Duchy of Troppau: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Silesian duchy (1269–1918)}} |
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{{Infobox country |
{{Infobox country |
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|native_name = ''Ducatus Oppaviensis'' <small>([[Latin language| |
| native_name = ''Ducatus Oppaviensis'' <small>([[Latin language|Latin]])</small><br /> ''Opavské vévodství'' <small>([[Czech language|Czech]])</small><br />''Herzogtum Troppau'' <small>([[German language|German]])</small><br />''Księstwo Opawskie'' <small>([[Polish language|Polish]])</small> |
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| image_flag = Flag of Mdina, Malta.svg |
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|conventional_long_name = Duchy of Troppau |
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| conventional_long_name = Duchy of Troppau |
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| common_name = Troppau| |
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|today = {{ubl| |
| today = {{ubl|[[Czech Republic]]|[[Poland]]}} |
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|era = Middle Ages |
| era = Middle Ages |
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|status = [[Duchies of Silesia|Silesian duchy]]<br>Fiefdom of [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]]<br />Part of the [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown]] <small>(since 1348)</small> |
| status = [[Duchies of Silesia|Silesian duchy]]<br />Fiefdom of [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]]<br />Part of the [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown]] <small>(since 1348)</small> |
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|empire = |
| empire = |
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|government_type = |
| government_type = | |
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| year_start = 1269 |
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| year_end = 1918| |
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| event_start = Partitioned from [[March of Moravia|Moravia]] |
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| event1 = [[Personal union]] with [[Duchy of Racibórz|Racibórz]] |
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| date_event1 = 1337 |
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| event2 = Partitioned from Racibórz |
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| date_event2 = 1377 |
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| event3 = Further partitions |
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| date_event3 = 1424, 1433 and 1452 |
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| event4 = Directly to [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]] |
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| date_event4 = 1462 |
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| event5 = Northern part to [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] |
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| date_event5 = 1742 |
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| event_end = abolished |
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| date_end = | |
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| p1 = Margraviate of Moravia |
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| flag_p1 = Banner of the Margraviate of Moravia.svg |
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| border_p1 = no |
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| s1 = First Czechoslovak Republic{{!}}Czechoslovakia |
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| flag_s1 = Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg |
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| image_map = Silesia 1249-1273.jpg |
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|image_s1 = [[File:Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg|20px|Czechoslovakia]] |
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| capital = [[Opava|Troppau]]| |
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| image_coat = Znak opavského knížectví.svg |
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| coa_size = 60px |
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| common_languages = [[Czech language|Czech]], [[German language|German]], [[Polish language|Polish]] |
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| religion = [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]], [[Protestantism]] |
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|image_coat = Znak opavského knížectví.svg |
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The '''Principality of Opava''' ({{ |
The '''Principality of Opava''' ({{langx|cs|Opavské knížectví}}; {{langx|pl|Księstwo Opawskie}}) or '''Duchy of Troppau''' ({{langx|de|Herzogtum Troppau}}) was a historic territory split off from the [[Margraviate of Moravia]] before 1269<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?lr=&q=%22von+troppau%22+1269&start=10&as_brr=3 | title=Search results: "von troppau" 1269 | website=Google Books | access-date=2024-07-21}}</ref> by King [[Ottokar II of Bohemia]] to provide for his natural son, [[Nicholas I, Duke of Troppau|Nicholas I]]. The Opava territory thus had not been part of the original Polish [[Duchy of Silesia]] in 1138, and was first ruled by an illegitimate offshoot of the Bohemian [[Přemyslid dynasty]], not by the [[Silesian Piasts]] like many of the neighbouring [[Duchies of Silesia|Silesian duchies]]. Its capital was [[Opava]] (''Troppau'') in the modern-day [[Czech Republic]]. |
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From 1337 onwards, the Přemyslid dukes also ruled the adjacent former Piast [[Duchy of Racibórz]], whereupon Opava became united with the [[Upper Silesia]]n lands. When the Opava branch became extinct in 1464, it fell back to the [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown|Bohemian Crown]], from 1526 part of the [[Habsburg |
From 1337 onwards, the Přemyslid dukes also ruled the adjacent former Piast [[Duchy of Racibórz]], whereupon Opava became united with the [[Upper Silesia]]n lands. When the Opava branch became extinct in 1464, it fell back to the [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown|Bohemian Crown]], from 1526 part of the [[Habsburg monarchy]]. In the final three centuries of its existence, the duchy was ruled by the [[Princely Family of Liechtenstein|House of Liechtenstein]]. It was dissolved with the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] in 1918, but the title of ''Duke of Troppau and Jägerndorf'' still exists, belonging to a present-day monarch, Prince [[Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein|Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein]]. The [[Duchy of Krnov|Duchy of Jägerndorf]] (Krnov) was another of the Silesian duchies. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[File:Dux Oppavie Wernigeroder Wappenbuch.jpg|thumb|120px|left|Coat of arms of the Duke of Opava, ''[[Wernigerode Armorial]]'', late 15th century]] |
[[File:Dux Oppavie Wernigeroder Wappenbuch.jpg|thumb|120px|left|Coat of arms of the Duke of Opava, ''[[Wernigerode Armorial]]'', late 15th century]] |
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Opava was initially established as a Moravian province under the rule of King Ottokar's son Nicholas I, who first appeared as a "Lord of Opava" in 1269 and became the progenitor of the Opava branch of the Přemyslid dynasty. After Ottokar was killed in the 1278 [[Battle on the Marchfeld]], Nicholas had to ward off against claims raised by his stepmother [[Kunigunda of Halych]] and her lover [[ |
Opava was initially established as a Moravian province under the rule of King Ottokar's son Nicholas I, who first appeared as a "Lord of Opava" ({{langx|la|Dominus Oppaviae}}) in 1269 and became the progenitor of the Opava branch of the Přemyslid dynasty. After Ottokar was killed in the 1278 [[Battle on the Marchfeld]], Nicholas had to ward off against claims raised by his stepmother [[Kunigunda of Halych]] and her lover [[Záviš of Falkenstein]] residing at [[Hradec nad Moravicí|Hradec]] Castle near Opava. Nevertheless, he reached his confirmation by both the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] king [[Rudolf I of Germany]] and his stepbrother King [[Wenceslaus II of Bohemia]] and retained his territory even after the murder of the last Přemyslid king [[Wenceslaus III of Bohemia]] in 1306. |
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Upon the extinction of the royal branch of the Přemyslid dynasty and the subsequent turmoil around the Bohemian throne, [[Henry of Bohemia|Henry of Carinthia]] gave Opava in pawn to the Silesian duke [[Bolesław III the Generous]]. When finally in 1310 the mighty [[House of Luxembourg]] ascended to the throne, it was redeemed by King [[John of Bohemia]] in 1311. Opava was officially raised to a duchy in 1318 and was confirmed as a fief for Nicholas' son Duke [[Nicholas II, Duke of Opava|Nicholas II]] by King John,<ref>Hans Ferdinand Helmolt |
Upon the extinction of the royal branch of the Přemyslid dynasty and the subsequent turmoil around the Bohemian throne, [[Henry of Bohemia|Henry of Carinthia]] gave Opava in pawn to the Silesian duke [[Bolesław III the Generous]]. When finally in 1310 the mighty [[House of Luxembourg]] ascended to the throne, it was redeemed by King [[John of Bohemia]] in 1311. Opava was officially raised to a duchy in 1318 and was confirmed as a fief for Nicholas' son Duke [[Nicholas II, Duke of Opava|Nicholas II]] by King John,<ref>{{Cite book | author=Hans Ferdinand Helmolt | title=The World's History: South-eastern and eastern Europe | year=1907 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ULFLAAAAMAAJ&q=troppau+1318}}</ref> who soon had to fend off the Hungarian troops of King [[Casimir III the Great|Casimir III of Poland]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=nI7xGAd-c7MC&dq=%22duchy+of+troppau%22&pg=PA660 Geary, Patrick J.: Readings in Medieval History]</ref> The conjunction with Silesia was accomplished when Duke Nicholas II married [[Anna of Racibórz]], sister of the Piast Duke [[Leszek of Racibórz]], also a Bohemian vassal since 1327. When Leszek died without heirs in 1336, King John vested his brother-in-law Nicholas II with the Silesian [[Duchy of Racibórz]] (''Ratibor'', ''Ratiboř''), whereafter he ruled both duchies in [[personal union]] until his death in 1365, when his eldest son John I succeeded him. |
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In 1377, Duke John I again separated Opava from the duchies of [[Duchy of Racibórz|Racibórz]] and [[Duchy of Krnov|Krnov]] (Jägerndorf, Krnów) and granted it to his younger brothers Nicholas III (†1394), Wenceslaus I (†1381) and Przemko (†1433). Afterward, Opava ownership changed several times, mainly due to purchase and partitions. Przemko's sons sold their shares to the Bohemian king [[George of Poděbrady]] by 1462; their Přemyslid cousins however retained Racibórz and Krnov. In 1465 King George gave Opava to his second son [[Victor of Poděbrady|Victor]], who also became Duke of [[Duchy of Münsterberg (Ziębice)|Münsterberg]] in 1462. Victor in turn had to cede it to the Bohemian anti-king [[Matthias Corvinus of Hungary|Matthias Corvinus]] in 1485, who installed his illegitimate son [[János Corvinus|John]] as duke. |
In 1377, Duke John I again separated Opava from the duchies of [[Duchy of Racibórz|Racibórz]] and [[Duchy of Krnov|Krnov]] (''Jägerndorf'', ''Krnów'') and granted it to his younger brothers Nicholas III (†1394), Wenceslaus I (†1381) and Przemko (†1433). Afterward, Opava ownership changed several times, mainly due to purchase and partitions. Przemko's sons sold their shares to the Bohemian king [[George of Poděbrady]] by 1462; their Přemyslid cousins however retained Racibórz and Krnov. In 1465 King George gave Opava to his second son [[Victor of Poděbrady|Victor]], who also became Duke of [[Duchy of Münsterberg (Ziębice)|Münsterberg]] in 1462. Victor in turn had to cede it to the Bohemian anti-king [[Matthias Corvinus of Hungary|Matthias Corvinus]] in 1485, who installed his illegitimate son [[János Corvinus|John]] as duke. |
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[[File:Ducatus Troppaviensis (Blaeu 1645 - Silesia Ducatus).jpg|thumb|left|Duchy of Opava with Krnov, map from ''[[Atlas Maior|Atlas Novus]]'' by [[Joan Blaeu]], 1645]] |
[[File:Ducatus Troppaviensis (Blaeu 1645 - Silesia Ducatus).jpg|thumb|left|Duchy of Opava with Krnov, map from ''[[Atlas Maior|Atlas Novus]]'' by [[Joan Blaeu]], 1645]] |
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In 1506 King [[Vladislas II of Hungary|Vladislas II Jagiellon]] of Bohemia granted Opava to Duke [[Casimir II, Duke of Cieszyn|Casimir II of Cieszyn]] (Teschen), who had married a daughter of Victor and held the duchy until his death in 1528, after which it was again seized by Bohemia. Meanwhile, in 1521, with the death of Duke Valentin of Racibórz, the Opava line of the Přemyslids had finally become extinct and all their possessions had fallen back to the Bohemian Crown, which in 1526 passed to the [[Habsburg |
In 1506 King [[Vladislas II of Hungary|Vladislas II Jagiellon]] of Bohemia granted Opava to Duke [[Casimir II, Duke of Cieszyn|Casimir II of Cieszyn]] (''Teschen''), who had married a daughter of Victor and held the duchy until his death in 1528, after which it was again seized by Bohemia. Meanwhile, in 1521, with the death of Duke Valentin of Racibórz, the Opava line of the Přemyslids had finally become extinct and all their possessions had fallen back to the Bohemian Crown, which in 1526 passed to the [[Habsburg monarchy]]. Prince [[Karl I of Liechtenstein]]<ref>[http://www.fuerstenhaus.li/en/fuerstenhaus/fuersten/fuerst_karl_1.html Prince Karl I<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109004328/http://www.fuerstenhaus.li/en/fuerstenhaus/fuersten/fuerst_karl_1.html |date=9 January 2008 }}</ref> was invested with the Duchy of Troppau in 1614 by Emperor [[Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor|Matthias of Habsburg]]. After the 1620 [[Battle of White Mountain]] Prince Karl also acquired the [[Duchy of Krnov]], and ever since the heads of the [[Princely Family of Liechtenstein]]{{Citation needed|date=October 2023|reason=[[Princess Maria Theresia of Liechtenstein]] is generally stated to have been duchess of Troppau, [[suo jure]], as the heiress of her father [[Hans-Adam I, Prince of Liechtenstein]]; she should therefore have held the title of duchess from 1712 to her death with no surviving children in 1772, when the duchy would revert to the princes of Liechtenstein.}} bear the title "Duke of Troppau and Jägerndorf". The related [[Ducal hat of Liechtenstein|Ducal Hat]] (or coronet) is now visible at the Treasure Chamber in Vaduz. |
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In 1742, in the course of the [[Silesian Wars|First Silesian War]] and the [[Treaty of Breslau]], the Duchy was divided once more, with the part north of the [[Opava (river)|Opava River]] including [[Głubczyce]] (Leobschütz, Hlubčice) and [[Hlučín]] (Hultschin) becoming part of [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]. The southern part with [[Krnov]], [[Bruntál]] (Freudenthal), [[Fulnek]] and Opava itself remained part of [[Austrian Silesia]], a crown land of the [[Austrian Empire]] from 1804. |
In 1742, in the course of the [[Silesian Wars|First Silesian War]] and the [[Treaty of Breslau]], the Duchy was divided once more, with the part north of the [[Opava (river)|Opava River]] including [[Głubczyce]] (''Leobschütz'', ''Hlubčice'') and [[Hlučín]] (''Hultschin'') becoming part of [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]. The southern part with [[Krnov]], [[Bruntál]] (''Freudenthal''), [[Fulnek]] and Opava itself remained part of [[Austrian Silesia]], a crown land of the [[Austrian Empire]] from 1804. |
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The Austrian Duchy of Troppau ceased to exist when the [[ |
The Austrian Duchy of Troppau ceased to exist when the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] was dissolved in 1918 and the area (''Troppauer Land'') including the city became part of [[Czechoslovakia]]. The Prussian share (reduced by the territory of the [[Hlučín Region]] which new Czechoslovak state also reclaimed for itself) remained a part of the [[Province of Silesia|Silesian province]] until 1945, when it fell to [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] in accord with the [[Potsdam Agreement]]. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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==Literature== |
==Literature== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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*Seidl |
* {{Cite book | last=Seidl | first=Elmar | title=Das Troppauer Land zwischen den fünf Südgrenzen Schlesiens – Grundzüge der politischen und territorialen Geschichte bis zur Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts | language=de | year=1996 | publisher=Hess | isbn=9783873362154 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1I2YAAAACAAJ&q=Troppauer+Land+author:seidl}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Commons|Troppau}} |
{{Commons|Troppau}} |
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* [https://archive. |
* [https://archive.today/20130112174742/http://genealogics.org/descend.php?personID=I00064093&tree=LEO Dynasty of Dukes of Troppau and Ratibor] |
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{{Duchies of Silesia}} |
{{Duchies of Silesia}} |
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{{coord missing|Czech Republic}} |
{{coord missing|Czech Republic}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Troppau, Duchy Of}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Troppau, Duchy Of}} |
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[[Category:History of Czech Silesia]] |
[[Category:History of Czech Silesia]] |
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[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1918]] |
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1918]] |
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[[Category:Fiefdoms of Poland]] |
Latest revision as of 14:23, 23 October 2024
Duchy of Troppau | |||||||||
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1269–1918 | |||||||||
Status | Silesian duchy Fiefdom of Bohemia Part of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (since 1348) | ||||||||
Capital | Troppau | ||||||||
Common languages | Czech, German, Polish | ||||||||
Religion | Roman Catholicism, Protestantism | ||||||||
Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||
• Partitioned from Moravia | 1269 | ||||||||
• Personal union with Racibórz | 1337 | ||||||||
• Partitioned from Racibórz | 1377 | ||||||||
• Further partitions | 1424, 1433 and 1452 | ||||||||
• Directly to Bohemia | 1462 | ||||||||
• Northern part to Prussia | 1742 | ||||||||
• abolished | 1918 | ||||||||
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Today part of |
The Principality of Opava (Czech: Opavské knížectví; Polish: Księstwo Opawskie) or Duchy of Troppau (German: Herzogtum Troppau) was a historic territory split off from the Margraviate of Moravia before 1269[1] by King Ottokar II of Bohemia to provide for his natural son, Nicholas I. The Opava territory thus had not been part of the original Polish Duchy of Silesia in 1138, and was first ruled by an illegitimate offshoot of the Bohemian Přemyslid dynasty, not by the Silesian Piasts like many of the neighbouring Silesian duchies. Its capital was Opava (Troppau) in the modern-day Czech Republic.
From 1337 onwards, the Přemyslid dukes also ruled the adjacent former Piast Duchy of Racibórz, whereupon Opava became united with the Upper Silesian lands. When the Opava branch became extinct in 1464, it fell back to the Bohemian Crown, from 1526 part of the Habsburg monarchy. In the final three centuries of its existence, the duchy was ruled by the House of Liechtenstein. It was dissolved with the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, but the title of Duke of Troppau and Jägerndorf still exists, belonging to a present-day monarch, Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein. The Duchy of Jägerndorf (Krnov) was another of the Silesian duchies.
History
[edit]Opava was initially established as a Moravian province under the rule of King Ottokar's son Nicholas I, who first appeared as a "Lord of Opava" (Latin: Dominus Oppaviae) in 1269 and became the progenitor of the Opava branch of the Přemyslid dynasty. After Ottokar was killed in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld, Nicholas had to ward off against claims raised by his stepmother Kunigunda of Halych and her lover Záviš of Falkenstein residing at Hradec Castle near Opava. Nevertheless, he reached his confirmation by both the Habsburg king Rudolf I of Germany and his stepbrother King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and retained his territory even after the murder of the last Přemyslid king Wenceslaus III of Bohemia in 1306.
Upon the extinction of the royal branch of the Přemyslid dynasty and the subsequent turmoil around the Bohemian throne, Henry of Carinthia gave Opava in pawn to the Silesian duke Bolesław III the Generous. When finally in 1310 the mighty House of Luxembourg ascended to the throne, it was redeemed by King John of Bohemia in 1311. Opava was officially raised to a duchy in 1318 and was confirmed as a fief for Nicholas' son Duke Nicholas II by King John,[2] who soon had to fend off the Hungarian troops of King Casimir III of Poland.[3] The conjunction with Silesia was accomplished when Duke Nicholas II married Anna of Racibórz, sister of the Piast Duke Leszek of Racibórz, also a Bohemian vassal since 1327. When Leszek died without heirs in 1336, King John vested his brother-in-law Nicholas II with the Silesian Duchy of Racibórz (Ratibor, Ratiboř), whereafter he ruled both duchies in personal union until his death in 1365, when his eldest son John I succeeded him.
In 1377, Duke John I again separated Opava from the duchies of Racibórz and Krnov (Jägerndorf, Krnów) and granted it to his younger brothers Nicholas III (†1394), Wenceslaus I (†1381) and Przemko (†1433). Afterward, Opava ownership changed several times, mainly due to purchase and partitions. Przemko's sons sold their shares to the Bohemian king George of Poděbrady by 1462; their Přemyslid cousins however retained Racibórz and Krnov. In 1465 King George gave Opava to his second son Victor, who also became Duke of Münsterberg in 1462. Victor in turn had to cede it to the Bohemian anti-king Matthias Corvinus in 1485, who installed his illegitimate son John as duke.
In 1506 King Vladislas II Jagiellon of Bohemia granted Opava to Duke Casimir II of Cieszyn (Teschen), who had married a daughter of Victor and held the duchy until his death in 1528, after which it was again seized by Bohemia. Meanwhile, in 1521, with the death of Duke Valentin of Racibórz, the Opava line of the Přemyslids had finally become extinct and all their possessions had fallen back to the Bohemian Crown, which in 1526 passed to the Habsburg monarchy. Prince Karl I of Liechtenstein[4] was invested with the Duchy of Troppau in 1614 by Emperor Matthias of Habsburg. After the 1620 Battle of White Mountain Prince Karl also acquired the Duchy of Krnov, and ever since the heads of the Princely Family of Liechtenstein[citation needed] bear the title "Duke of Troppau and Jägerndorf". The related Ducal Hat (or coronet) is now visible at the Treasure Chamber in Vaduz.
In 1742, in the course of the First Silesian War and the Treaty of Breslau, the Duchy was divided once more, with the part north of the Opava River including Głubczyce (Leobschütz, Hlubčice) and Hlučín (Hultschin) becoming part of Prussia. The southern part with Krnov, Bruntál (Freudenthal), Fulnek and Opava itself remained part of Austrian Silesia, a crown land of the Austrian Empire from 1804.
The Austrian Duchy of Troppau ceased to exist when the Austro-Hungarian Empire was dissolved in 1918 and the area (Troppauer Land) including the city became part of Czechoslovakia. The Prussian share (reduced by the territory of the Hlučín Region which new Czechoslovak state also reclaimed for itself) remained a part of the Silesian province until 1945, when it fell to Poland in accord with the Potsdam Agreement.
See also
[edit]Literature
[edit]- ^ "Search results: "von troppau" 1269". Google Books. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
- ^ Hans Ferdinand Helmolt (1907). The World's History: South-eastern and eastern Europe.
- ^ Geary, Patrick J.: Readings in Medieval History
- ^ Prince Karl I Archived 9 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- Seidl, Elmar (1996). Das Troppauer Land zwischen den fünf Südgrenzen Schlesiens – Grundzüge der politischen und territorialen Geschichte bis zur Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts (in German). Hess. ISBN 9783873362154.
External links
[edit]