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{{short description|19th/20th-century American academic}}
{{short description|19th/20th-century American academic}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| name = James Brander Matthews
| name = James Brander Matthews
| image = Brander_matthews.jpg
| image = Brander_matthews.jpg
| imagesize =
| imagesize =
| caption = Matthews circa 1910
| caption = Matthews circa 1910
| pseudonym =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1852|2|21}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1852|2|21}}
| birth_place = [[New Orleans]], United States
| birth_place = [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], US
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1929|3|31|1852|2|21}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1929|3|31|1852|2|21}}
| death_place = [[New York City]], United States
| death_place = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], USA
| occupation = [[Professor]] of [[Drama|Dramatic Literature]]
| occupation = [[Professor]] of [[Drama|Dramatic Literature]], writer
⚫
| period =
| nationality = United States
| period =
| alma_mater = [[Columbia University]]
⚫
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
}}
}}
'''James Brander Matthews''' (February 21, 1852 – March 31, 1929) was an American writer and educator. He was the first full-time professor of dramatic literature at an American university and played a significant role in establishing theater as a subject worthy of formal study in the academic world. His interests ranged from [[Shakespeare]], [[Molière]], and [[Ibsen]] to French boulevard comedies, folk theater, and the new realism of his own day.
'''James Brander Matthews''' (February 21, 1852 – March 31, 1929) was an American academic, writer and literary critic. He was the first full-time professor of dramatic literature at Columbia University in New York and played a significant role in establishing theater as a subject worthy of formal study by academics. His interests ranged from [[Shakespeare]], [[Molière]], and [[Ibsen]] to French boulevard comedies, folk theater, and the new realism of his own time.


==Biography==
==Early life==
Matthews was born to a wealthy family in New Orleans and grew up in New York City.<ref name=":0" />
Matthews born to a wealthy family in New Orleans, grew up in New York City, and graduated from [[Columbia College of Columbia University|Columbia College]] in 1871, where he was a member of the [[Philolexian Society]] and the fraternity of Delta Psi, and from [[Columbia Law School]] in 1873. He had no real interest in the law, never needed to work for a living (given his family fortune),<ref>Matthews' father went bankrupt and the family fortune was lost, but his mother's money provided him with a comfortable living and eventually his own books sold quite well. Biographical information from this entry is taken from Matthews' autobiography.</ref> and turned to a literary career, publishing in the 1880s and 1890s short stories, novels, plays, books about drama, biographies of actors, and three books of sketches of city life. One of these, ''Vignettes of Manhattan'' (1894), was dedicated to his friend [[Theodore Roosevelt]]. From 1892 to 1900, he was a professor of literature at [[Columbia University|Columbia]] and thereafter held the Chair of Dramatic Literature until his retirement in 1924. He was known as an engaging lecturer and a charismatic if demanding teacher. His influence was such that a popular pun claimed that an entire generation had been "brandered by the same Matthews."


He attended [[Columbia College of Columbia University|Columbia College]], graduating in 1871.<ref name=":0" /> There, he was a member of the [[Philolexian Society]] and the fraternity of Delta Psi (St. Anthony Hall).<ref name=":0" /> He graduated from [[Columbia Law School]] in 1873.<ref name=":0">Negus, W. H. (1900). "[https://archive.org/details/greeklettermenof01maxw/page/232/mode/2up?q=%22delta+psi%22 Delta Ps] i". In Maxwell, W. J. (ed.). ''Greek Lettermen of Washington''. New York, New York: The Umbdenstock Publishing Co. pp.&nbsp;231–234.</ref> However, he demonstrated no real interest in law and never really needed to work for a living.<ref name=":1" />
⚫
During his long tenure at Columbia, Matthews created and curated a "dramatic museum" of costumes, scripts, props, and other stage memorabilia. Originally housed in a four-room complex in [[Philosophy Hall]], the collection was broken up and sold after his death. However, its books were incorporated into the university library and its dioramas of the [[Globe Theatre]] and other historic dramatic venues have been dispersed for public display around campus, mainly in [[Dodge Hall]]. Matthews was the inspiration for the now-destroyed Brander Matthews Theater on 117th Street, between [[Tenth Avenue (Manhattan)|Amsterdam Avenue]] and [[Morningside Drive (Manhattan)|Morningside Drive]]. An English professorship in his name still exists at Columbia.


Later, Matthews' father went bankrupt and the family fortune was lost.<ref name=":1" /> However, his mother's money provided him with a comfortable living.<ref name=":1">Biographical information from this entry is taken from Matthews' autobiography.</ref>
==Teaching==
⚫
Matthews' students knew him as a man well-versed in the history of drama and as knowledgeable about continental dramatists as he was about American and British playwrights. Long before they were fashionable, he championed playwrights who were regarded as too bold for American tastes, such as [[Hermann Sudermann]], [[Arthur Pinero]], and preeminently [[Henrik Ibsen]], about whom he wrote frequently and eloquently. His students also knew him as an opinionated man with a somewhat conservative political bent. Playwright [[S.N. Behrman]], who studied with him in 1917, recalled in his memoirs, "One day I made the mistake of bringing into class a copy of [the liberal magazine] ''[[The New Republic]].'' I had, actually, a contribution in it. Matthews looked at ''The New Republic'' and said, 'I am sorry to see you wasting your time on that stuff.' As a staunch Republican and intimate of Theodore Roosevelt's, he had his duty to do." He could also be "easy and anecdotal," Behrman acknowledged, and he was respected on campus as a man-of-the-world.<ref>S.N. Behrman, ''People in a Diary'' (Boston: Little, Brown, 1972). p. 8.</ref> He lived for the theater and made clear his belief that theater was a performance art, first and foremost, and that plays as literary texts should never be viewed in the same light. Yet in the classroom he was an exacting guide to stage craftsmanship.


== Career ==
⚫
[[File:Portrait of Brander Matthews.jpg|thumb|Brander Matthews.]]
⚫
Other students recalled him as a teacher who elicited "mingled affection and impatience"<ref>Green, p. 84.</ref> and who conducted himself in a manner that never attempted to hide his privileged background, connections, and connoisseurship. His relations with Columbia colleagues were sometimes adversarial. His conservatism became more pronounced in his later years: he was adamant about not admitting women to his graduate courses<ref>Green, p. 49.</ref> and publicly expressed the opinion that women did not have the natural ability to be great playwrights.<ref>Brander Matthews, ''A Book About the Theater'' (New York: Scribner, 1916), pp. 113-125.</ref> According to [[Mark Van Doren]], he taught an "ancient" American literature elective that he refused to revise over the decades. Not surprisingly, he was a natural target for the World War I-era generation of writers and activists. Reviewing Matthews' autobiography in 1917, the radical critic and fellow Columbia graduate [[Randolph Bourne]] complained that for Matthews, "literature was a gesture of gentility and not a comprehension of life."<ref>Thomas Bender, ''New York Intellect'' (New York: Knopf, 1987), p. 232.</ref> In ''On Native Grounds,'' [[Alfred Kazin]] characterized him as a "literary gentleman."<ref>Alfred Kazin, ''On Native Grounds'' (New York: Harcourt, 1942), p. 61.</ref>


⚫
=== Writing ===
⚫
Matthews taught a number of students who went on to have major careers in the theater, including playwright Behrman and drama critics [[Stark Young]], [[Ludwig Lewisohn]], and {{ill|John Gassner|pt}}.
Matthews began a literary career, writing novels, plays, short stories, books about drama, and biographies of actors during the 1880s and 1890. He wrote three books of sketches of city life. One of these, ''Vignettes of Manhattan'' (1894), was dedicated to his friend [[Theodore Roosevelt]].


⚫
Brander Matthews was a prolific and varied writer, author of more than thirty books. The claim to fame of one of his plays is its mention in [[Theodore Dreiser]]'s novel ''[[Sister Carrie]]'': it is the melodrama, ''A Gold Mine'', which the character Carrie attends and which causes her to consider a drama career. Some of his surveys of American literature and drama sold very well as high-school and college texts. One of his earliest books, ''French Dramatists of the Nineteenth Century'' (1881), is a scholarly study of the subject and was revised and reprinted twice during two decades, while his 1919 autobiography, ''These Many Years'', is a story of an education in the arts by a man who lived a rich and productive life. It also offers an evocation of life in Manhattan c. 1860–1900. Matthews published a biography of Molière in 1910 and a biography of Shakespeare in 1913.
⚫
==Writing==
⚫
Brander Matthews was a prolific, varied, and uneven writer, author of over thirty books. His own novels and plays are undistinguished and long-forgotten (the claim to fame of one of his plays is its footnote status in [[Theodore Dreiser]]'s novel ''[[Sister Carrie]]'': it is the melodrama, ''A Gold Mine'', Carrie attends which leads her to consider a career on the stage). Some of his surveys of American literature and drama sold very well as high-school and college texts. Yet one of his earliest books, ''French Dramatists of the Nineteenth Century'' (1881), is an excellent scholarly study of the subject and was revised and reprinted twice over two decades, while his 1919 autobiography, ''These Many Years'', is a deftly-told story of an education in the arts by a man who lived a rich and productive life. It also offers an interesting evocation of life in Manhattan c. 1860-1900. Matthews published a biography of Molière in 1910 and a biography of Shakespeare in 1913.


==Other activities==
=== Teaching ===
From 1892 to 1900, he was a professor of literature at [[Columbia University]], becoming professor of Dramatic Literature until his retirement in 1924. He was known as an engaging lecturer and a charismatic, if demanding, teacher. His influence was such that a popular pun claimed that an entire generation had been "brandered by the same Matthews."
⚫
Matthews had an active professional life off-campus. He was one of the founders of the [[Authors' Club]] and the [[Players' Club]] and was one of the organizers of the American Copyright League. He was a member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]] and president of the [[National Institute of Arts and Letters]] in 1913. In 1906, he was named the first chairman of the [[Simplified Spelling Board]] and served as president of the [[Modern Language Association of America]] in 1910. In 1907, the French government decorated him with the [[Legion of Honor]] for his services in promoting the cause of French drama.


Matthews' students knew him as a man well-versed in the history of drama and as knowledgeable about continental dramatists as he was about American and British playwrights. Long before they were fashionable, he championed playwrights who were regarded as too bold for Americans, such as [[Hermann Sudermann]], [[Arthur Pinero]], and preeminently [[Henrik Ibsen]], about whom he wrote frequently and eloquently. His students also knew him as an opinionated man with somewhat conservative politics.
⚫
==Professional and personal friendships==
⚫
Brander Matthews was not a typical academic for his time. He was friends with many notable men, e.g. [[Robert Louis Stevenson]], [[Rudyard Kipling]], [[Bret Harte]], [[Mark Twain]], [[William Dean Howells]], and Theodore Roosevelt.<ref>Green, p. 83.</ref> His relationship with Twain<ref>Matthews wrote the Introduction to the New York edition of Twain's Collected Works.</ref> had a bantering quality (Twain, in his famous essay "[[Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses]]," lambastes Matthews' statements concerning Cooper's literary merits), while his friendship with Howells was earnest and supportive. Matthews' correspondence with Roosevelt, which extended from the 1880s through the White House years, was posthumously published. They shared a temperamental affinity as well as an interest in the cause of simplified spelling.<ref>Nathan Miller, ''Theodore Roosevelt: A Life'' (New York: William Morrow, 1992), PP. 422-423.</ref>


⚫
Playwright [[S.N. Behrman]], who studied with him during 1917, recalled in his memoirs, "One day I made the mistake of bringing into class a copy of [the liberal magazine] ''[[The New Republic]].'' I had, actually, a contribution in it. Matthews looked at ''The New Republic'' and said, 'I am sorry to see you wasting your time on that stuff.' As a staunch Republican and intimate of Theodore Roosevelt's, he had his duty to do." He could also be "easy and anecdotal", Behrman acknowledged, and he was respected on campus as a man-of-the-world.<ref>S.N. Behrman, ''People in a Diary'' (Boston: Little, Brown, 1972). p. 8.</ref> He taught that performance was the main art of drama, not the literary texts of plays.
Despite his complacent persona in later years, wearing mutton-chop whiskers long after that style has passed, Matthews was always an intensely social man. He regularly invited students to his West End apartment for evenings of conversation. In the 1890s he was a charter member of an informal group called "the Friendly Sons of Saint Bacchus," which met in a bohemian cafe in [[Greenwich Village]] for entertainment and readings. Other members of the group included the erudite and cosmopolitan critic [[James Gibbons Huneker]] and the rowdy Ash can painter [[George Luks]], two New Yorkers notorious for their hard drinking, whose presence would suggest that the "sons" were not devoted to purely intellectual pastimes.<ref>Arnold Schwab, ''James Gibbons Huneker: Critic of the Seven Arts'' (Berkeley: Stanford University Press, 1963), p. 113.</ref> Huneker shared Matthews' desire to see drama accepted as a subject for serious criticism and, like his academic friend, lobbied for more attention to be paid by American audiences to the advanced European dramatists.<ref>Schwab, p. 151.</ref> The two had crossed paths in Europe when Matthews was doing research for his first book, ''The Theatres of Paris'' (1880). Matthews was also a member of the long-running Gin Mill Club, a more exclusive informal organization whose members included the university's president, Nicholas Murray Butler, and numerous public officials equally devoted to fraternal evenings of conversation, good wine, and good food.<ref>Michael Rosenthal, ''Nicholas Miraculous: The Amazing Career of the Redoubtable Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler'' (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2006), p. 262, {{ISBN|0374299943}}.</ref>


⚫
[[File:Portrait of Brander Matthews.jpg|thumb|Brander Matthews]]
Brander Matthews retired from Columbia University at the age of seventy-two. He was predeceased by both his wife, Ada Harland, an actress who had given up her career when they married, and their only child, a daughter. He died in New York City five years after his retirement, in 1929.
⚫
Other students recalled him as a teacher who elicited "mingled affection and impatience"<ref>Green, p. 84.</ref> and who behaved in a manner that never attempted to hide his privileged life and connoisseurship. His relations with Columbia colleagues were sometimes adversarial. His conservatism became more pronounced during his later years: he was adamant about not admitting women to his graduate courses<ref>Green, p. 49.</ref> and publicly expressed the opinion that women did not have the natural ability to be great playwrights.<ref>Brander Matthews, ''A Book About the Theater'' (New York: Scribner, 1916), pp. 113-125.</ref> According to [[Mark Van Doren]], he taught an "ancient" American literature elective that he refused to revise over the decades. Not surprisingly, he was a natural target for the World War I-era generation of writers and activists. Reviewing Matthews' autobiography in 1917, the radical critic and fellow Columbia graduate [[Randolph Bourne]] complained that for Matthews, "literature was a gesture of gentility and not a comprehension of life".<ref>Thomas Bender, ''New York Intellect'' (New York: Knopf, 1987), p. 232.</ref> In his publication ''On Native Grounds'', [[Alfred Kazin]] characterized him as a "literary gentleman".<ref>Alfred Kazin, ''On Native Grounds'' (New York: Harcourt, 1942), p. 61.</ref>


⚫
Matthews taught a number of students who later had major dramatic careers, including playwright Behrman and drama critics [[Stark Young]], [[Ludwig Lewisohn]], and [[John Gassner]].
⚫
==Works==

⚫
During his long tenure at Columbia University, Matthews created and curated a "dramatic museum" of costumes, scripts, props, and other stage memorabilia. Housed in a four-room complex in [[Philosophy Hall]], the collection was divided and sold after his death. However, its books were incorporated into the university library and its dioramas of the [[Globe Theatre]] and other historic dramatic venues have been dispersed for public display around campus, mainly in [[Dodge Hall]].

Despite his complacent persona during later years, wearing mutton-chop whiskers long after that style has passed, Matthews was always an intensely social man. He regularly invited students to his West End apartment for evenings of conversation. He retired from Columbia University in 1924 at the age of seventy-two.

⚫
==Professional affiliations==
⚫
Matthews had an active professional life off-campus. He was one of the founders of the [[Authors' Club]] and the [[Players' Club]] and was one of the organizers of the [[American Copyright League]]. He was a member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]] and president of the [[National Institute of Arts and Letters]] during 1913. In 1906, he was named the first chairman of the [[Simplified Spelling Board]] and served as president of the [[Modern Language Association of America]] during 1910.

== Honors ==

* Matthews was the inspiration for the now-destroyed [[Brander Matthews Theater]] on 117th Street, between [[Tenth Avenue (Manhattan)|Amsterdam Avenue]] and [[Morningside Drive (Manhattan)|Morningside Drive]].
* An English professorship with his name still exists at Columbia University.
* In 1907, the French government decorated him with the [[Legion of Honor]] for his services in promoting the cause of French drama.

⚫
== Works ==
* ''The Theatres of Paris'' (1880)
* ''The Theatres of Paris'' (1880)
* ''French Dramatists of the Nineteenth Century'' (1881, revised in 1891 and 1901)
* ''French Dramatists of the Nineteenth Century'' (1881, revised in 1891 and 1901)
Line 57: Line 62:
* ''Love at First Sight'' (1885)
* ''Love at First Sight'' (1885)
* ''Actors and Actresses of the United States and Great Britain'' (five volumes, 1886), with [[Laurence Hutton]]
* ''Actors and Actresses of the United States and Great Britain'' (five volumes, 1886), with [[Laurence Hutton]]
* ''A Secret of the Sea'' (1886)
* ''The Last Meeting, A Story'' (1887)
* ''A Family Tree, and Other Stories'' (1889)
* ''In the Vestibule Limited'' (1892)
* ''In the Vestibule Limited'' (1892)
* ''A tale of twenty-five hours'' (1892) with George H. Jessop
* ''Tom Paulding : the story of a search for buried treasure in the streets of New York'' (1892)
* ''Americanisms and Briticisms'' (1892)
* ''Americanisms and Briticisms'' (1892)
* ''The Decision of the Court'' (1893)
* ''The Decision of the Court'' (1893)
* ''The Story of a Story, and other Stories'' (1893)
* ''This picture and that : a comedy'' (1894)
* ''Vignettes of Manhattan'' (1894)
* ''Vignettes of Manhattan'' (1894)
* ''Studies of the Stage'' (1894)
* ''Studies of the Stage'' (1894)
* ''Pen and ink : papers on subjects of more or less importance'' (1894)
⚫
* ''The Royal Marine: An Idyl of Narragansett Pier (1894) (Harper's New Monthly Magazine June 1894)
* ''The Gift of Story-Telling (1895) (Harper's New Monthly Magazine Oct 1895)
* ''The Royal Marine: An Idyl of Narragansett Pier'' (1894) (Harper's New Monthly Magazine June 1894)
⚫
* ''The Gift of Story-Telling'' (1895) (Harper's New Monthly Magazine Oct 1895)
* ''His Father's Son'' (1895), a novel
* ''His Father's Son'' (1895), a novel
* ''Bookbindings Old and New: Notes of a book-lover, with an account of the Grolier Club of New York'' (1895)
* ''Bookbindings Old and New: Notes of a book-lover, with an account of the Grolier Club of New York'' (1895)
* ''Aspects of Fiction'' (1896; revised in 1902)
* ''Aspects of Fiction'' (1896; revised in 1902)
* ''An Introduction to the Study of American Literature'' (1896)
* ''An Introduction to the Study of American Literature'' (1896)
* ''Tales of Fantasy and Fact'' (1896)
* ''Studies in Local Color'' (1898)
* ''Studies in Local Color'' (1898)
* ''A Confident To-Morrow'' (1900)
* ''A Confident To-Morrow'' (1900)
Line 89: Line 103:
* ''Principles of Playmaking'' (1919)
* ''Principles of Playmaking'' (1919)
* ''Playwrights on Playmaking'' (1923)
* ''Playwrights on Playmaking'' (1923)

== Personal life ==
Matthews married Ada Harland, an actress who had given up her career when they married. They had a daughter.

During the 1890s he was a charter member of an informal group known as "the Friendly Sons of Saint Bacchus", which met in a bohemian cafe in [[Greenwich Village]] for entertainment and readings. Other members of the group included the erudite and cosmopolitan critic [[James Gibbons Huneker]] and the rowdy [[Ashcan school]] painter [[George Luks]], two New Yorkers notorious for their alcohol drinking, whose presence would suggest that the "sons" were not devoted to purely intellectual pastimes.<ref>Arnold Schwab, ''James Gibbons Huneker: Critic of the Seven Arts'' (Berkeley: Stanford University Press, 1963), p. 113.</ref>

Matthews was a member of the long-running [[Gin Mill Club]], a more exclusive informal organization whose members included Columbia University's president, [[Nicholas Murray Butler]], and numerous public officials equally devoted to fraternal evenings of conversation, good wine, and good food.<ref>Michael Rosenthal, ''Nicholas Miraculous: The Amazing Career of the Redoubtable Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler'' (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2006), p. 262, {{ISBN|0374299943}}.</ref>

⚫
He was friends with many notable men, including. [[Robert Louis Stevenson]], [[Rudyard Kipling]], [[Bret Harte]], [[Mark Twain]], [[William Dean Howells]], and [[Theodore Roosevelt]].<ref>Green, p. 83.</ref> His relationship with Twain had a bantering quality; in his famous essay "[[Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses]]," Twain lambasted Matthews' statements concerning Cooper's literary merits). Matthews' correspondence with Roosevelt, which extended from the 1880s through the White House years, was published posthumously.<ref>Matthews wrote the Introduction to the New York edition of Twain's Collected Works.</ref> They shared a temperamental affinity as well as an interest in the cause of simplified spelling.<ref>Nathan Miller, ''Theodore Roosevelt: A Life'' (New York: William Morrow, 1992), PP. 422-423.</ref>

In 1929, he died in New York City five years after his retirement.


==References==
==References==
Line 97: Line 122:
*Matthews, Brander. ''These Many Years: Recollections of a New Yorker.'' New York: Scribner, 1919.
*Matthews, Brander. ''These Many Years: Recollections of a New Yorker.'' New York: Scribner, 1919.
*Oliver, Lawrence J. ''Brander Matthews, Theodore Roosevelt, and the Politics of American Literature, 1880-1920.'' Knoxville: University of Tennessee, 1995.
*Oliver, Lawrence J. ''Brander Matthews, Theodore Roosevelt, and the Politics of American Literature, 1880-1920.'' Knoxville: University of Tennessee, 1995.
*Stein, Howard. [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Spring2002/Matthews.html "Brander Matthews and Theater Studies at Columbia."] ''Living Legacies: Columbia University of the City of New York.'' in ''Columbia Magazine'', Spring 2002
*Stein, Howard. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181112180734/https://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Spring2002/Matthews.html "Brander Matthews and Theater Studies at Columbia."] ''Living Legacies: Columbia University of the City of New York.'' in ''Columbia Magazine'', Spring 2002


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*{{cite journal|last=Ashton|first=Susanna M.|title=Authorial Affiliations, Brander Matthews in Partnership|journal=[http://www.symploke.org/ Symploke: A Journal of Comparative Theory and Literature]|volume=7|issue=1–2|year=2000}}
*{{cite journal|last=Ashton|first=Susanna M.|title=Authorial Affiliations, Brander Matthews in Partnership|journal=Symploke: A Journal of Comparative Theory and Literature |url=http://www.symploke.org/|volume=7|issue=1–2|year=2000}}


==External links==
==External links==
Line 108: Line 133:
* {{Librivox author |id=2328}}
* {{Librivox author |id=2328}}
* {{isfdb name|id=Brander_Matthews|name=Brander Matthews}}
* {{isfdb name|id=Brander_Matthews|name=Brander Matthews}}
* [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4078376 Finding aid to Brander Matthews papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.]
* [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4078631 Finding aid to the Brander Matthews Dramatic Museum records at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.]
* [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_7818783 Finding aid to the Dramatic Museum realia collection at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.]
* [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4079346 Finding aid to the Milton Smith script collection, 1927-1946, at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.]


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
Line 119: Line 148:
[[Category:Columbia University faculty]]
[[Category:Columbia University faculty]]
[[Category:Columbia College (New York) alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia College (New York) alumni]]
[[Category:St. Anthony Hall]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Modern Language Association]]

Latest revision as of 15:18, 23 October 2024

James Brander Matthews
Matthews circa 1910
Matthews circa 1910
Born(1852-02-21)February 21, 1852
New Orleans, Louisiana, US
DiedMarch 31, 1929(1929-03-31) (aged 77)
New York City, New York, USA
OccupationProfessor of Dramatic Literature, writer
Alma materColumbia University

James Brander Matthews (February 21, 1852 – March 31, 1929) was an American academic, writer and literary critic. He was the first full-time professor of dramatic literature at Columbia University in New York and played a significant role in establishing theater as a subject worthy of formal study by academics. His interests ranged from Shakespeare, Molière, and Ibsen to French boulevard comedies, folk theater, and the new realism of his own time.

Early life

[edit]

Matthews was born to a wealthy family in New Orleans and grew up in New York City.[1]

He attended Columbia College, graduating in 1871.[1] There, he was a member of the Philolexian Society and the fraternity of Delta Psi (St. Anthony Hall).[1] He graduated from Columbia Law School in 1873.[1] However, he demonstrated no real interest in law and never really needed to work for a living.[2]

Later, Matthews' father went bankrupt and the family fortune was lost.[2] However, his mother's money provided him with a comfortable living.[2]

Career

[edit]

Writing

[edit]

Matthews began a literary career, writing novels, plays, short stories, books about drama, and biographies of actors during the 1880s and 1890. He wrote three books of sketches of city life. One of these, Vignettes of Manhattan (1894), was dedicated to his friend Theodore Roosevelt.

Brander Matthews was a prolific and varied writer, author of more than thirty books. The claim to fame of one of his plays is its mention in Theodore Dreiser's novel Sister Carrie: it is the melodrama, A Gold Mine, which the character Carrie attends and which causes her to consider a drama career. Some of his surveys of American literature and drama sold very well as high-school and college texts. One of his earliest books, French Dramatists of the Nineteenth Century (1881), is a scholarly study of the subject and was revised and reprinted twice during two decades, while his 1919 autobiography, These Many Years, is a story of an education in the arts by a man who lived a rich and productive life. It also offers an evocation of life in Manhattan c. 1860–1900. Matthews published a biography of Molière in 1910 and a biography of Shakespeare in 1913.

Teaching

[edit]

From 1892 to 1900, he was a professor of literature at Columbia University, becoming professor of Dramatic Literature until his retirement in 1924. He was known as an engaging lecturer and a charismatic, if demanding, teacher. His influence was such that a popular pun claimed that an entire generation had been "brandered by the same Matthews."

Matthews' students knew him as a man well-versed in the history of drama and as knowledgeable about continental dramatists as he was about American and British playwrights. Long before they were fashionable, he championed playwrights who were regarded as too bold for Americans, such as Hermann Sudermann, Arthur Pinero, and preeminently Henrik Ibsen, about whom he wrote frequently and eloquently. His students also knew him as an opinionated man with somewhat conservative politics.

Playwright S.N. Behrman, who studied with him during 1917, recalled in his memoirs, "One day I made the mistake of bringing into class a copy of [the liberal magazine] The New Republic. I had, actually, a contribution in it. Matthews looked at The New Republic and said, 'I am sorry to see you wasting your time on that stuff.' As a staunch Republican and intimate of Theodore Roosevelt's, he had his duty to do." He could also be "easy and anecdotal", Behrman acknowledged, and he was respected on campus as a man-of-the-world.[3] He taught that performance was the main art of drama, not the literary texts of plays.

Brander Matthews

Other students recalled him as a teacher who elicited "mingled affection and impatience"[4] and who behaved in a manner that never attempted to hide his privileged life and connoisseurship. His relations with Columbia colleagues were sometimes adversarial. His conservatism became more pronounced during his later years: he was adamant about not admitting women to his graduate courses[5] and publicly expressed the opinion that women did not have the natural ability to be great playwrights.[6] According to Mark Van Doren, he taught an "ancient" American literature elective that he refused to revise over the decades. Not surprisingly, he was a natural target for the World War I-era generation of writers and activists. Reviewing Matthews' autobiography in 1917, the radical critic and fellow Columbia graduate Randolph Bourne complained that for Matthews, "literature was a gesture of gentility and not a comprehension of life".[7] In his publication On Native Grounds, Alfred Kazin characterized him as a "literary gentleman".[8]

Matthews taught a number of students who later had major dramatic careers, including playwright Behrman and drama critics Stark Young, Ludwig Lewisohn, and John Gassner.

During his long tenure at Columbia University, Matthews created and curated a "dramatic museum" of costumes, scripts, props, and other stage memorabilia. Housed in a four-room complex in Philosophy Hall, the collection was divided and sold after his death. However, its books were incorporated into the university library and its dioramas of the Globe Theatre and other historic dramatic venues have been dispersed for public display around campus, mainly in Dodge Hall.

Despite his complacent persona during later years, wearing mutton-chop whiskers long after that style has passed, Matthews was always an intensely social man. He regularly invited students to his West End apartment for evenings of conversation. He retired from Columbia University in 1924 at the age of seventy-two.

Professional affiliations

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Matthews had an active professional life off-campus. He was one of the founders of the Authors' Club and the Players' Club and was one of the organizers of the American Copyright League. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and president of the National Institute of Arts and Letters during 1913. In 1906, he was named the first chairman of the Simplified Spelling Board and served as president of the Modern Language Association of America during 1910.

Honors

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Works

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  • The Theatres of Paris (1880)
  • French Dramatists of the Nineteenth Century (1881, revised in 1891 and 1901)
  • Margery's Lovers (1884)
  • Love at First Sight (1885)
  • Actors and Actresses of the United States and Great Britain (five volumes, 1886), with Laurence Hutton
  • A Secret of the Sea (1886)
  • The Last Meeting, A Story (1887)
  • A Family Tree, and Other Stories (1889)
  • In the Vestibule Limited (1892)
  • A tale of twenty-five hours (1892) with George H. Jessop
  • Tom Paulding : the story of a search for buried treasure in the streets of New York (1892)
  • Americanisms and Briticisms (1892)
  • The Decision of the Court (1893)
  • The Story of a Story, and other Stories (1893)
  • This picture and that : a comedy (1894)
  • Vignettes of Manhattan (1894)
  • Studies of the Stage (1894)
  • Pen and ink : papers on subjects of more or less importance (1894)
  • The Royal Marine: An Idyl of Narragansett Pier (1894) (Harper's New Monthly Magazine June 1894)
  • The Gift of Story-Telling (1895) (Harper's New Monthly Magazine Oct 1895)
  • His Father's Son (1895), a novel
  • Bookbindings Old and New: Notes of a book-lover, with an account of the Grolier Club of New York (1895)
  • Aspects of Fiction (1896; revised in 1902)
  • An Introduction to the Study of American Literature (1896)
  • Tales of Fantasy and Fact (1896)
  • Studies in Local Color (1898)
  • A Confident To-Morrow (1900)
  • The Action and the Word (1900)
  • The Historical Novel and Other Essays (1901)
  • Parts of Speech, Essays on English (1901)
  • The Philosophy of the Short-Story (1901)
  • The Development of the Drama (1903)
  • American Character (1906)
  • The Short Story (1907)
  • Americans of the Future and Other Essays (1909)
  • Molière: His Life and Works (1910)
  • Introduction to the Study of American literature (1911)
  • Fugitives from Justice (1912) Poetry.
  • Vistas of New York (1912)
  • Shakespeare as a Playwright (1913)
  • On Acting (1914)
  • The Oxford Book of American Essays (1914)
  • A Book About the Theater (1916)
  • These Many Years (1917): autobiography
  • Principles of Playmaking (1919)
  • Playwrights on Playmaking (1923)

Personal life

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Matthews married Ada Harland, an actress who had given up her career when they married. They had a daughter.

During the 1890s he was a charter member of an informal group known as "the Friendly Sons of Saint Bacchus", which met in a bohemian cafe in Greenwich Village for entertainment and readings. Other members of the group included the erudite and cosmopolitan critic James Gibbons Huneker and the rowdy Ashcan school painter George Luks, two New Yorkers notorious for their alcohol drinking, whose presence would suggest that the "sons" were not devoted to purely intellectual pastimes.[9]

Matthews was a member of the long-running Gin Mill Club, a more exclusive informal organization whose members included Columbia University's president, Nicholas Murray Butler, and numerous public officials equally devoted to fraternal evenings of conversation, good wine, and good food.[10]

He was friends with many notable men, including. Robert Louis Stevenson, Rudyard Kipling, Bret Harte, Mark Twain, William Dean Howells, and Theodore Roosevelt.[11] His relationship with Twain had a bantering quality; in his famous essay "Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses," Twain lambasted Matthews' statements concerning Cooper's literary merits). Matthews' correspondence with Roosevelt, which extended from the 1880s through the White House years, was published posthumously.[12] They shared a temperamental affinity as well as an interest in the cause of simplified spelling.[13]

In 1929, he died in New York City five years after his retirement.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Negus, W. H. (1900). "Delta Ps i". In Maxwell, W. J. (ed.). Greek Lettermen of Washington. New York, New York: The Umbdenstock Publishing Co. pp. 231–234.
  2. ^ a b c Biographical information from this entry is taken from Matthews' autobiography.
  3. ^ S.N. Behrman, People in a Diary (Boston: Little, Brown, 1972). p. 8.
  4. ^ Green, p. 84.
  5. ^ Green, p. 49.
  6. ^ Brander Matthews, A Book About the Theater (New York: Scribner, 1916), pp. 113-125.
  7. ^ Thomas Bender, New York Intellect (New York: Knopf, 1987), p. 232.
  8. ^ Alfred Kazin, On Native Grounds (New York: Harcourt, 1942), p. 61.
  9. ^ Arnold Schwab, James Gibbons Huneker: Critic of the Seven Arts (Berkeley: Stanford University Press, 1963), p. 113.
  10. ^ Michael Rosenthal, Nicholas Miraculous: The Amazing Career of the Redoubtable Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2006), p. 262, ISBN 0374299943.
  11. ^ Green, p. 83.
  12. ^ Matthews wrote the Introduction to the New York edition of Twain's Collected Works.
  13. ^ Nathan Miller, Theodore Roosevelt: A Life (New York: William Morrow, 1992), PP. 422-423.

Sources

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  • Green, Ashbel (ed.). My Columbia: Reminiscences of University Life. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005.
  • Matthews, Brander. These Many Years: Recollections of a New Yorker. New York: Scribner, 1919.
  • Oliver, Lawrence J. Brander Matthews, Theodore Roosevelt, and the Politics of American Literature, 1880-1920. Knoxville: University of Tennessee, 1995.
  • Stein, Howard. "Brander Matthews and Theater Studies at Columbia." Living Legacies: Columbia University of the City of New York. in Columbia Magazine, Spring 2002

Further reading

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