Production of Boston Ferns - Alabama Cooperative Extension System

[5] ttp://www.fshs.org/Proceedings/Password%20Protected/1980%20Vol.%2093/208-210%20(SMITH).pdf Cecil N. Smith - Evolution of the Florida Foliage Plant Industry

[6] "Growing Indoor Plants with Success". extension.uga.edu. Retrieved 2024-08-14.

[7] "Boston Fern". aspca.org.

[8] "Poisonous and non toxic plants for cats - Article on Pets.ca | Pets.ca".

[Henri2009-9] VIDALIE Henri (8 September 2009). Les productions florales (8e ed.). Lavoisier. pp. 112–. ISBN 978-2-7430-1667-8.

[RHSPF-10] "Nephrolepis exaltata". www.rhs.org. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 3 January 2021.

[11] "Nephrolepis exaltata 'Bostoniensis'". RHS. Retrieved 6 January 2021.

[12] "Nephrolepis exaltata 'legantissima'". RHS. Retrieved 6 January 2021.

[13] "Alien Invasive Plants - The South African Nursery Association". Archived from the original on 2013-03-13. Retrieved 2012-12-02.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Species of fern}}
 {{Speciesbox
-| image = Nephrolepis exaltata indoor0705c.jpg
+| image = Boston Fern (2873392811).png
-| status = G5
+| status = LC
-| status_system = TNC
+| status_system = IUCN3.1
+| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author1=Bárrios, S. |author2=Copeland, A. |name-list-style=amp |title=''Nephrolepis exaltata'' |page=e.T192003740A192138518 |year=2021 |access-date=16 June 2022}}</ref>
+| status2 = G5
+| status2_system = TNC
 | genus = Nephrolepis
 | species = exaltata
-|authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) Schott
+| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) Schott
 }}
-'''''Nephrolepis exaltata''''', known as the '''sword fern''' or ''' Boston fern''', is a species of [[fern]] in the family [[Lomariopsidaceae]] (sometimes treated in the families [[Davalliaceae]] or [[Oleandraceae]], or in its own family, Nephrolepidaceae) native to tropical regions throughout the world. This [[evergreen]] plant can reach as high as {{convert|40-90|cm}}, and in extreme cases up to {{convert|1.5|m}}. It is also known as the '''Boston swordfern''', '''wild Boston fern''', '''Boston Blue Bell Fern''', '''tuber ladder fern''', or '''fishbone fern'''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.plantsrescue.com/nephrolepis-exaltata/ | title = Nephrolepis exaltata
+'''''Nephrolepis exaltata''''', known as the '''sword fern'''<ref name=IUCN/> or ''' Boston fern''', is a species of [[fern]] in the family [[Nephrolepis|Nephrolepidaceae]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=PPG I |date=November 2016 |title=A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jse.12229 |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |language=en |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=563–603 |doi=10.1111/jse.12229 |issn=1674-4918}}</ref> It is native to the Americas.<ref name=IUCN/> This [[evergreen]] plant can reach as high as {{convert|40-90|cm}}, and in extreme cases up to {{convert|1.5|m}}. It is also known as the '''Boston sword fern''', '''wild Boston fern''', '''Boston blue bell fern''', '''tuber ladder fern''', or '''fishbone fern'''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.plantsrescue.com/nephrolepis-exaltata/ | title = Nephrolepis exaltata
 | publisher = Plants & Flowers: Plants Database | access-date = 12 April 2018}}</ref>
 ==Description==
-The [[frond]]s of ''Nephrolepis exaltata'' are {{convert|50–250|cm}} long and {{convert|6–15|cm}} broad, with alternate pinnae (the small "leaflets" on either side of the midrib), each pinna being {{convert|2–8|cm}} long. The pinnae are generally deltoid, as seen in the adjacent picture. The pinnate vein pattern is also visible on these highly compound leaves. The edges appear slightly serrate. The plant can grow both terrestrially and as an [[epiphyte]], linear to [[lanceolate]] and [[glandular]]. The [[rachis]] bears monochrome sprout soups. The leaflets are entire, undestroyed and [[Glossary of leaf shapes#oblong|oblong]]-lanceolate up to {{convert|4.8|in}} long and up to {{convert|0.9|in}} wide. They stand at a distance of less than {{convert|1|cm}}. The [[sorus|sori]] are rounded. The spores are warty and wrinkled. Nephrolepis exaltata forms an underground [[rhizome]] that is slim and [[tuberous]].
+The [[frond]]s of ''Nephrolepis exaltata'' are {{convert|50–250|cm}} long and {{convert|6–15|cm}} broad, with alternate pinnae (the small "leaflets" on either side of the midrib), each pinna being {{convert|2–8|cm}} long. The pinnae are generally deltoid, as seen in the adjacent picture. The pinnate vein pattern is also visible on these highly compound leaves. The edges appear slightly serrate, linear to [[lanceolate]] and [[glandular]]. The [[rachis]] bears monochrome sprout soups. The leaflets are entire, undestroyed and [[Glossary of leaf shapes#oblong|oblong]]-lanceolate up to {{convert|4.8|in}} long and up to {{convert|0.9|in}} wide. They stand at a distance of less than {{convert|1|cm}}. The [[sorus|sori]] are rounded. The spores are warty and wrinkled. Nephrolepis exaltata forms an underground [[rhizome]] that is slim and [[tuberous]].
 The species has erect fronds, but ''Nephrolepis exaltata'' 'Bostoniensis' (''Boston fern'') and 'Teddy Junior' have gracefully arching fronds. This mutation was discovered in a shipment of ''N. exaltata'' to [[Boston]] from Philadelphia in 1894.<ref>[http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1095/ANR-1095.pdf?PHPSESSID=b5bbe727be409a0d380e892ed18e811f Greenhouse Production of Boston Ferns - Alabama Cooperative Extension System]</ref> Other proposals for the origin of the term Boston fern were documented by [[David Fairchild]], who stated that the term came from Florida pioneer [[Plant nursery|nursery]]man John Soar, who sent the plants to his friend in Boston.<ref>http://www.fshs.org/Proceedings/Password%20Protected/1980%20Vol.%2093/208-210%20(SMITH).pdf Cecil N. Smith - Evolution of the Florida Foliage Plant Industry</ref>
 ==Range==
-The fern is common in humid [[forest]]s and [[swamp]]s, especially in northern [[South America]], [[Mexico]], [[Central America]], [[Florida]], the [[West Indies]], [[Polynesia]] and [[Africa]]. ''Nephrolepis exaltata'' thrives in moist, shady locations and is found frequently in swamps and floodplains. It grows epiphytically on [[Sabal palmetto]].
+The fern is common in humid [[forest]]s and [[swamp]]s, especially in northern [[South America]], [[Mexico]], [[Central America]], [[Florida]], the [[West Indies]], [[Polynesia]] and [[Africa]]. ''N. exaltata'' thrives in moist, shady locations and is found frequently in swamps and floodplains. The plant can grow both terrestrially and as an [[epiphyte]]. It grows epiphytically on the ''[[Sabal palmetto]]''.
 ==Cultivation and uses==
-''Nephrolepis exaltata'' is a very popular house plant, often grown in hanging baskets or similar conditions. It is a perennial plant hardy in USDA plant hardiness zones 9-11. Although the fern may appear totally dead during periods of frost, it will re-emerge in the spring. In general, the Boston fern thrives in damp, but not soggy, soil that is rich in nutrients. Of the common cultivated ferns, the Boston fern is the most tolerant to drought. The fern is acclimated to humid conditions, so when grown as a house plant, it is necessary to mist the plant when relative humidity falls below around 80%. Although the plant prefers partial shade or full shade outdoors, it doesn't grow in shade when indoors and responds best to bright filtered light. The plant is usually propagated by division of the rooted runners, as named cultivars will not produce true spores. It is safe for pets as it is known to be non-toxic.<ref>{{cite web|title=Boston Fern|url=https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/boston-fern|website=aspca.org}}</ref><ref>http://www.pets.ca/cats/articles/safe-plants-and-poisonous-plants-for-cats/</ref>
+''Nephrolepis exaltata'' is a very popular house plant, often grown in hanging baskets or similar conditions. It is a perennial plant hardy in USDA plant hardiness zones 9–11. Although the fern may appear totally dead during periods of frost, it will re-emerge in the spring. In general, the Boston fern thrives in damp, but not soggy, soil that is rich in nutrients. Of the common cultivated ferns, the Boston fern is the most tolerant to drought. The fern is acclimated to humid conditions, so when grown as a house plant, it is necessary to mist the plant when relative humidity falls below around 80%. Although the plant prefers partial shade or full shade outdoors, it doesn't grow in shade when indoors and responds best to bright filtered light.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Growing Indoor Plants with Success |url=https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B1318&title=growing-indoor-plants-with-success |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=extension.uga.edu |language=en}}</ref> The plant is usually propagated by division of the rooted runners, as named cultivars will not produce true spores. It is safe for pets as it is known to be non-toxic.<ref>{{cite web|title=Boston Fern|url=https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/boston-fern|website=aspca.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pets.ca/cats/articles/safe-plants-and-poisonous-plants-for-cats/|title=Poisonous and non toxic plants for cats - Article on Pets.ca &#124; Pets.ca}}</ref>
 ===Cultivars===
@@ Line 37: / Line 40: @@
 {{div col end}}
-The following are recipients of the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]:-
+The following are recipients of the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]:
 * ''Nephrolepis exaltata''<ref name = RHSPF>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/11508/Nephrolepis-exaltata/Details | title = ''Nephrolepis exaltata'' | website = www.rhs.org | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 3 January 2021}}</ref>
-* ''Nephrolepis exaltata'' 'Bostoniensis' <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/58296/Nephrolepis-exaltata-Bostoniensis/Details | title = ''Nephrolepis exaltata'' 'Bostoniensis' | publisher = RHS | accessdate = 6 January 2021}}</ref>
+* ''Nephrolepis exaltata'' 'Bostoniensis'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/58296/Nephrolepis-exaltata-Bostoniensis/Details | title = ''Nephrolepis exaltata'' 'Bostoniensis' | publisher = RHS | accessdate = 6 January 2021}}</ref>
 * ''Nephrolepis exaltata'' 'Elegantissima'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/176665/Nephrolepis-exaltata-Elegantissima/Details | title = ''Nephrolepis exaltata'' 'legantissima' | publisher = RHS | accessdate = 6 January 2021}}</ref>
-==Air purification==
-In 1989, the [[NASA Clean Air Study]] showed that the Boston Fern could filter [[formaldehyde]], [[xylene]] and [[toluene]] from the air.<ref>{{cite report|title=Interior landscape plants for indoor air pollution abatement|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930073077|author1=BC Wolverton |author2=WL Douglas |author3=K Bounds |date=September 1989|id=NASA-TM-101766|publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref>
 ==Invasive species==
 A related species, ''[[Nephrolepis cordifolia]]'' (Tuberous sword fern), is frequently confused with this sword fern, and is a serious exotic invasive plant, forming dense [[monocultures]].
 ''Nephrolepis exaltata'' is classified as an invasive alien plant in South Africa. In some provinces it must be eradicated by law. In others, a permit is required to import, possess, grow, breed, move, sell, buy or accept one as a gift.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sana.co.za/Alien-Invasive-Plants/ |title=Alien Invasive Plants - The South African Nursery Association |access-date=2012-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313014330/http://www.sana.co.za/Alien-Invasive-Plants/ |archive-date=2013-03-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-==Gallery==
-<gallery>
-File:Wild Boston fern.jpg
-File:Wild Boston fern02.jpg
-File:NephrolepisExaltata.jpg
-File:Nephrolepis_exaltata_a1.JPG
-File:Nephrolepis exaltata 4zz.jpg
-File:Boston Fern (Nephrolepis exaltata).jpg
-File:Boston Fern (Nephrolepis exaltata) 1.jpg
-</gallery>
 ==References==
@@ Line 72: / Line 61: @@
 [[Category:Nephrolepis|exaltata]]
-[[Category:Ferns of Asia]]
-[[Category:Ferns of Africa]]
 [[Category:Ferns of the Americas]]
-[[Category:Ferns of Mexico]]
-[[Category:Ferns of the United States]]
 [[Category:House plants]]
 [[Category:Low light plants]]