Jump to content

Straits of Mackinac: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 45°48′50″N 84°45′00″W / 45.81389°N 84.75000°W / 45.81389; -84.75000
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Monkbot (talk | contribs)
Bots
3,695,952 edits
m Task 20: replace {lang-??} templates with {langx|??} ‹See Tfd› (Replaced 1);
 
(32 intermediate revisions by 23 users not shown)
Line 5: Line 5:
| native_name_lang =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = {{plainlist|
| other_name = {{plainlist|
*[[Michilimackinac]]
*Mackinac Strait
*Mackinac Strait
⚫
*Strait of Mackinac
*Michillimacinac Strait
⚫
*Strait of Maciknac
*Straits of Mackinaw
*Détroit de Mackinac
*Détroit de Mackinac
}}
}}
| image =Straits of Mackinac crx.jpg
| image = Straits of Mackinac crx.jpg
| alt =
| alt =
| caption =Overhead view of the Straits of Mackinac linking Lakes Michigan (left) and Huron (right)
| caption = Overhead view of the Straits of Mackinac linking Lakes Michigan (left) and Huron (right)
| image_bathymetry =
| image_bathymetry =
| alt_bathymetry =
| alt_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location =[[Lake Michigan]]-[[Lake Huron]]
| location = [[Lake Michigan]]-[[Lake Huron]]
| group =
| group =
| coordinates = {{coord|45|48|50|N|84|45|00|W|type:waterbody|display=title,inline}}
| coordinates = {{coord|45|48|50|N|84|45|00|W|type:waterbody|display=title,inline}}
| type = [[Strait]]
| type = [[Strait]]
| etymology =[[Michilimackinac]]
| etymology = [[Michilimackinac]]
| part_of =
| part_of =
| inflow = [[Lake Michigan]]
| inflow = [[Lake Michigan]]
| rivers =
| rivers =
Line 35: Line 34:
| date-flooded = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water -->
| date-flooded = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water -->
| length =
| length =
| width =
| width =
| area =
| area =
| depth =
| depth =
| max-depth = {{convert|295|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| max-depth = {{convert|295|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| volume =
| volume =
| residence_time =
| residence_time =
Line 47: Line 46:
| temperature_low =
| temperature_low =
| frozen =
| frozen =
| islands =
| islands =
| islands_category =
| islands_category =
| sections =
| sections =
Line 53: Line 52:
| benches =
| benches =
| cities =
| cities =
| pushpin_map = USA Michigan#Great Lakes#USA
| pushpin_map = USA Michigan#Great Lakes#USA
| pushpin_label_position = <!-- left, right, top or bottom -->
| pushpin_label_position = <!-- left, right, top or bottom -->
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| website =
| website =
| reference = <ref name=gnis>{{gnis|1621793|Straits of Mackinac}}</ref>
| reference = <ref name=gnis>{{gnis|1621793|Straits of Mackinac}}</ref>
}}
}}


The '''Straits of Mackinac''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|k|ɪ|n|ɔː}} {{respell|MAK|in-aw}}) are narrow waterways in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Michigan]] between Michigan's [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower]] and [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper Peninsula]]s. The main strait flows under the [[Mackinac Bridge]] and connects two of the [[Great Lakes (North America)|Great Lakes]], [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. The main strait is {{convert|3+1/2|mi|km|abbr=off|sp=us}} wide and has a maximum depth of {{convert|295|ft|m fathom|0|abbr=off|sp=us}}.<ref>[http://www.mackinacbridge.org/history/facts-figures/]</ref> Hydrologically, the two connected lakes can be considered one lake, which is called [[Lake Michigan–Huron]]. Historically, the native [[Odawa]] people called the region around the Straits [[Michilimackinac]]. The Straits of Mackinac are "whipsawed by currents unlike anywhere else in the Great Lakes".<ref name="jsonline_egan_straits_2017" />
The '''Straits of Mackinac''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|k|ə|n|ɔː}} {{respell|MAK|ə|naw}}; {{langx|fr|Détroit de Mackinac}}) are the short waterways between the [[U.S. state]] of [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsula]]s, traversed by the [[Mackinac Bridge]]. The main strait is {{convert|3+1/2|mi|km|abbr=off|sp=us}} wide with a maximum depth of {{convert|295|ft|m fathom|0|abbr=off|sp=us}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mackinacbridge.org/history/facts-figures/|title=Mackinac Bridge History, Facts and Figures}}</ref> and connects the [[Great Lakes (North America)|Great Lakes]] of [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Given the large size and configuration of the straits, hydrologically, the two connected lakes are one body of water, studied as [[Lake Michigan–Huron]]. Historically, the native [[Odawa]] people called the region around the Straits [[Michilimackinac]].


[[Island]]s forming the edge of Straits of Mackinac include the two populated islands, Bois Blanc and Mackinac, and one that is uninhabited: [[Round Island (Michigan)|Round island]].<ref name=gnis/> The Straits of Mackinac are major shipping lanes, providing passage for raw materials and finished goods and connecting, for instance, the iron mines of [[Minnesota]] to the [[steel]] mills of [[Gary, Indiana]]. Before the [[railroads]] reached [[Chicago]] from the east, most immigrants arrived in the [[Midwest]] and [[Great Plains]] by ships on the Great Lakes. The straits are five miles (8&nbsp;km) wide at their narrowest point, where they are spanned by the [[Mackinac Bridge]]. Before the bridge was built, [[Roll-on/roll-off|car ferries]] transported vehicles across the straits. Today passenger-only ferries carry people to [[Mackinac Island]], which does not permit cars. Visitors can take their vehicles on a car ferry to [[Bois Blanc Island (Michigan)|Bois Blanc Island]].
Three [[island]]s form the eastern edge of the Straits of Mackinac; two are populated—[[Bois Blanc Island (Michigan)|Bois Blanc Island]] and [[Mackinac Island]], while the third, [[Round Island (Michigan)|Round Island]], is uninhabited and a designated wilderness area.<ref name="gnis" /> The Straits of Mackinac are major shipping lanes, providing passage for raw materials and finished goods and connecting, for instance, the iron mines of [[Minnesota]] to the [[steel]] mills of [[Gary, Indiana]]. Before the [[railroads]] reached [[Chicago]] from the east, most immigrants arrived in the [[Midwest]] and [[Great Plains]] by ships on the [[Great Lakes]]. The straits are five miles (8&nbsp;km) wide at their narrowest point, where they are spanned by the [[Mackinac Bridge]]. Before the bridge was built, [[Roll-on/roll-off|car ferries]] transported vehicles across the straits. Today passenger-only ferries carry people to [[Mackinac Island]], which does not permit cars. Visitors can take their vehicles on a car ferry to [[Bois Blanc Island (Michigan)|Bois Blanc Island]].


[[Image:StraitsMackinac ISS010-E-20813.jpg|thumb|Satellite photograph of icebreaker paths through the ice in the straits. The Mackinac Bridge is the vertical line in the center, connecting the landmass of the Upper Peninsula above to lower Michigan below. The icebreaker paths run right-to-left, connecting the open water of Lake Michigan with the open water of Lake Huron between Mackinac Island and Round Island.]]
[[Image:StraitsMackinac ISS010-E-20813.jpg|thumb|Satellite photograph of icebreaker paths through the ice in the straits. The Mackinac Bridge is the vertical line in the center, connecting the landmass of the Upper Peninsula above to lower Michigan below. The icebreaker paths run right-to-left, connecting the open water of Lake Michigan with the open water of Lake Huron between Mackinac Island and Round Island.]]
[[Image:DSCN4813 mackinackbridgelookingnorth e.jpg|thumb|The Straits of Mackinac, spanned by the [[Mackinac Bridge]], seen from the southern shore]]
[[Image:DSCN4813 mackinackbridgelookingnorth e.jpg|thumb|The Straits of Mackinac, spanned by the [[Mackinac Bridge]], seen from the southern shore.]]


The straits are shallow and narrow enough to freeze over in the winter. Navigation is ensured for year-round shipping to the Lower Great Lakes by the use of [[icebreaker]]s.
The straits are shallow and narrow enough to freeze over in the winter. Navigation is ensured for year-round shipping to the Lower Great Lakes by the use of [[icebreaker]]s.


The straits were an important [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] and [[fur trade]] route. The Straits of Mackinac are named after [[Mackinac Island]]. The local [[Ojibwe]] Native Americans in the Straits of Mackinac region likened the shape of the island to that of a turtle, so they named the island ''[[Mackinac Island|Mitchimakinak]]'', meaning "Big Turtle".<ref>{{cite book |last=Nichols |first=John D. |last2=Nyholm |first2=Earl |title=A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis |year=1995}}</ref> When the British explored the area, they shortened the name to its present form: ''Mackinac.''<ref>{{cite dictionary |last=Harper |first=Douglas |title=Mackinaw |dictionary=Online Etymology Dictionary |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Mackinaw |accessdate=March 8, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ferjutz |first=Kelly |title=Broadcloth, Brocade and Buckskin—Return to the past on Mackinac Island |publisher=FrugalFun.com |url=http://www.frugalfun.com/mackinack.html |accessdate=March 8, 2007}}</ref>
The straits were an important [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] and [[fur trade]] route. The Straits of Mackinac are named after [[Mackinac Island]]. The local [[Ojibwe]] Native Americans in the Straits of Mackinac region likened the shape of the island to that of a turtle, so they named the island ''[[Mackinac Island|Mitchimakinak]]'', meaning "Big Turtle".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nichols |first1=John D. |last2=Nyholm |first2=Earl |title=A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis |year=1995}}</ref> When the British explored the area, they shortened the name to its present form: ''Mackinac.''<ref>{{cite dictionary |last=Harper |first=Douglas |title=Mackinaw |dictionary=Online Etymology Dictionary |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Mackinaw |access-date=March 8, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ferjutz |first=Kelly |title=Broadcloth, Brocade and Buckskin—Return to the past on Mackinac Island |publisher=FrugalFun.com |url=http://www.frugalfun.com/mackinack.html |access-date=March 8, 2007}}</ref>


Located on the southern side of the straits is the town of [[Mackinaw City, Michigan|Mackinaw City]], the site of [[Fort Michilimackinac]], a reconstructed French fort founded in 1715, and on the northern side is [[St. Ignace, Michigan|St. Ignace]], site of a French Catholic mission to the Indians, founded in 1671. The eastern end of the straits was controlled by [[Fort Mackinac]] on Mackinac Island, a British colonial and early American military base and fur trade center, founded in 1781.
Located on the southern side of the straits is the town of [[Mackinaw City, Michigan|Mackinaw City]], the site of [[Fort Michilimackinac]], a reconstructed French fort founded in 1715, and on the northern side is [[St. Ignace, Michigan|St. Ignace]], site of a French Catholic mission to the Indians, founded in 1671. The eastern end of the straits was controlled by [[Fort Mackinac]] on Mackinac Island, a British colonial and early American military base and fur trade center, founded in 1781.
Line 78: Line 77:
A French Catholic mission to the Indians was founded at [[St. Ignace, Michigan|St. Ignace]] in 1671. In 1715, [[Fort Michilimackinac]] was built by the French on the south end of the straits' narrow. Michilimackinac was replaced in 1781 by a British fort, Fort Mackinac, on Mackinac Island.
A French Catholic mission to the Indians was founded at [[St. Ignace, Michigan|St. Ignace]] in 1671. In 1715, [[Fort Michilimackinac]] was built by the French on the south end of the straits' narrow. Michilimackinac was replaced in 1781 by a British fort, Fort Mackinac, on Mackinac Island.


[[Enbridge Line 5]] was built in 1953 as an extension of the {{convert|1,150|mi|km|adj=on|spell=in}} Interprovincial Pipe Line Company line West of the iconic Mackinac Bridge bringing oil from Alberta to [[Lake Superior]].<ref name="ap_2014"/> On December 12, 2018, Michigan Governor Rick Snyder signed a bill establishing the Mackinac Straits Corridor Authority and appointed its first members.<ref name="ap">{{cite news |title=Gov. Snyder signs bill allowing Mackinac Straits oil tunnel |url=https://www.abc12.com/content/news/Gov-Snyder-signs-bill-allowing-Mackinac-Straits-oil-tunnel-502585572.html |accessdate=December 12, 2018 |work=ABC12.com |agency=AP |publisher=Gray Television |date=December 12, 2018 |language=english}}</ref>
[[Enbridge Line 5]] was built in 1953 as an extension of the {{convert|1,150|mi|km|adj=on|}} Interprovincial Pipe Line Company line west of the iconic Mackinac Bridge, bringing oil from Alberta to [[Lake Superior]].<ref name="ap_2014"/> On December 12, 2018, Michigan Governor [[Rick Snyder]] signed a bill establishing the Mackinac Straits Corridor Authority and appointed its first members.<ref name="ap">{{cite news |title=Gov. Snyder signs bill allowing Mackinac Straits oil tunnel |url=https://www.abc12.com/content/news/Gov-Snyder-signs-bill-allowing-Mackinac-Straits-oil-tunnel-502585572.html |access-date=December 12, 2018 |work=ABC12.com |agency=AP |publisher=Gray Television |date=December 12, 2018 |language=en}}</ref>


==Today==
==Today==
Line 99: Line 98:
==Enbridge pipeline==
==Enbridge pipeline==
[[File:Mackinac Bridge from the air4.jpg|thumb|Mackinac Bridge]]
[[File:Mackinac Bridge from the air4.jpg|thumb|Mackinac Bridge]]
West of the iconic Mackinac Bridge is [[Enbridge]]'s pipeline, called [[Enbridge Line 5]], which was built in 1953 as an extension of the {{convert|1,150|mi|km|adj=on|spell=in}} Interprovincial Pipe Line Company line bringing oil from Alberta to [[Lake Superior]].<ref name="ap_2014">{{cite news |work= [[The Huffington Post]] |agency= [[Associated Press]] |first= John |last= Flesher |url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/03/enbridge-pipeline-mackinac_n_4890831.html |date= March 3, 2014 |title= Submerged Enbridge Pipeline Under Michigan's Straits of Mackinac Raises Spill Fears |accessdate=February 11, 2017}}</ref> The 1953 pipeline enters the Straits of Mackinac water on the north shore at [[St. Ignace, Michigan]] and lies along the bottom of the Straits which is nearly {{convert|250|ft|m|spell=in}} in places.<ref name="jsonline_egan_straits_2017">{{citation |series=A Journal Sentinel Special Report|title=Dangerous Straits|publisher=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]] |author=Dan Egan |date=January 18, 2017 |accessdate=February 11, 2017 |url=http://projects.jsonline.com/news/2017/1/18/dangerous-straits.html }}</ref> By 2013 Enbridge had increased the "maximum capacity on the lines to 540,000 barrels per day".<ref name="jsonline_egan_straits_2017" /> In selling the idea of the pipeline to residents living near the Straits, the pipeline developers claimed, it was "essential to the defense of the United States and the whole North American continent".<ref name="jsonline_egan_straits_2017" /> A University of Michigan study studied the risks of a leak, leading to experts and local governments calling for the shutdown of the pipeline.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schwab|first=David|date=March 2016|title=Statistical Analysis of Straits of Mackinac Line 5 Worst Case Spill Scenarios|url=http://graham.umich.edu/media/pubs/Mackinac-Line-5-Worst-Case-Spill-Scenarios.pdf|journal=Graham Sustainability Institute at University of Michigan|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://graham.umich.edu/news/mackinac-straits-oil-lines|title=Experts Recommend Shutting Down Mackinac Straits Oil Lines|date=6 January 2016|work=Graham Sustainability Institute News|publication-date=4 December 2015}}</ref>
West of the iconic Mackinac Bridge is [[Enbridge]]'s pipeline, called [[Enbridge Line 5]], which was built in 1953 as an extension of the {{convert|1,150|mi|km|adj=on}} Interprovincial Pipe Line Company line bringing oil from Alberta to [[Lake Superior]].<ref name="ap_2014">{{cite news |work= [[The Huffington Post]] |agency= [[Associated Press]] |first= John |last= Flesher |url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/03/enbridge-pipeline-mackinac_n_4890831.html |date= March 3, 2014 |title= Submerged Enbridge Pipeline Under Michigan's Straits of Mackinac Raises Spill Fears |access-date=February 11, 2017}}</ref> The 1953 pipeline enters the Straits of Mackinac water on the north shore at [[St. Ignace, Michigan]] and lies along the bottom of the Straits which is nearly {{convert|250|ft|m|spell=in}} in places.<ref name="jsonline_egan_straits_2017">{{citation |series=A Journal Sentinel Special Report|title=Dangerous Straits|publisher=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]] |author=Dan Egan |date=January 18, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |url=http://projects.jsonline.com/news/2017/1/18/dangerous-straits.html }}</ref> By 2013 Enbridge had increased the "maximum capacity on the lines to {{cvt|540000|oilbbl|m3}} per day".<ref name="jsonline_egan_straits_2017" /> In selling the idea of the pipeline to residents living near the Straits, the pipeline developers claimed, it was "essential to the defense of the United States and the whole North American continent".<ref name="jsonline_egan_straits_2017" /> A University of Michigan study studied the risks of a leak, leading to experts and local governments calling for the shutdown of the pipeline.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schwab|first=David|date=March 2016|title=Statistical Analysis of Straits of Mackinac Line 5 Worst Case Spill Scenarios|url=http://graham.umich.edu/media/pubs/Mackinac-Line-5-Worst-Case-Spill-Scenarios.pdf|journal=Graham Sustainability Institute at University of Michigan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://graham.umich.edu/news/mackinac-straits-oil-lines|title=Experts Recommend Shutting Down Mackinac Straits Oil Lines|date=6 January 2016|work=Graham Sustainability Institute News|publication-date=4 December 2015}}</ref>


In late June 2019, the state of Michigan filed a lawsuit asking the Ingham County Court to compel the decommissioning of the segment of Line 5 that runs under the Straits of Mackinac.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5438129/enbridge-line-5-pipeline-michigan-lawsuit/ |title=Michigan sues to shut down Enbridge Line 5 pipeline in Great Lakes |date=June 27, 2019 |publisher=Global News |access-date=July 6, 2019 |quote=Michigan’s attorney general sued Thursday to shut down twin 66-year-old oil pipelines in the Great Lakes, saying they pose an "unacceptable risk" and the state cannot wait five to 10 years for Enbridge Inc. to build a tunnel to house replacement pipes running through the Straits of Mackinac.}}</ref> A [[Reuters]] news report defined Line 5 as "a critical part of Enbridge’s Mainline network, which delivers the bulk of Canadian crude exports to the United States". The basis of the suit is the claim that the pipeline is a public nuisance and violates the Michigan Environmental Protection Act since it may become the source of pollution. The news report adds that "it is unclear if Line 5 could operate without the Straits segment".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://business.financialpost.com/commodities/energy/michigan-files-suit-seeking-to-shut-down-enbridges-line-5-oil-pipeline-in-great-lakes |title=Michigan sues Enbridge to shut down Line 5 oil pipeline through Great Lakes|date=June 27, 2019 |newspaper=Financial Post |access-date=June 30, 2019 |quote="The location of the pipelines…combines great ecological sensitivity with exceptional vulnerability to anchor strikes," said Nessel in a statement. "This situation with Line 5 differs from other bodies of water where pipelines exist because the currents in the Straits of Mackinac are complex, variable, and remarkably fast and strong."}}</ref><ref>https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2019/06/27/nessel-court-line-5-environment-risk-shutdown/1582536001/, Nessel to court: Shut down Line 5 as environmental risk</ref>
In late June 2019, the state of Michigan filed a lawsuit asking the Ingham County Court to compel the decommissioning of the segment of Line 5 that runs under the Straits of Mackinac.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5438129/enbridge-line-5-pipeline-michigan-lawsuit/ |title=Michigan sues to shut down Enbridge Line 5 pipeline in Great Lakes |date=June 27, 2019 |publisher=Global News |access-date=July 6, 2019 |quote=Michigan’s attorney general sued Thursday to shut down twin 66-year-old oil pipelines in the Great Lakes, saying they pose an "unacceptable risk" and the state cannot wait five to 10 years for Enbridge Inc. to build a tunnel to house replacement pipes running through the Straits of Mackinac.}}</ref> A [[Reuters]] news report defined Line 5 as "a critical part of Enbridge’s Mainline network, which delivers the bulk of Canadian crude exports to the United States". The basis of the suit is the claim that the pipeline is a public nuisance and violates the Michigan Environmental Protection Act since it may become the source of pollution. The news report adds that "it is unclear if Line 5 could operate without the Straits segment".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://business.financialpost.com/commodities/energy/michigan-files-suit-seeking-to-shut-down-enbridges-line-5-oil-pipeline-in-great-lakes |title=Michigan sues Enbridge to shut down Line 5 oil pipeline through Great Lakes|date=June 27, 2019 |newspaper=Financial Post |access-date=June 30, 2019 |quote="The location of the pipelines…combines great ecological sensitivity with exceptional vulnerability to anchor strikes," said Nessel in a statement. "This situation with Line 5 differs from other bodies of water where pipelines exist because the currents in the Straits of Mackinac are complex, variable, and remarkably fast and strong."}}</ref><ref>https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2019/06/27/nessel-court-line-5-environment-risk-shutdown/1582536001/, Nessel to court: Shut down Line 5 as environmental risk</ref>


==Mackinac Straits Corridor Authority==
==Mackinac Straits Corridor Authority==
On December 12, 2018, Michigan Governor Rick Snyder signed a bill establishing the Mackinac Straits Corridor Authority, which is charged with overseeing construction and operation of a tunnel to hold a new Enbridge Line 5 under the lake bed in the straits. Snyder also appointed its first members: Geno Alessandrini of Iron Mountain, Anthony England of Ypsilanti and Michael Zimmer of Dimondale, who serve six-year terms.<ref name="ap"/>
On December 12, 2018, Michigan Governor Rick Snyder signed a bill establishing the Mackinac Straits Corridor Authority, which is charged with overseeing the construction and operation of a tunnel to hold a new Enbridge Line 5 under the lake bed in the straits. Snyder also appointed its first members: Geno Alessandrini of Iron Mountain, Anthony England of Ypsilanti, and Michael Zimmer of Dimondale, who serve six-year terms.<ref name="ap"/>


==See also==
==See also==
{{portal|Michigan}}
{{portal|Michigan}}
*[[Huron Lightship]]
*[[Huron Lightship]]
*[[Straits of Mackinac Shipwreck Preserve]]


== References ==
== References ==
Line 115: Line 115:
==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category|Straits of Mackinac}}
{{commons category|Straits of Mackinac}}
* [http://scubachicago.com/mack/default.htm Straits of Mackinac Shipwreck]
* [http://scubachicago.com/mack/default.htm Straits of Mackinac Shipwreck] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109115611/http://www.scubachicago.com/mack/default.htm |date=2015-11-09 }}
* [http://www.lighthousefriends.com/macstraits.html Lighthouses in the Mackinac Strait]
* [http://www.lighthousefriends.com/macstraits.html Lighthouses in the Mackinac Strait]
* [http://mightymac.org/lights.htm Lighthouses of the Straits of Mackinac]
* [http://mightymac.org/lights.htm Lighthouses of the Straits of Mackinac]
Line 132: Line 132:
[[Category:Lake Michigan]]
[[Category:Lake Michigan]]
[[Category:Lake Huron]]
[[Category:Lake Huron]]
[[Category:Michigan State Historic Sites in Mackinac County]]

Latest revision as of 10:18, 23 October 2024

Straits of Mackinac
Overhead view of the Straits of Mackinac linking Lakes Michigan (left) and Huron (right)
Straits of Mackinac is located in Michigan
Straits of Mackinac
Straits of Mackinac
Straits of Mackinac is located in Great Lakes
Straits of Mackinac
Straits of Mackinac
Straits of Mackinac is located in the United States
Straits of Mackinac
Straits of Mackinac
LocationLake Michigan-Lake Huron
Coordinates45°48′50″N 84°45′00″W / 45.81389°N 84.75000°W / 45.81389; -84.75000
TypeStrait
EtymologyMichilimackinac
Primary inflowsLake Michigan
Primary outflowsLake Huron
Basin countriesUnited States
Max. depth295 ft (90 m)
References[1]

The Straits of Mackinac (/ˈmækənɔː/ MAK-ə-naw; French: Détroit de Mackinac) are the short waterways between the U.S. state of Michigan's Upper and Lower Peninsulas, traversed by the Mackinac Bridge. The main strait is 3+1⁄2 miles (5.6 kilometers) wide with a maximum depth of 295 feet (90 meters; 49 fathoms),[2] and connects the Great Lakes of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. Given the large size and configuration of the straits, hydrologically, the two connected lakes are one body of water, studied as Lake Michigan–Huron. Historically, the native Odawa people called the region around the Straits Michilimackinac.

Three islands form the eastern edge of the Straits of Mackinac; two are populated—Bois Blanc Island and Mackinac Island, while the third, Round Island, is uninhabited and a designated wilderness area.[1] The Straits of Mackinac are major shipping lanes, providing passage for raw materials and finished goods and connecting, for instance, the iron mines of Minnesota to the steel mills of Gary, Indiana. Before the railroads reached Chicago from the east, most immigrants arrived in the Midwest and Great Plains by ships on the Great Lakes. The straits are five miles (8 km) wide at their narrowest point, where they are spanned by the Mackinac Bridge. Before the bridge was built, car ferries transported vehicles across the straits. Today passenger-only ferries carry people to Mackinac Island, which does not permit cars. Visitors can take their vehicles on a car ferry to Bois Blanc Island.

Satellite photograph of icebreaker paths through the ice in the straits. The Mackinac Bridge is the vertical line in the center, connecting the landmass of the Upper Peninsula above to lower Michigan below. The icebreaker paths run right-to-left, connecting the open water of Lake Michigan with the open water of Lake Huron between Mackinac Island and Round Island.
The Straits of Mackinac, spanned by the Mackinac Bridge, seen from the southern shore.

The straits are shallow and narrow enough to freeze over in the winter. Navigation is ensured for year-round shipping to the Lower Great Lakes by the use of icebreakers.

The straits were an important Native American and fur trade route. The Straits of Mackinac are named after Mackinac Island. The local Ojibwe Native Americans in the Straits of Mackinac region likened the shape of the island to that of a turtle, so they named the island Mitchimakinak, meaning "Big Turtle".[3] When the British explored the area, they shortened the name to its present form: Mackinac.[4][5]

Located on the southern side of the straits is the town of Mackinaw City, the site of Fort Michilimackinac, a reconstructed French fort founded in 1715, and on the northern side is St. Ignace, site of a French Catholic mission to the Indians, founded in 1671. The eastern end of the straits was controlled by Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island, a British colonial and early American military base and fur trade center, founded in 1781.

History

[edit]
See also: History of Northern Michigan

A French Catholic mission to the Indians was founded at St. Ignace in 1671. In 1715, Fort Michilimackinac was built by the French on the south end of the straits' narrow. Michilimackinac was replaced in 1781 by a British fort, Fort Mackinac, on Mackinac Island.

Enbridge Line 5 was built in 1953 as an extension of the 1,150-mile (1,850 km) Interprovincial Pipe Line Company line west of the iconic Mackinac Bridge, bringing oil from Alberta to Lake Superior.[6] On December 12, 2018, Michigan Governor Rick Snyder signed a bill establishing the Mackinac Straits Corridor Authority and appointed its first members.[7]

Today

[edit]
Mackinac Bridge from Mackinaw City

The straits are patrolled by a detachment of the United States Coast Guard based at Graham Point, St. Ignace. A shipping channel through the winter ice is maintained by the Coast Guard's Great Lakes icebreaker, USCGC Mackinaw, based in Cheboygan near the eastern edge of the Straits. This vessel went into service during the 2005/06 ice season.

The Shepler's ferry dock in Mackinaw City

Two ferry companies operate out of Mackinaw City and St. Ignace, connecting tourists and commuters to Mackinac Island: Shepler's Ferry and the Star Line Ferry.

Old Mackinac Point Lighthouse

Most of the Straits have been set aside by the state of Michigan as the Straits of Mackinac Shipwreck Preserve, a riparian public space dedicated to those personnel who were lost aboard the boats and ships that sank in these dangerous shipping lanes.

Lighthouses in the Straits of Mackinac include:

2008 panorama of the Straits from Mackinac Island

Enbridge pipeline

[edit]
Mackinac Bridge

West of the iconic Mackinac Bridge is Enbridge's pipeline, called Enbridge Line 5, which was built in 1953 as an extension of the 1,150-mile (1,850 km) Interprovincial Pipe Line Company line bringing oil from Alberta to Lake Superior.[6] The 1953 pipeline enters the Straits of Mackinac water on the north shore at St. Ignace, Michigan and lies along the bottom of the Straits which is nearly two hundred and fifty feet (76 m) in places.[8] By 2013 Enbridge had increased the "maximum capacity on the lines to 540,000 bbl (86,000 m3) per day".[8] In selling the idea of the pipeline to residents living near the Straits, the pipeline developers claimed, it was "essential to the defense of the United States and the whole North American continent".[8] A University of Michigan study studied the risks of a leak, leading to experts and local governments calling for the shutdown of the pipeline.[9][10]

In late June 2019, the state of Michigan filed a lawsuit asking the Ingham County Court to compel the decommissioning of the segment of Line 5 that runs under the Straits of Mackinac.[11] A Reuters news report defined Line 5 as "a critical part of Enbridge’s Mainline network, which delivers the bulk of Canadian crude exports to the United States". The basis of the suit is the claim that the pipeline is a public nuisance and violates the Michigan Environmental Protection Act since it may become the source of pollution. The news report adds that "it is unclear if Line 5 could operate without the Straits segment".[12][13]

Mackinac Straits Corridor Authority

[edit]

On December 12, 2018, Michigan Governor Rick Snyder signed a bill establishing the Mackinac Straits Corridor Authority, which is charged with overseeing the construction and operation of a tunnel to hold a new Enbridge Line 5 under the lake bed in the straits. Snyder also appointed its first members: Geno Alessandrini of Iron Mountain, Anthony England of Ypsilanti, and Michael Zimmer of Dimondale, who serve six-year terms.[7]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Straits of Mackinac
  2. ^ "Mackinac Bridge History, Facts and Figures".
  3. ^ Nichols, John D.; Nyholm, Earl (1995). A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  4. ^ Harper, Douglas. "Mackinaw". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved March 8, 2007.
  5. ^ Ferjutz, Kelly. "Broadcloth, Brocade and Buckskin—Return to the past on Mackinac Island". FrugalFun.com. Retrieved March 8, 2007.
  6. ^ a b Flesher, John (March 3, 2014). "Submerged Enbridge Pipeline Under Michigan's Straits of Mackinac Raises Spill Fears". The Huffington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
  7. ^ a b "Gov. Snyder signs bill allowing Mackinac Straits oil tunnel". ABC12.com. Gray Television. AP. December 12, 2018. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
  8. ^ a b c Dan Egan (January 18, 2017), Dangerous Straits, A Journal Sentinel Special Report, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, retrieved February 11, 2017
  9. ^ Schwab, David (March 2016). "Statistical Analysis of Straits of Mackinac Line 5 Worst Case Spill Scenarios" (PDF). Graham Sustainability Institute at University of Michigan.
  10. ^ "Experts Recommend Shutting Down Mackinac Straits Oil Lines". Graham Sustainability Institute News (published 4 December 2015). 6 January 2016.
  11. ^ "Michigan sues to shut down Enbridge Line 5 pipeline in Great Lakes". Global News. June 27, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2019. Michigan's attorney general sued Thursday to shut down twin 66-year-old oil pipelines in the Great Lakes, saying they pose an "unacceptable risk" and the state cannot wait five to 10 years for Enbridge Inc. to build a tunnel to house replacement pipes running through the Straits of Mackinac.
  12. ^ "Michigan sues Enbridge to shut down Line 5 oil pipeline through Great Lakes". Financial Post. June 27, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2019. The location of the pipelines…combines great ecological sensitivity with exceptional vulnerability to anchor strikes," said Nessel in a statement. "This situation with Line 5 differs from other bodies of water where pipelines exist because the currents in the Straits of Mackinac are complex, variable, and remarkably fast and strong.
  13. ^ https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2019/06/27/nessel-court-line-5-environment-risk-shutdown/1582536001/, Nessel to court: Shut down Line 5 as environmental risk
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Straits of Mackinac.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Straits_of_Mackinac&oldid=1252883655"