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{{Short description|Trade union}}
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{{More citations needed|date=December 2015}}<!-- The only sources here have to do with the Israel boycott. -->
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{{Infobox Union
{{Infobox organization
|name= Canadian Union of Public Employees
| name = Canadian Union of Public Employees
| native_name = <!-- organization's name in its local language -->
|country= Canada
| native_name_lang = <!-- required ISO 639-1 code of the above native language -->
|affiliation= [[Canadian Labour Congress|CLC]], [[International Transport Workers' Federation|ITF]], [[Public Services International|PSI]]
| logo = Canadian Union of Public Employees logo.svg
|members= 700,000 (October 2017)
| logo_alt =
|image= [[File:Canadian Union of Public Employees logo.png|200px]]
| abbreviation = CUPE–SCFP
[[File:Syndicat canadien de la fonction publique logo.png|200px]]
| merged = <!-- any other organization(s) which it was merged into -->
|founded= 1963
| successor =
|office= [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]], Canada
| formation = {{start date and age|1963}}
|people= [[Mark Hancock]] (President) <br />[[Charles Fleury (trade unionist)|Charles Fleury]] (Sec.-Treasurer)
| founder = <!-- or |founders = -->
|website= [http://cupe.ca/ cupe.ca]
| founding_location =
|native_name=
| dissolved = <!-- or |defunct = --><!-- use {{end date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
|current=
| merger = {{ubl | National Union of Public Employees | National Union of Public Service Employees}}
|head=
| type = [[Trade union]]
|dissolved_date=
| headquarters = [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]], Canada
|dissolved_state= Merged into
| location = Canada
|merged_into=
| fields = <!-- or |field = -->
|footnotes=
| membership = 700,000
| membership_year = 2017
| languages = {{hlist | English | French}}
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = [[Mark Hancock]]
| leader_title2 = Secretary-treasurer
| leader_name2 = Candace Rennick
| secessions =
| affiliations = {{hlist | [[Canadian Labour Congress]] | [[International Transport Workers' Federation]] | [[Public Services International]]}}
| website = {{url|https://cupe.ca}}<br>{{url|https://scfp.ca}}
| formerly = <!-- or |former_name = -->
}}
}}


The '''Canadian Union of Public Employees''' ('''CUPE''', [[French language|French]]: ''Syndicat canadien de la fonction publique'') is a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[trade union]] serving the [[public sector]] – although it has in recent years organized workplaces in the non-profit and para-public sector as well. CUPE is the largest union in Canada, representing some 700,000 workers in health care, education, municipalities, libraries, universities, social services, public utilities, transportation, emergency services and airlines. Over 60% of CUPE's members are women, and almost a third are part-time workers. CUPE is affiliated with the [[Canadian Labour Congress]] and is its greatest financial contributor.
The '''Canadian Union of Public Employees''' ({{langx|fr|Syndicat canadien de la fonction publique|links=no}}; '''CUPE–SCFP''') is a Canadian [[trade union]] serving the [[public sector]] – although it has in recent years organized workplaces in the non-profit and para-public sector as well. CUPE–SCFP is the largest union in Canada, representing some 700,000 workers in health care, education, municipalities, libraries, universities, social services, public utilities, transportation, emergency services and airlines. Over 60 per cent of CUPE–SCFP's members are women, and almost a third are part-time workers. CUPE–SCFP is affiliated with the [[Canadian Labour Congress]] and is its greatest financial contributor.


==History==
==History==
CUPE was formed in 1963 in a fashion resembling [[industrial unionism]] by merging the National Union of Public Employees (NUPE) and the National Union of Public Service Employees (NUPSE). The first national president was [[Stan Little]], who had previously been the president of NUPSE. Having led public sector unionism through a period where almost no workers had the right to strike, Little has been credited with bringing public sector unions "from collective begging to collective bargaining." By the time of Little's retirement, CUPE had already grown to 210,000 members and had eclipsed [[United Steelworkers]] as the largest affiliate to the [[Canadian Labour Congress]].
CUPE–SCFP was formed in 1963 in a fashion resembling [[industrial unionism]] by merging the National Union of Public Employees (NUPE) and the National Union of Public Service Employees (NUPSE). The first national president was [[Stan Little]], who had previously been the president of NUPSE. Having led public sector unionism through a period where almost no workers had the right to strike, Little has been credited with bringing public sector unions "from collective begging to collective bargaining." By the time of Little's retirement, CUPE–SCFP had already grown to 210,000 members and had eclipsed [[United Steelworkers]] as the largest affiliate to the [[Canadian Labour Congress]].


Little was followed in 1975 by [[Grace Hartman (trade unionist)|Grace Hartman]], a feminist activist who was the first woman to lead a major labour union in North America. Hartman led CUPE to involve itself in broader struggles for social justice and equality, and emphasized the role of [[social unionism]], as opposed to the more conservative [[business unionism]] practised by many North American unions. She was arrested for leading Ontario hospital workers in defying a back-to-work order from the [[Ontario Supreme Court]] in 1981 and sentenced to 45 days in jail. She retired in 1983.
Little was followed in 1975 by [[Grace Hartman (trade unionist)|Grace Hartman]], a feminist activist who was the first woman to lead a major labour union in North America. Hartman led CUPE–SCFP to involve itself in broader struggles for social justice and equality, and emphasized the role of [[social unionism]], as opposed to the more conservative [[business unionism]] practised by many North American unions. She was arrested for leading Ontario hospital workers in defying a back-to-work order from the [[Ontario Supreme Court]] in 1981 and sentenced to 45 days in jail. She retired in 1983.


Hartman's successor as president was [[Jeff Rose]], a Toronto city worker. Rose's time as the defining face of CUPE was marked by membership growth from 294,000 to 407,000 members (largely through organizing), a strengthening of CUPE's infrastructure and rank-and-file skills, and his outspoken opposition to [[Brian Mulroney]]-era [[wage restraint]], [[free trade]], the [[Goods and Services Tax (Canada)|GST]], [[privatization]], [[deregulation]], and cuts to public services. Under Rose's leadership, CUPE was particularly effective in improving pay and working conditions for women. He stepped down in 1991 after eight years, becoming deputy minister of intergovernmental affairs for the Ontario [[New Democratic Party (Canada)|NDP]] government.
Hartman's successor as president was [[Jeff Rose]], a Toronto city worker. Rose's time as the defining face of CUPE–SCFP was marked by membership growth from 294,000 to 407,000 members (largely through organizing), a strengthening of CUPE–SCFP's infrastructure and rank-and-file skills, and his outspoken opposition to [[Brian Mulroney]]-era [[wage restraint]], [[free trade]], the [[Goods and Services Tax (Canada)|GST]], [[privatization]], [[deregulation]], and cuts to public services. Under Rose's leadership, CUPE–SCFP was particularly effective in improving pay and working conditions for women. He stepped down in 1991 after eight years, becoming deputy minister of intergovernmental affairs for the Ontario [[New Democratic Party (Canada)|NDP]] government.


In 1991, [[Judy Darcy]] followed Rose and became the defining face of CUPE. One of Canada's most visible and colourful labour leaders, Darcy was a vigorous opponent of [[privatization]], [[two-tier health care]], and [[free trade]] agreements. Darcy was firmly committed to the union's involvement in broader social issues, and under her tenure CUPE strongly attacked the [[invasion of Iraq]], condemned Canada's involvement in [[ballistic missile defense]], and spoke out loudly in favour of [[same-sex marriage]]. Darcy stepped down in 2003 after 12 years as president, and was replaced by [[Paul Moist]].
In 1991, [[Judy Darcy]] followed Rose and became the defining face of CUPE–SCFP. One of Canada's most visible and colourful labour leaders, Darcy was a vigorous opponent of [[privatization]], [[two-tier health care]], and [[free trade]] agreements. Darcy was firmly committed to the union's involvement in broader social issues, and under her tenure CUPE–SCFP strongly attacked the [[invasion of Iraq]], condemned Canada's involvement in [[ballistic missile defence]], and spoke out loudly in favour of [[same-sex marriage]]. Darcy stepped down in 2003 after 12 years as president, and was replaced by [[Paul Moist]].


On November 4, 2022, more than 55,000 CUPE–SCFP education workers began an indefinite strike against the Ontario government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mak |first=Ivy |date=2022-11-04 |title=Here’s where striking CUPE members and supporters are picketing in Toronto and the GTA |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2022/11/04/heres-where-striking-cupe-members-and-supporters-are-picketing-in-toronto-and-the-gta.html |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=[[Toronto Star]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Premier of Ontario|Ontario Premier]] [[Doug Ford]] attempted to stop the strike by using the [[notwithstanding clause]], which was criticized by [[Prime Minister of Canada|Canadian Prime Minister]] [[Justin Trudeau]] as "wrong and inappropriate."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Marie-Danielle |date=2022-11-02 |title=Trudeau tells Ford use of notwithstanding clause is 'wrong and inappropriate' in call |url=https://www.cp24.com/news/trudeau-tells-ford-use-of-notwithstanding-clause-is-wrong-and-inappropriate-in-call-1.6136082?cache= |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=CP24 |language=en}}</ref>
==Internal organization==
CUPE has an extremely decentralized structure, in which each local elects its own executive, sets its own dues structure, conducts its own bargaining and strike votes, and sends delegates to division and national conventions to form overarching policy. Advocates of this system claim that it places the power in the [[grassroots]] where it belongs; critics believe that it makes it difficult for it to organize concerted action and leaves the union highly balkanized with policies and strategies varying widely from local to local and sector to sector. This decentralized structure is often described as "CUPE's greatest strength and its greatest weakness." This political decentralization is mirrored by an organizational decentralization. Although CUPE has a national headquarters in Ottawa, it is relatively small—the vast majority of its staff are scattered across over 70 offices across the country.


On October 7, 2023, the day [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel|Hamas attacked Israel]], in which Hamas terrorists killed 1,200 people and took scores captive, Fred Hahn, general vice president of CUPE, tweeted: "Palestine is rising, long live the resistance."<ref name=hahn/> Eighty Jewish members of CUPE took Hahn and CUPE Ontario to the [[Ontario Human Rights Tribunal]], saying they felt “isolated, unwelcome, scared, silenced, discriminated against, threatened and harassed” by the way their union had responded since the October 7 attack.<ref name=hahn/>
CUPE locals are affiliated directly to the National body, and affiliation in Provincial CUPE bodies is optional. CUPE National provides locals with support and assistance through National Representatives, who are employees of CUPE National. National Representatives are assigned to specific locals to assist the democratically elected officers of CUPE locals in various aspects of the operation and functioning of the local union. They primarily assist in more complex issues, such as conducting Grievance Arbitrations, bargaining, disability/accommodation issues, human rights, preparation of legal documents, local elections and education. National Representatives also have authority to place a CUPE local under administration, pursuant to the CUPE Constitution, which effectively means that the Representative runs the local for a brief period of time in an extraordinary circumstance and suspends the locally elected officers, usually only in very serious cases of fraud or gross incompetence or misconduct. In addition to servicing National Representatives, CUPE National employs Research Representatives and Legal & Legislative Representatives, who provide research and legal support to locals through their servicing representatives.


In August 2024, National President [[Mark Hancock]] said that Hahn had been asked to respond to a request from the union’s national executive board that he resign due to a social media video post by Hahn that Hancock called "antisemitic."<ref name=hahn>[https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/cupe-boss-fred-hahn-under-fire-for-antisemitic-video "CUPE boss Fred Hahn refuses to resign over 'antisemitic' video,"] ''National Post''.</ref> Hahn, for his part, said that he was refusing to step down.<ref name=hahn/> Richard Marceau, vice president of the [[Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs]] (CIJA), opined that CUPE should remove Hahn.<ref name=hahn/> Carrie Silverberg, one of the people who signed on to the human-rights complaint against CUPE, called Hahn's video “blatantly anti-Semitic”.<ref name=hahn/> Ontario’s labour minister, Dave Piccini, confronted Hahn and asked him to stop being anti-Semitic, and Premier [[Doug Ford]] said that Hahn's post was "bigoted".<ref name=hahn/><ref>[https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/cupe-calls-for-fred-hahn-s-resignation-following-social-media-post-1.7009794 "CUPE calls for Fred Hahn's resignation following social media post,"] ''CTV News''.</ref> Hancock said that if Hahn does not resign on his own, "that’ll be new ground again for CUPE and me as a national president. I will review options available to me."<ref>[https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/08/23/vp-canadas-largest-union-ignores-increased-demands-resign-being-accused-antisemitism/ "VP of Canada’s Largest Union Ignores Increased Demands to Resign After Being Accused of Antisemitism,"] ''Algemeiner''.</ref>
Nationally there are two full-time political positions—the National President (currently [[Mark Hancock]]), and the National Secretary-Treasurer (currently [[Charles Fleury (trade unionist)|Charles Fleury]]).

==CUPE Contracting Out Employees Union Jobs==



Canadian Staff Union ([https://csu-scp.ca/ CSU]) reports 2019.

The Canadian Staff Union (CSU) is concerned and upset the Canadian Union Of Public Employees (CUPE) and representative [https://cupe.ca/message-mark-hancock Mark Hancock] President CUPE National continue on normally as union jobs are being contracted out.

“Contracting out of CUPE’s unionized employees is an issue everywhere.” says the Canadian Staff Union.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Canadian Staff Union (CSU) Condones CUPE Contracting Out Policy|url=https://csu-scp.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Approved_December_2019_Executive_Minutes_and_Reports.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

The Canadian Staff Union ads “The escalating contracting out of IT jobs at the CUPE National office forced the Canadian Staff Union members employed by CUPE to form a committee to address the contracting out issue.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Canadian Staff Union (CSU) Hurt As CUPE Continues Contracting Out Of Union Jobs|url=https://csu-scp.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Approved_December_2019_Executive_Minutes_and_Reports.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

The number of union jobs eliminated throughout [https://csu-scp.ca/member-resources/collective-agreements/ CUPE] is unknown at this time. The Canadian Staff Union has yet to comment




==Financials==
The Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE) is an extremely privileged and financially rich Canadian Union.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Canadian Union Of Public Employees Oppose Bill C-377 A Bill Making Unions More Financially Accountable To All Canadians|url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/411/FINA/WebDoc/WD5835718/411_FINA_C-377_Briefs/CanadianUnionofPublicEmployeesE.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>



'''<u>2019 Financials</u>''' <ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Canadian Union Of Public Employees CUPE 2019 Audited Financials|url=https://cupe.ca/sites/cupe/files/cupe_combined_-_12-31-2019_-_final_fs.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

Total Assets - $428,027,648

Total Donations - $55,672

==CUPE Salary Schedules ==

'''<u>Year 2018</u>'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Canadian Union Of Public Employees Salary Schedule 2018|url=https://1050.cupe.ca/files/2018/06/salary-list-2018-en.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>



2018 Canadian Union Of Public Employees CUPE salary schedule covering exempt '''''non-union''''' staff.

Note: These CUPE salaries do not include expenses, benefits, travel, gifts, bonuses, etc.

National President $170,373

National Secretary-Treasurer $164,089

Managing Director of Human Resources $134,595

Director of Labour Relations $124,012

Senior Labour Relations Officer, Senior Advisor, Occupational Health and Safety $102,546

PIus 7% over the rate for bilingualism January 2017 rate of pay.

2018 salaries were over budget by $397,000<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Charles Fleury CUPE National Secretary Treasurer Report 2018|url=https://cupe.ca/national-secretary-treasurers-report-december-2018|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

------------------------------------------------------------



2018 Canadian Union Of Public Employees salary schedule for '''''unionized''''' employees and the Union which represents them.

Note: These CUPE salaries do not include expenses, benefits, travel, etc. That information must be located in the Unions collective agreement with the Canadian Union Of Public Employees CUPE.



Canadian Directors Union CDU/SCD (The Canadian Directors Union CDU/SCD is an unknown organization)

Canadian Union Of Public Employee (CUPE) Staff Represented by CDU/SCD<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Canadian Directors Union and Canadian Union Of Public Employees Collective Agreement|url=https://www.sdc.gov.on.ca/sites/mol/drs/ca/Other%20Services/813-88487-13.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

Regional Director $124,012

National Director $120,532

Assistant Regional Director, Assistant National Director $115,899

PIus 7% over the rate for bilingualism January 2017 rate of pay.

2018 CUPE National Directors and Representatives salaries were over budget by $173,000<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Charles Fleury National Secretary Canadian Union Of Public Employees CUPE Financial Report 2018|url=https://cupe.ca/national-secretary-treasurers-report-december-2018|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>



CEU (The CEU is an unknown organization)

Canadian Union Of Public Employee (CUPE) Staff Represented by CEU

Managing Director $134,595

Executive Assistant $132,976

Administrative Officer $102,546

Administrative Assistant (NPO, NSTO and HER) $71,097



Canadian Staff Union/Syndicat Canadien du Personnel (CSU/CDP) National Office Component NOC

Canadian Union Of Public Employee (CUPE) Staff Represented by CEU/CDP NOC<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Canadian Staff Union NOC and Canadian Union Of Public Employees Collective Agreement|url=https://csu-scp.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Collective_Agreement_CSU_2018-2021.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

National Coordinator $114,506

Senior Economist $108,582

Senior Officer $102,546

Administrative Officer, Accountant $101,456

Assistant Accountant, Systems Analyst. Systems Support Specialist $91,907 93,185

PIus 7% over the rate for bilingualism January 2017 rate of pay.


Canadian Staff Union/Syndicat Canadien du Personnel (CSU/CDP) Local 1 - British Columbia

Canadian Union Of Public Employee (CUPE) Staff Represented by CSU Local 1 - BC<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Canadian Staff Union British Columbia and Canadian Union Of Public Employees Collective Agreement|url=https://csu-scp.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Collective_Agreement_CSU_Local-1-BC_2018-2021.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

Representative $102,546

PIus 7% over the rate for bilingualism January 2017 rate of pay.



Canadian Staff Union/Syndicat Canadien du Personnel (CSU/CDP) CSU Local 1 - Newfoundland

Canadian Union Of Public Employee (CUPE) Staff Represented by CSU Local 1 - Newfoundland<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Canadian Staff Union Newfoundland and Canadian Union Of Public Employees CUPE Collective Agreement|url=https://csu-scp.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Collective_Agreement_CSU_Local-1-NL_2018-2021.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

Representative $102,546

PIus 7% over the rate for bilingualism January 2017 rate of pay.

The Canadian Staff Union/Syndicat Canadien du Personnel (CSU/CDP) registered address is 1375 St-Laurent Blvd. Ottawa, Ontario Canada K1G 0Z7.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Canadian Staff Union Office Postal Address|url=https://www.internic.ca/whois/csu-scp.ca/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>That’s the registered address of the Canadian Union Of Public Employees National office.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Canadian Union Of Public Employees CUPE National Office Address 1375 St. Laurent Blvd, Ottawa, Ontario Canada K1G 0Z7|url=https://cupe.ca/our-offices|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>



Unity and Solidarity, Strength and Determination Union/Syndicat (UNIFOR) Local 2013

Canadian Union Of Public Employee (CUPE) Staff Represented by UNIFOR Local 2013<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=UNIFOR Collective Agreements|url=https://www.unifor.org/en/whats-new/briefs-statements/collective-bargaining-canada|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

Representative, Administrative Officer $102,550

Plus 7% over the rate for bilingualism January 2017 rate of pay.



Unity and Solidarity, Strength and Determination Union/Syndicat (UNIFOR) Local 2023

Canadian Union Of Public Employee (CUPE) Staff Represented by UNIFOR Local 2023<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=UNIFOR Canadian Union Of Public Employees Canadian Labour Congress Collective Agreements|url=https://www.unifor.org/en/whats-new/briefs-statements/collective-bargaining-canada|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

Administrative Assistant $71,100

Information Clerk I $66880

Bookkeeper II $65,892

Information Clerk II $65,494

Secretary (one clerical office) $65,161

Secretary $64,107

Clerk-Typist, Receptionist/Clerk-Typist, Machine Operator $62,046

Part-Time Secretary (one clerical office) (hourly rate) $41.77

Part-Time Secretary (hourly rate) $41.09

Part-Time Clerk-Typist (hourly rate) $39.77

PIus 7% over the rate for bilingualism January 2017 rate of pay.



The Canadian Office and Professional Employees Union (COPE/SEPB) Local 491

Canadian Union Of Public Employee (CUPE) Staff Represented by COPE/SEPB Local 491<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=COPE Local 491 Canadian Union Of Public Employees Collective Agreement $|url=http://cope491.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Draft_Collective_Agreement_COPE_Local-491_2018-2021_EN.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

Fleet Manager $103,484

Regional Administrative Officer $103,484

Administrative Assistant, Research Assistant, Technology Assistant, Job Evaluation Assistant, Health and Safety Assistant, Legal Analyst, Wage and Salary Analyst, Senior Collective Agreement Analyst $71,097

Bookkeeper I $68,365

Facilities Coordinator $69,107

Executive Secretary, Senior Secretary, Technology Analyst, Collective Agreement Analyst, Information Clerk I $66,878

Personnel Clerk, Bookkeeper II $65,690

Information Clerk Il $65,492

Secretary (one clerical office) $65,159

Purchasing and Receiving Clerk $65,071

Secretary $64,104

Statistical Clerk Typist $63,093

Clerk-Typist, Receptionist/Clerk-Typist, Receptionist, Machine Operator, Maintenance Stockroom Clerk $62,044

Part-Time Secretary (one clerical office) (hourly rate) $41.77

Part-Time Secretary (hourly rate) $41.09

Part-Time Clerk-Typist (hourly rate) $39.77

PIus 7% over the rate for bilingualism January 2017 rate of pay.



Service Employees International Union (SEIU) Local 2 BGPWU

Canadian Union Of Public Employee (CUPE) Staff Represented by SEIU Local 2 BGPWU<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=SERVICE EMPLOYEES INTERNATIONAL UNION LOCAL 2
BREWERY, GENERAL & PROFESSIONAL WORKERS' UNION|url=http://seiulocal2.ca/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

Cleaner (hourly rate) $20.61

PIus 7% over the rate for bilingualism January 2017 rate of pay.


==Internal organization==
CUPE–SCFP has an extremely decentralized structure, in which each local elects its own executive, sets its own dues structure, conducts its own bargaining and strike votes, and sends delegates to division and national conventions to form overarching policy. Advocates of this system claim that it places the power in the [[grassroots]] where it belongs; critics believe that it makes it difficult for it to organize concerted action and leaves the union highly balkanized with policies and strategies varying widely from local to local and sector to sector. This decentralized structure is often described as "CUPE–SCFP's greatest strength and its greatest weakness." This political decentralization is mirrored by an organizational decentralization. Although CUPE–SCFP has a national headquarters in Ottawa, it is relatively small—the vast majority of its staff are scattered across over 70 offices across the country.


CUPE–SCFP locals are affiliated directly to the National body, and affiliation in Provincial CUPE–SCFP bodies is optional. CUPE–SCFP National provides locals with support and assistance through National Representatives, who are employees of CUPE–SCFP National. National Representatives are assigned to specific locals to assist the democratically elected officers of CUPE–SCFP locals in various aspects of the operation and functioning of the local union. They primarily assist in more complex issues, such as conducting Grievance Arbitrations, bargaining, disability/accommodation issues, human rights, preparation of legal documents, local elections and education. National Representatives also have authority to place a CUPE–SCFP local under administration, pursuant to the CUPE–SCFP Constitution, which effectively means that the Representative runs the local for a brief period of time in an extraordinary circumstance and suspends the locally elected officers, usually only in very serious cases of fraud or gross incompetence or misconduct. In addition to servicing National Representatives, CUPE–SCFP National employs Research Representatives and Legal & Legislative Representatives, who provide research and legal support to locals through their servicing representatives.


Nationally, there are two full-time political positions: the National President (currently [[Mark Hancock]]) and the National Secretary-Treasurer (currently Candace Rennick).


==Provincial divisions==
==Provincial divisions==


CUPE divisions are the political voice of members in their respective provinces, and an integral part of CUPE. Chartered through the national union, each division advocates and campaigns at the provincial level for legislative, policy and political change in the interests of CUPE members and the communities they serve. Each provincial division is led by a democratically elected president, secretary-treasurer and executive board, who are directed by members at annual conventions (biennial in Quebec). Provincial organizations do not provide any servicing or support to the locals on specific operational items, focusing primarily on provincial lobbying, policy development and union education.
CUPE–SCFP divisions are the political voice of members in their respective provinces, and an integral part of CUPE–SCFP. Chartered through the national union, each division advocates and campaigns at the provincial level for legislative, policy and political change in the interests of CUPE–SCFP members and the communities they serve. Each provincial division is led by a democratically elected president, secretary-treasurer and executive board, who are directed by members at annual conventions (biennial in Quebec). Provincial organizations do not provide any servicing or support to the locals on specific operational items, focusing primarily on provincial lobbying, policy development and union education.

==Controversy==

In 2015 Mark Hancock’s friend and fellow unionist, [[Charles Fleury (trade unionist)|Charles Fleury]] (Secretary-Treasurer CUPE National), aided in the contracting out of IT bargaining unit work<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Contracting Out Grievance|url=https://gallery.mailchimp.com/b2e22e80304f81a34920af6c1/files/15_P_NOC_00014_NOC_Step_1_Grievance_Contracting_Out_.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> at the [https://www.cupe.ca CUPE National] office in Ontario. A direct violation of the collective agreement between CUPE National (employer) and the Canadian Staff Union (union).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Canadian Staff Union Collective National Office Staff|url=https://csu-scp.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Collective_Agreement_CSU-NOC_2018-2021.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

Mark Hancock, though five years have passed, has not come forward to explain Charles Fleury’s decision to go against the anti-contracting out beliefs of the Canadian Union Of Public Employees (CUPE).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Canadian Union of Public Employees Anti Contacting Out|url=https://cupe.ca/privatization|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>


==Internal labour relations==
==Internal labour relations==


CUPE's employees have organized into two main bargaining units. The Canadian Staff Union (CSU) is the larger of the groups. It represents National Representatives and specialist staff in Area and Region Offices across the 10 Regions of CUPE. In 2008 CSU absorbed the Administrative and Technical Staff Union which represented about 60 administrative and technical staff at the Ottawa National Office. The Canadian Office and Professional Employees union (COPE) Local 491 represents support staff workers in the National, regional and area offices of CUPE. Additionally, a handful of CUPE Locals have dedicated CUPE staff working in their own offices.
CUPE–SCFP's employees have organized into two main bargaining units. The Canadian Staff Union (CSU) is the larger of the groups. It represents National Representatives and specialist staff in Area and Region Offices across the 10 Regions of CUPE–SCFP. In 2008, CSU absorbed the Administrative and Technical Staff Union which represented about 60 administrative and technical staff at the Ottawa National Office. The Canadian Office and Professional Employees union (COPE) Local 491 represents support staff workers in the national, regional and area offices of CUPE–SCFP. Additionally, a handful of CUPE–SCFP Locals have dedicated CUPE–SCFP staff working in their own offices.


==National presidents==
==The Court And The Canadian Union Of Public Employees==
* 1963–1975: [[Stan Little]]
* 1975–1983: [[Grace Hartman (trade unionist)|Grace Hartman]]
* 1983–1991: [[Jeff Rose]]
* 1991–2003: [[Judy Darcy]]
* 2003–2015: [[Paul Moist]]
* 2015–present: [[Mark Hancock]]


==National secretary-treasurers==
'''<u>2019</u>'''
* 1963–1967: Robert P. Rintoul

* 1967–1975: [[Grace Hartman (trade unionist)|Grace Hartman]]
The recent case of Calgary (City) v Canadian Union of Public Employees<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Canadian Union Of Public Employees (CUPE)|url=https://cupe.ca|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> Local 37, 2019 ABCA 388 from the Alberta Court of Appeal marks an important decision on '''sexual misconduct'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=CUPE and Sexual Misconduct In The Workplace|url=https://cupe.ca/stop-workplace-sexual-violence|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> in the workplace.
* 1975–1985: Kealey Cummings

* 1985–1989: Jean-Claude Laniel
The City of Calgary (the “City”) terminated the grievor after investigating a complaint that the grievor had grabbed and squeezed the complainant’s breast without her consent. The City determined that the allegation was substantiated and the grievor’s conduct constituted a serious breach of its Respectful Workplace Policy and therefore terminated the grievor. CUPE* grieved the termination, which proceeded to arbitration. * The Canadian Union of Public Employees claim they won’t stand for violence against women.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Stop Workplace Sexual Violence CUPE|url=https://cupe.ca/stop-workplace-sexual-violence|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>
* 1989–1991: [[Judy Darcy]]

* 1991–2001: Geraldine McGuire
The grievance ended up in arbitration and for some reason the arbitrotor ruled in the grievors favour.
* 2001–2011: Claude Généreux

* 2011–2021: [[Charles Fleury (trade unionist)|Charles Fleury]]
The City applied for judicial review of the arbitrator’s decision to the Alberta Court of Queen’s Bench; the reviewing judge upheld the arbitrator’s decision. The City then appealed to the Alberta Court of Appeal. The majority of Court of Appeal allowed the appeal and sent the matter to be re-heard before a new arbitrator.
* 2021–present: Candace Rennick

Ultimately, the Court determined that, having found the assault occurred as alleged it was unreasonable for the arbitrator to conclude that the decision to dismiss the grievor was excessive given the circumstances of the case.

In coming to this conclusion, the majority engaged in an extensive discussion regarding sexual harassment in the workplace. The majority held that '''sexual harassment with a physical element is a form of sexual assault and constitutes “sexual harassment in its most serious form'''”. The majority of the court of Appeal concluded that this was most certainly the case with the misconduct at hand. The arbitrator’s failure to find that the grievor’s conduct constituted sexual assault and therefore the most serious sexual harassment, as well as the use of minimizing language (e.g. “personal assault” or “incident”) represented errors that undermined the decision.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Get With The Times CUPE|url=https://www.mondaq.com/canada/employee-rights-labour-relations/862392/get-with-the-times-the-alberta-court-of-appeal-weighs-in-on-sexual-harassment-in-the-workplace|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>



'''<u>2003</u>'''

City of Toronto v. Canadian Union of Public Employees, Local 79<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Toronto (City) v. C.U.P.E., Local 79|url=https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/2097/index.do|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

The case involved the grievance of [https://cupelocal79.org/ CUPE Local 79] member Glenn Oliver,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Supreme Court Judgements|url=https://decisions.scc-csc.ca/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/2097/index.do?site_preference=normal&alternatelocale=en&pedisable=true|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> a Recreationalist with 26 years’ seniority at Toronto’s Parks Department. '''Oliver was arrested, charged and convicted with sexual assault of a minor''' following a complaint by a minor and a participant in Oliver’s drama programs.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Recreation Instructor Fired By The City Of Toronto After Being Convicted Of Sexual Assault Of A Minor Under His Care and Canadian Union Of Public Employees Steps In Defending And Supporting That Sexual Predator and CUPE Local 79 Member.|url=https://www.ehlaw.ca/oct00-toronto|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

Following Glenn Olivers conviction for sexual assault of a minor The City of Toronto terminated Glenn Olivers employment. An arbitrator reinstated CUPE Local 79 member Glenn Oliver. That award was then quashed by the Divisional Court, which characterized the [https://www.cupe.ca Canadian Union of Public Employees] attempt to grieve the dismissal as a collateral attack on a valid judgment. The Divisional Court’s decision was upheld by the Ontario Court of Appeal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Recreation Instructor Fired By The City Of Toronto After Being Convicted Of Sexual Assault Of A Minor Under His Care and Canadian Union Of Public Employees Steps In Defending And Supporting That Sexual Predator and CUPE Local 79 Member|url=https://www.ehlaw.ca/feb04-cupevtoronto/?format=pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

In this case the Canadian Union of Public Employees was attempting to relitigate a criminal conviction of sexual assault of a minor.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Recreation Instructor Fired By The City Of Toronto After Being Convicted Of Sexual Assault Of A Minor Under His Care and Canadian Union Of Public Employees Steps In Defending And Supporting That Sexual Predator and CUPE Local 79 Member|url=https://www.ehlaw.ca/feb04-cupevtoronto/?format=pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

==National Presidents==
* [[Stan Little]] 1963–1975
* [[Grace Hartman (trade unionist)|Grace Hartman]] 1975–1983
* [[Jeff Rose]] 1983–1991
* [[Judy Darcy]] 1991–2003
* [[Paul Moist]] 2003–2015
* [[Mark Hancock]] 2015–present


== Archives ==
== Archives ==
There is a Canadian Union of Public Employees fond at [[Library and Archives Canada]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Finding aid to the Canadian Union of Public Employees fonds at Library and Archives Canada, Part 1|url=http://data2.collectionscanada.ca/pdf/pdf001/p000002242.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=July 30, 2020|website=}}</ref> The archival reference number is R5440, former archival reference number MG28-I234.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Canadian Union of Public Employees fonds description at Library and Archives Canada|url=https://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&rec_nbr=105656&lang=eng&rec_nbr_list=105656,107233,198638,104690,101745,102919,160282,97903,98417,105207|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=July 30, 2020|website=}}</ref> The fond covers the date range 1919 to 2009. It contains 105.46 meters of textual records, along with a number of other media records.
There is a Canadian Union of Public Employees fond at [[Library and Archives Canada]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Finding aid to the Canadian Union of Public Employees fonds at Library and Archives Canada, Part 1|url=http://data2.collectionscanada.ca/pdf/pdf001/p000002242.pdf|access-date=July 30, 2020}}</ref> The archival reference number is R5440, former archival reference number MG28-I234.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Canadian Union of Public Employees fonds description at Library and Archives Canada|url=https://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&rec_nbr=105656&lang=eng&rec_nbr_list=105656,107233,198638,104690,101745,102919,160282,97903,98417,105207|access-date=July 30, 2020}}</ref> The fond covers the date range 1919 to 2009. It contains 105.46 meters of textual records, along with a number of other media records.


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
{{Portal|Organized labour}}
{{Wikinews|Canadian union upset over Scugog councilor lowering flag | Scugog flag controversy comes to an end}}
{{Wikinews|Canadian union upset over Scugog councilor lowering flag | Scugog flag controversy comes to an end}}
* {{Official website|cupe.ca}}
* {{Official website}}
*[https://wayback.archive-it.org/288/*/http://www.cupe.ca/ Canadian Union of Public Employees] – Web Archive created by the University of Toronto Libraries
*[https://wayback.archive-it.org/288/*/http://www.cupe.ca/ Canadian Union of Public Employees] – Web Archive created by the University of Toronto Libraries



{{Canadian Labour Congress}}
{{Canadian Labour Congress}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Organized labour}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Canadian Union Of Public Employees}}
[[Category:Canadian Union of Public Employees| ]]
[[Category:Canadian Union of Public Employees| ]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Ontario]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Ontario]]
[[Category:Canadian Labour Congress]]
[[Category:Canadian Labour Congress affiliates]]
[[Category:International Transport Workers' Federation]]
[[Category:International Transport Workers' Federation]]
[[Category:Public Services International]]
[[Category:Public Services International]]
[[Category:Trade unions established in 1963]]
[[Category:Trade unions established in 1963]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Ottawa]]
[[Category:Public sector trade unions in Canada]]

Latest revision as of 08:00, 23 October 2024

Canadian Union of Public Employees
AbbreviationCUPE–SCFP
Formation1963; 62 years ago (1963)
Merger of
  • National Union of Public Employees
  • National Union of Public Service Employees
TypeTrade union
HeadquartersOttawa, Ontario, Canada
Location
  • Canada
Membership700,000 (2017)
Official languages
  • English
  • French
President
Mark Hancock
Secretary-treasurer
Candace Rennick
Affiliations
Websitecupe.ca
scfp.ca

The Canadian Union of Public Employees (French: Syndicat canadien de la fonction publique; CUPE–SCFP) is a Canadian trade union serving the public sector – although it has in recent years organized workplaces in the non-profit and para-public sector as well. CUPE–SCFP is the largest union in Canada, representing some 700,000 workers in health care, education, municipalities, libraries, universities, social services, public utilities, transportation, emergency services and airlines. Over 60 per cent of CUPE–SCFP's members are women, and almost a third are part-time workers. CUPE–SCFP is affiliated with the Canadian Labour Congress and is its greatest financial contributor.

History

CUPE–SCFP was formed in 1963 in a fashion resembling industrial unionism by merging the National Union of Public Employees (NUPE) and the National Union of Public Service Employees (NUPSE). The first national president was Stan Little, who had previously been the president of NUPSE. Having led public sector unionism through a period where almost no workers had the right to strike, Little has been credited with bringing public sector unions "from collective begging to collective bargaining." By the time of Little's retirement, CUPE–SCFP had already grown to 210,000 members and had eclipsed United Steelworkers as the largest affiliate to the Canadian Labour Congress.

Little was followed in 1975 by Grace Hartman, a feminist activist who was the first woman to lead a major labour union in North America. Hartman led CUPE–SCFP to involve itself in broader struggles for social justice and equality, and emphasized the role of social unionism, as opposed to the more conservative business unionism practised by many North American unions. She was arrested for leading Ontario hospital workers in defying a back-to-work order from the Ontario Supreme Court in 1981 and sentenced to 45 days in jail. She retired in 1983.

Hartman's successor as president was Jeff Rose, a Toronto city worker. Rose's time as the defining face of CUPE–SCFP was marked by membership growth from 294,000 to 407,000 members (largely through organizing), a strengthening of CUPE–SCFP's infrastructure and rank-and-file skills, and his outspoken opposition to Brian Mulroney-era wage restraint, free trade, the GST, privatization, deregulation, and cuts to public services. Under Rose's leadership, CUPE–SCFP was particularly effective in improving pay and working conditions for women. He stepped down in 1991 after eight years, becoming deputy minister of intergovernmental affairs for the Ontario NDP government.

In 1991, Judy Darcy followed Rose and became the defining face of CUPE–SCFP. One of Canada's most visible and colourful labour leaders, Darcy was a vigorous opponent of privatization, two-tier health care, and free trade agreements. Darcy was firmly committed to the union's involvement in broader social issues, and under her tenure CUPE–SCFP strongly attacked the invasion of Iraq, condemned Canada's involvement in ballistic missile defence, and spoke out loudly in favour of same-sex marriage. Darcy stepped down in 2003 after 12 years as president, and was replaced by Paul Moist.

On November 4, 2022, more than 55,000 CUPE–SCFP education workers began an indefinite strike against the Ontario government.[1] Ontario Premier Doug Ford attempted to stop the strike by using the notwithstanding clause, which was criticized by Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau as "wrong and inappropriate."[2]

On October 7, 2023, the day Hamas attacked Israel, in which Hamas terrorists killed 1,200 people and took scores captive, Fred Hahn, general vice president of CUPE, tweeted: "Palestine is rising, long live the resistance."[3] Eighty Jewish members of CUPE took Hahn and CUPE Ontario to the Ontario Human Rights Tribunal, saying they felt “isolated, unwelcome, scared, silenced, discriminated against, threatened and harassed” by the way their union had responded since the October 7 attack.[3]

In August 2024, National President Mark Hancock said that Hahn had been asked to respond to a request from the union’s national executive board that he resign due to a social media video post by Hahn that Hancock called "antisemitic."[3] Hahn, for his part, said that he was refusing to step down.[3] Richard Marceau, vice president of the Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs (CIJA), opined that CUPE should remove Hahn.[3] Carrie Silverberg, one of the people who signed on to the human-rights complaint against CUPE, called Hahn's video “blatantly anti-Semitic”.[3] Ontario’s labour minister, Dave Piccini, confronted Hahn and asked him to stop being anti-Semitic, and Premier Doug Ford said that Hahn's post was "bigoted".[3][4] Hancock said that if Hahn does not resign on his own, "that’ll be new ground again for CUPE and me as a national president. I will review options available to me."[5]

Internal organization

CUPE–SCFP has an extremely decentralized structure, in which each local elects its own executive, sets its own dues structure, conducts its own bargaining and strike votes, and sends delegates to division and national conventions to form overarching policy. Advocates of this system claim that it places the power in the grassroots where it belongs; critics believe that it makes it difficult for it to organize concerted action and leaves the union highly balkanized with policies and strategies varying widely from local to local and sector to sector. This decentralized structure is often described as "CUPE–SCFP's greatest strength and its greatest weakness." This political decentralization is mirrored by an organizational decentralization. Although CUPE–SCFP has a national headquarters in Ottawa, it is relatively small—the vast majority of its staff are scattered across over 70 offices across the country.

CUPE–SCFP locals are affiliated directly to the National body, and affiliation in Provincial CUPE–SCFP bodies is optional. CUPE–SCFP National provides locals with support and assistance through National Representatives, who are employees of CUPE–SCFP National. National Representatives are assigned to specific locals to assist the democratically elected officers of CUPE–SCFP locals in various aspects of the operation and functioning of the local union. They primarily assist in more complex issues, such as conducting Grievance Arbitrations, bargaining, disability/accommodation issues, human rights, preparation of legal documents, local elections and education. National Representatives also have authority to place a CUPE–SCFP local under administration, pursuant to the CUPE–SCFP Constitution, which effectively means that the Representative runs the local for a brief period of time in an extraordinary circumstance and suspends the locally elected officers, usually only in very serious cases of fraud or gross incompetence or misconduct. In addition to servicing National Representatives, CUPE–SCFP National employs Research Representatives and Legal & Legislative Representatives, who provide research and legal support to locals through their servicing representatives.

Nationally, there are two full-time political positions: the National President (currently Mark Hancock) and the National Secretary-Treasurer (currently Candace Rennick).

Provincial divisions

CUPE–SCFP divisions are the political voice of members in their respective provinces, and an integral part of CUPE–SCFP. Chartered through the national union, each division advocates and campaigns at the provincial level for legislative, policy and political change in the interests of CUPE–SCFP members and the communities they serve. Each provincial division is led by a democratically elected president, secretary-treasurer and executive board, who are directed by members at annual conventions (biennial in Quebec). Provincial organizations do not provide any servicing or support to the locals on specific operational items, focusing primarily on provincial lobbying, policy development and union education.

Internal labour relations

CUPE–SCFP's employees have organized into two main bargaining units. The Canadian Staff Union (CSU) is the larger of the groups. It represents National Representatives and specialist staff in Area and Region Offices across the 10 Regions of CUPE–SCFP. In 2008, CSU absorbed the Administrative and Technical Staff Union which represented about 60 administrative and technical staff at the Ottawa National Office. The Canadian Office and Professional Employees union (COPE) Local 491 represents support staff workers in the national, regional and area offices of CUPE–SCFP. Additionally, a handful of CUPE–SCFP Locals have dedicated CUPE–SCFP staff working in their own offices.

National presidents

National secretary-treasurers

  • 1963–1967: Robert P. Rintoul
  • 1967–1975: Grace Hartman
  • 1975–1985: Kealey Cummings
  • 1985–1989: Jean-Claude Laniel
  • 1989–1991: Judy Darcy
  • 1991–2001: Geraldine McGuire
  • 2001–2011: Claude Généreux
  • 2011–2021: Charles Fleury
  • 2021–present: Candace Rennick

Archives

There is a Canadian Union of Public Employees fond at Library and Archives Canada.[6] The archival reference number is R5440, former archival reference number MG28-I234.[7] The fond covers the date range 1919 to 2009. It contains 105.46 meters of textual records, along with a number of other media records.

References

  1. ^ Mak, Ivy (2022-11-04). "Here's where striking CUPE members and supporters are picketing in Toronto and the GTA". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2022-11-04.
  2. ^ Smith, Marie-Danielle (2022-11-02). "Trudeau tells Ford use of notwithstanding clause is 'wrong and inappropriate' in call". CP24. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "CUPE boss Fred Hahn refuses to resign over 'antisemitic' video," National Post.
  4. ^ "CUPE calls for Fred Hahn's resignation following social media post," CTV News.
  5. ^ "VP of Canada’s Largest Union Ignores Increased Demands to Resign After Being Accused of Antisemitism," Algemeiner.
  6. ^ "Finding aid to the Canadian Union of Public Employees fonds at Library and Archives Canada, Part 1" (PDF). Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  7. ^ "Canadian Union of Public Employees fonds description at Library and Archives Canada". Retrieved July 30, 2020.