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{{Distinguish2 | King [[Ludwig II of Bavaria]]}}
{{distinguish |text= King [[Ludwig II of Bavaria]]}}
⚫
{{infobox royalty

| name = Louis II
⚫
{{ infobox nobility
⚫
| image = Fürstenfeldbruck-Klosterkirche 8.jpg
⚫
| name = Louis II, Duke of Bavaria
⚫
| succession = [[Duke of Upper Bavaria]]<br/>[[Count Palatine of the Rhine]]
⚫
| image = Fürstenfeldbruck-Klosterkirche 8.jpg
| CoA =
| caption = Duke Louis II, as depicted in a sculpture inside [[Fürstenfeld Abbey]]
| tenure =
⚫
| noble family = [[House of Wittelsbach]]
| reign = 29 November 1253 – {{nowrap|2 February 1294}}
| father = [[Otto II Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria]]
| predecessor = [[Otto II Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria|Otto II]]
| mother = [[Agnes of the Palatinate]]
⚫
| house = [[Wittelsbach]]
| spouse = [[Maria of Brabant (1226-1256)|Maria of Brabant]]<br/>[[Anna of Glogau]]<br/>[[Matilda of Habsburg]]
⚫
| father = [[Otto II Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria]]
⚫
| birth_date = {{birth_date|1229|4|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Heidelberg]]
| mother = [[Agnes of the Palatinate]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
⚫
| death_date = {{death date and age|1294|2|2|1229|4|13|df=yes}}
*{{marriage|[[Maria of Brabant, Duchess of Bavaria|Maria of Brabant]]|1254|1256|end=executed}}
⚫
| death_place = [[Heidelberg]]
*{{marriage|[[Anna of Glogau]]|1260|1271|end=d}}
*{{marriage|[[Matilda of Habsburg]]<br/>|1273}}}}
| issue = {{plainlist|
*Maria of Bavaria
*Ludwig of Bavaria
⚫
*[[Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria]]
*Matilda, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg
*[[Agnes of Bavaria, Margravine of Brandenburg-Stendal|Agnes, Margravine of Brandenburg-Stendal]]
*Anna of Bavaria
*[[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor]]}}
| issue-link = #Later marriages
⚫
| successor = [[Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria|Rudolf I]]
⚫
| birth_date = {{birth_date|1229|4|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Heidelberg]]
⚫
| death_date = {{death date and age|1294|2|2|1229|4|13|df=yes}}
⚫
| death_place = Heidelberg
}}
}}


'''Ludwig I''' or '''Louis I''' of Upper Bavaria ({{lang-de|Ludwig II der Strenge, Herzog von Bayern, Pfalzgraf bei Rhein}}) (13 April 1229 – 2 February 1294) was [[Duke of Upper Bavaria]] and [[Electoral Palatinate|Count Palatine of the Rhine]] from 1253. He is known as '''Ludwig II''' or '''Louis II''' as Duke of Bavaria, and also as '''Louis the Strict'''. Born in [[Heidelberg]], he was a son of duke [[Otto II Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria|Otto II]] and [[Agnes of the Palatinate]]. She was a daughter of the [[House of Welf|Welf]] [[Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine]], her grandfathers were [[Henry the Lion|Henry XII the Lion]] and [[Conrad of Hohenstaufen]].
'''Louis the Strict''' ({{langx|de|Ludwig der Strenge}}) (13 April 1229 – 2 February 1294) was [[Duke of Upper Bavaria]] and [[Count Palatine of the Rhine]] from 1253. He is known as '''Louis II''' or '''Louis VI''' following an alternative numbering. Born in [[Heidelberg]], he was a son of [[Otto II Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria]] and [[Agnes of the Palatinate]].{{sfn|Jeffery|2018|p=i}}


==Biography==
==Biography==
The young Louis supported in 1246 his brother-in-law King [[Conrad IV of Germany]] against the [[usurpation]] of [[Heinrich Raspe]]. In 1251 Louis was at war again against the [[bishop of Regensburg]].
In 1246, the young Louis supported his brother-in-law King [[Conrad IV of Germany]] against the [[usurpation]] of [[Heinrich Raspe]]. In 1251, Louis was at war again against the [[bishop of Regensburg]].


Louis succeeded his father Otto as Duke of Bavaria in 1253. When the [[Wittelsbach]] country was divided in 1255 among Otto's sons, Louis received the [[Electoral Palatinate|Palatinate]] and [[Upper Bavaria]], while his brother duke [[Henry XIII, Duke of Bavaria|Henry XIII of Bavaria]] received [[Lower Bavaria]]. This partition was against the law and therefore caused the anger of the bishops in Bavaria who allied themselves with king [[Ottokar II of Bohemia]] in 1257. In August 1257 Ottokar invaded Bavaria, but Louis and Henry managed to repulse the attack. It was one of the rare concerted and harmonious actions of the two brothers, who often argued.
Louis succeeded his father Otto as Duke of Bavaria in 1253. When the [[Wittelsbach]] country was divided in 1255 among Otto's sons, Louis received the [[Electoral Palatinate|Palatinate]] and [[Upper Bavaria]], while his brother duke [[Henry XIII of Bavaria]] received [[Lower Bavaria]]. This partition was against the law and therefore caused the anger of the bishops in Bavaria who later allied themselves with king [[Ottokar II of Bohemia]] in 1257. During the German [[interregnum]], after King [[William II of Holland|William's]] death in 1256, Louis supported King [[Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall|Richard of Cornwall]]. In August 1257 King Ottokar finally invaded Bavaria, but Louis and Henry managed to repulse the attack. It was one of the rare concerted and harmonious actions of the two brothers, who often argued.


Louis resided in [[Alter Hof|Munich]] and [[Heidelberg Castle]]. As one of the [[Prince-elector]]s of the empire he was strongly involved in the royal elections for forty years. During the German [[interregnum]] after King [[William II of Holland|William's]] death in 1256 Louis supported King [[Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall|Richard of Cornwall]]. Together with his brother, Louis also aided his young [[Hohenstaufen]] nephew [[Conradin]] in his duchy of [[Swabia]], but it was not possible to enforce Conradin's election as German king. As a result of his support for the Hohenstaufen, Louis was [[ban (law)|ban]]ned by the pope in 1266. In 1267 when his nephew crossed the [[Alps]] with an army, Louis accompanied Conradin only to [[Verona]]. After the young prince's execution in [[Naples]] in 1268, Louis inherited some of Conradin's possessions in [[Swabia]] and supported the election of the [[Habsburg]] [[Rudolph I of Germany|Rudolph I]] against Ottokar II in 1273. On 26 August 1278 the armies of Rudolph and Louis met Ottokar's forces on the banks of the [[River March]] in the [[Battle of Dürnkrut and Jedenspeigen]] where Ottokar was defeated and killed. In 1289 the [[Prince-elector|electoral dignity]] of Bavaria passed to Bohemia again, but Louis remained an elector as Count Palatine of the Rhine. After Rudolph's death in 1291 Louis could not enforce the election of his Habsburg brother-in-law [[Albert I of Germany|Albert I]] against [[Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg|Adolf of Nassau]].
The main residences of Louis were at [[Alter Hof]] located at the very north-eastern part of Munich and [[Heidelberg Castle]]. As one of the [[Prince-elector]]s of the empire, he was strongly involved in the royal elections for forty years. Together with his brother, Louis also aided his young [[Hohenstaufen]] nephew [[Conradin]] in his duchy of [[Swabia]], but it was not possible to enforce Conradin's election as German king. As a result of his support for the Hohenstaufen, Louis was excommunicated by the pope in 1266. In 1267 when his nephew crossed the [[Alps]] with an army, Louis accompanied Conradin only to [[Verona]]. After the young prince's execution in [[Naples]] in 1268, Louis inherited some of Conradin's possessions in [[Swabia]] and supported the election of the [[Habsburg]] [[Rudolph I of Germany|Rudolph I]] against Ottokar II in 1273. On 26 August 1278, the armies of Rudolph and Louis met Ottokar's forces on the banks of the [[River March]] in the [[Battle of Dürnkrut and Jedenspeigen]] where Ottokar was defeated and killed. In 1289, the [[Prince-elector|electoral dignity]] of Bavaria passed to Bohemia again, but Louis remained an elector as Count Palatine of the Rhine. After Rudolph's death in 1291, Louis could not enforce the election of his Habsburg brother-in-law [[Albert I of Germany|Albert I]] against [[Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg|Adolf of Nassau]].


Louis died at [[Heidelberg]]. His eldest surviving son [[Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria|Rudolf]] succeeded him, with Adolf of Nassau becoming his father-in-law a few months later. Louis was buried in the crypt of [[Fürstenfeld Abbey]].
Louis died at [[Heidelberg]] on 2 February 1294. He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son [[Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria|Rudolf I]] who had Adolf of Nassau as his father-in-law a few months later. Louis was buried in the crypt of [[Fürstenfeld Abbey]].


==Family and children==
==Family and children==
[[Image:LudwigderStrengeMariavonBrabantAnnavonSchlesien-Glogau.jpg|thumb|Louis II with his first two wives [[Maria of Brabant (1226-1256)|Maria of Brabant]] (middle) and [[Anna of Glogau]] (right), 16th century]]
Louis II was married three times.
Louis II was married three times.


===The execution of Maria of Brabant===
===The execution of Maria of Brabant===
He had his first wife [[Maria of Brabant, Duchess of Bavaria|Maria of Brabant]]—a daughter of [[Henry II, Duke of Brabant]] and [[Marie of Hohenstaufen]]—beheaded in 1256, on suspicion of adultery. Any actual guilt on her part could never be validated. As expiation Louis founded the Cistercian friary [[Fürstenfeld Abbey]] (Fürstenfeldbruck) near Munich.
He had his first wife, [[Maria of Brabant, Duchess of Bavaria|Maria of Brabant]]—a daughter of [[Henry II, Duke of Brabant]] and [[Marie of Hohenstaufen]]—beheaded in 1256, on suspicion of adultery. Any actual guilt on her part could never be validated. As expiation, Louis founded the Cistercian friary [[Fürstenfeld Abbey]] (Fürstenfeldbruck) near Munich.


Different sources tell varying tales about how this happened: In 1256 Louis had been away from home for an extended time, due to his responsibilities as a sovereign in the area of the Rhine. His wife wrote two letters, one to her husband, and another to the earl of Kyburg at Hunsrück, a vassal of Louis. Details about the actual content of the second letter vary, but according to the chroniclers the messenger who carried the letter to Ludwig had been given the wrong one, and Louis came to the conclusion that his wife had a secret love affair.
Different sources tell varying tales about how this happened: In 1256, Louis had been away from home for an extended time due to his responsibilities as a sovereign in the area of the Rhine. His wife wrote two letters, one to her husband, and another to the count of Kyburg at Hunsrück, a vassal of Louis. Details about the actual content of the second letter vary, but according to the chroniclers, the messenger who carried the letter to Louis had been given the wrong one, and Louis came to the conclusion that his wife had a secret love affair.


Over time a great many tales of folklore sprang up around Louis' deed, most of them written long after his death: Ballad-mongers embellished the tale into a murderous frenzy, during which Louis allegedly not only killed his wife after having ridden home for five days and nights, but also stabbed the messenger who brought him the wrong letter, then upon entering his castle stabbed his own castellan and a court lady and threw his wife's maid from the battlements, before he massacred his wife either by stabbing her or cutting off her head.
Over time a great many tales of folklore sprang up around Louis' deed, most of them written long after his death: Ballad-mongers embellished the tale into a murderous frenzy during which Louis allegedly not only killed his wife after having ridden home for five days and nights, but also stabbed the messenger who brought him the wrong letter; then upon entering his castle, stabbed his own castellan and a court lady and threw his wife's maid from the battlements, before he murdered his wife either by stabbing her or cutting off her head.


Several more restrained chronicles support the account of Marie's execution on 18 January 1256 at Mangoldstein Castle in [[Donauwörth]] by ducal decree for alleged adultery, but nothing beyond that.
Several more restrained chronicles support the account of Marie's execution on 18 January 1256 at Mangoldstein Castle in [[Donauwörth]] by ducal decree for alleged adultery, but nothing beyond that.


===Later marriages===
===Later marriages===
[[File:Matilda of Habsburg, Duchess of Bavaria.jpg|500px|thumb|right|Louis' third wife, [[Matilda of Habsburg]]]]


In 1260 Louis married his second wife [[Anna of Glogau]]. They had the following children:
Louis married his second wife, [[Anna of Glogau]], in 1260.{{sfn|Jeffery|2018|p=ii}} They had the following children:


# Maria (b. 1261), a nun in Marienberg abbey at [[Boppard]].
* Maria of Bavaria (b. 1261), became a nun in Marienberg abbey at [[Boppard]].
# Agnes (1262 &ndash; 21 October 1269).
* Agnes (1262 – 21 October 1269).
# Ludwig (13 September 1267 &ndash; 23 November 1290, killed at a tournament at [[Nuremberg]]).
* Ludwig of Bavaria (13 September 1267 – 23 November 1290, killed at a tournament at [[Nuremberg]]).


He married his third wife [[Matilda of Habsburg]], one of king [[Rudolph I of Germany|Rudolph]]'s daughters, on 24 October 1273.<ref>Theresa Earenfight, ''Queenship in Medieval Europe'', (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 173.</ref> Their children were:
He married his third wife, [[Matilda of Habsburg]], daughter of [[Rudolph I of Germany]], on 24 October 1273.{{sfn|Earenfight|2013|p=173}} Their children were:


# [[Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria|Rudolf I]] (4 October 1274, [[Basle]] &ndash; 12 August 1319).
* [[Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria]] (4 October 1274, [[Basel]] – 12 August 1319).{{sfn|Thomas|2010|p=387}}
# Mechthild (1275 &ndash; 28 March 1319, [[Lüneburg]]), married 1288 to Duke [[Otto II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Otto II of Brunswick-Lüneburg]].
* Matilda (Mechthild) of Bavaria, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1275 – 28 March 1319, [[Lüneburg]]), married 1288 to Duke [[Otto II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Otto II of Brunswick-Lüneburg]]{{sfn|Jeffery|2018|p=ii}}
# [[Agnes of Bavaria, Margravine of Brandenburg-Stendal|Agnes]] (ca. 1276/78 &ndash; 22 July 1345), married firstly in 1290 Landgrave [[Henry "the Younger" of Hesse]] and secondly 1298/1303 [[Henry I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal|Henry I "Lackland"]], [[Margrave of Brandenburg]].
* [[Agnes of Bavaria, Margravine of Brandenburg-Stendal]] (c. 1276/78 – 22 July 1345), married firstly in 1290 to Landgrave [[Henry "the Younger" of Hesse]] and secondly around 1298/1303 to [[Henry I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal]]{{sfn|Jeffery|2018|p=ii}}
# Anna (b. 1280), a nun in Ulm.
* Anna of Bavaria (b. 1280), became a nun in Ulm.
# [[Ludwig IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Ludwig IV]] (1 April 1282, [[Munich]] &ndash; 11 October 1347, Puch -now a district of [[Fürstenfeldbruck]]-).
* [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] (1 April 1282, [[Munich]] – 11 October 1347, Puch (now a district of [[Fürstenfeldbruck]])) and [[King of Italy]].{{sfn|Thomas|2010|p=387}}


Louis II was succeeded by his oldest son Rudolf.
Louis II was succeeded by his eldest surviving son Rudolf I.

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel top|width=100%}}
<center>{{ahnentafel-compact5
|style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;
|border=1
|boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
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|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Louis II, Duke of Bavaria'''
|2= 2. [[Otto II Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria|Otto II, Duke of Bavaria]]
|3= 3. [[Agnes of the Palatinate]]
⚫
|4= 4. [[Louis I, Duke of Bavaria]]
|5= 5. [[Ludmilla of Bohemia]]
⚫
|6= 6. [[Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine]]
|7= 7. [[Agnes of Hohenstaufen]]
|8= 8. [[Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria|Otto I, Duke of Bavaria]]
|9= 9. [[Agnes of Loon]]
|10= 10. [[Frederick, Duke of Bohemia]]
|11= 11. [[Elizabeth of Hungary, Duchess of Bohemia|Elizabeth of Hungary]]
|12= 12. [[Henry the Lion]]
|13= 13. [[Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony|Matilda of England]]
|14= 14. [[Conrad, Count Palatine of the Rhine]]
|15= 15. [[Irmingard of Henneberg]]
|16= 16. [[Otto IV, Count of Wittelsbach]]
|17= 17. [[Heilika of Pettendorf-Lengenfeld]]
|18= 18. [[Louis I, Count of Loon]]
|19= 19. [[Agnes of Metz]]
|20= 20. [[Vladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia|Vladislaus II, King of Bohemia]]
|21= 21. [[Gertrude of Babenberg, Duchess of Bohemia|Gertrude of Babenberg]]
|22= 22. [[Géza II of Hungary]]
|23= 23. [[Euphrosyne of Kiev]]
⚫
|24= 24. [[Henry X, Duke of Bavaria]]
|25= 25. [[Gertrude of Süpplingenburg]]
|26= 26. [[Henry II of England]]
|27= 27. [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]]
|28= 28. [[Frederick II, Duke of Swabia]]
|29= 29. [[Agnes of Saarbrücken]]
|30= 30. [[Berthold I, Count of Henneberg]]
|31= 31. [[Bertha of Putelendorf]]
}}</center>
{{ahnentafel bottom}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |first=Theresa |last=Earenfight |title=Queenship in Medieval Europe |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2013 }}
*{{cite book |title=Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia: The Philosopher Princess |first=Renée |last=Jeffery |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2018 }}
*{{cite book |title=A House Divided: Wittelsbach Confessional Court Cultures in the Holy Roman Empire, c.1550-1650 |first=Andrew L. |last=Thomas |publisher=Brill |year=2010 }}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Louis II, Duke of Bavaria}}
{{Commons category|Louis II, Duke of Bavaria}}
*[[:de:Ludwig der Strenge|German wiki entry for Ludwig II. (''Ludwig der Strenge'')]]
*[[:de:Ludwig der Strenge|German wiki entry for Ludwig II. (''Ludwig der Strenge'')]]
*[http://www.genealogie-mittelalter.de/wittelsbacher_oberbayern/ludwig_2_der_strenge_herzog_von_bayern_+_1294.html Genealogy of Ludwig II. (compilation of various sources, in German)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081008092854/http://www.genealogie-mittelalter.de/wittelsbacher_oberbayern/ludwig_2_der_strenge_herzog_von_bayern_+_1294.html Genealogy of Ludwig II. (compilation of various sources, in German)]



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[[Category:Dukes of Bavaria]]
[[Category:Nobility from Heidelberg]]
[[Category:Counts Palatine of the Rhine]]
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[[Category:House of Wittelsbach]]
[[Category:House of Wittelsbach]]

Latest revision as of 15:58, 23 October 2024

Not to be confused with King Ludwig II of Bavaria.
Louis II
Duke of Upper Bavaria
Count Palatine of the Rhine
Reign29 November 1253 – 2 February 1294
PredecessorOtto II
SuccessorRudolf I
Born(1229-04-13)13 April 1229
Heidelberg
Died2 February 1294(1294-02-02) (aged 64)
Heidelberg
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1254; executed 1256)​
​
​
(m. 1260; died 1271)​
​
​
(m. 1273)​
Issue
Detail
HouseWittelsbach
FatherOtto II Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria
MotherAgnes of the Palatinate

Louis the Strict (German: Ludwig der Strenge) (13 April 1229 – 2 February 1294) was Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine from 1253. He is known as Louis II or Louis VI following an alternative numbering. Born in Heidelberg, he was a son of Otto II Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria and Agnes of the Palatinate.[1]

Biography

[edit]

In 1246, the young Louis supported his brother-in-law King Conrad IV of Germany against the usurpation of Heinrich Raspe. In 1251, Louis was at war again against the bishop of Regensburg.

Louis succeeded his father Otto as Duke of Bavaria in 1253. When the Wittelsbach country was divided in 1255 among Otto's sons, Louis received the Palatinate and Upper Bavaria, while his brother duke Henry XIII of Bavaria received Lower Bavaria. This partition was against the law and therefore caused the anger of the bishops in Bavaria who later allied themselves with king Ottokar II of Bohemia in 1257. During the German interregnum, after King William's death in 1256, Louis supported King Richard of Cornwall. In August 1257 King Ottokar finally invaded Bavaria, but Louis and Henry managed to repulse the attack. It was one of the rare concerted and harmonious actions of the two brothers, who often argued.

The main residences of Louis were at Alter Hof located at the very north-eastern part of Munich and Heidelberg Castle. As one of the Prince-electors of the empire, he was strongly involved in the royal elections for forty years. Together with his brother, Louis also aided his young Hohenstaufen nephew Conradin in his duchy of Swabia, but it was not possible to enforce Conradin's election as German king. As a result of his support for the Hohenstaufen, Louis was excommunicated by the pope in 1266. In 1267 when his nephew crossed the Alps with an army, Louis accompanied Conradin only to Verona. After the young prince's execution in Naples in 1268, Louis inherited some of Conradin's possessions in Swabia and supported the election of the Habsburg Rudolph I against Ottokar II in 1273. On 26 August 1278, the armies of Rudolph and Louis met Ottokar's forces on the banks of the River March in the Battle of Dürnkrut and Jedenspeigen where Ottokar was defeated and killed. In 1289, the electoral dignity of Bavaria passed to Bohemia again, but Louis remained an elector as Count Palatine of the Rhine. After Rudolph's death in 1291, Louis could not enforce the election of his Habsburg brother-in-law Albert I against Adolf of Nassau.

Louis died at Heidelberg on 2 February 1294. He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son Rudolf I who had Adolf of Nassau as his father-in-law a few months later. Louis was buried in the crypt of Fürstenfeld Abbey.

Family and children

[edit]

Louis II was married three times.

The execution of Maria of Brabant

[edit]

He had his first wife, Maria of Brabant—a daughter of Henry II, Duke of Brabant and Marie of Hohenstaufen—beheaded in 1256, on suspicion of adultery. Any actual guilt on her part could never be validated. As expiation, Louis founded the Cistercian friary Fürstenfeld Abbey (Fürstenfeldbruck) near Munich.

Different sources tell varying tales about how this happened: In 1256, Louis had been away from home for an extended time due to his responsibilities as a sovereign in the area of the Rhine. His wife wrote two letters, one to her husband, and another to the count of Kyburg at Hunsrück, a vassal of Louis. Details about the actual content of the second letter vary, but according to the chroniclers, the messenger who carried the letter to Louis had been given the wrong one, and Louis came to the conclusion that his wife had a secret love affair.

Over time a great many tales of folklore sprang up around Louis' deed, most of them written long after his death: Ballad-mongers embellished the tale into a murderous frenzy during which Louis allegedly not only killed his wife after having ridden home for five days and nights, but also stabbed the messenger who brought him the wrong letter; then upon entering his castle, stabbed his own castellan and a court lady and threw his wife's maid from the battlements, before he murdered his wife either by stabbing her or cutting off her head.

Several more restrained chronicles support the account of Marie's execution on 18 January 1256 at Mangoldstein Castle in Donauwörth by ducal decree for alleged adultery, but nothing beyond that.

Later marriages

[edit]

Louis married his second wife, Anna of Glogau, in 1260.[2] They had the following children:

  • Maria of Bavaria (b. 1261), became a nun in Marienberg abbey at Boppard.
  • Agnes (1262 – 21 October 1269).
  • Ludwig of Bavaria (13 September 1267 – 23 November 1290, killed at a tournament at Nuremberg).

He married his third wife, Matilda of Habsburg, daughter of Rudolph I of Germany, on 24 October 1273.[3] Their children were:

Louis II was succeeded by his eldest surviving son Rudolf I.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Jeffery 2018, p. i.
  2. ^ a b c Jeffery 2018, p. ii.
  3. ^ Earenfight 2013, p. 173.
  4. ^ a b Thomas 2010, p. 387.

Sources

[edit]
  • Earenfight, Theresa (2013). Queenship in Medieval Europe. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Jeffery, Renée (2018). Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia: The Philosopher Princess. Lexington Books.
  • Thomas, Andrew L. (2010). A House Divided: Wittelsbach Confessional Court Cultures in the Holy Roman Empire, c.1550-1650. Brill.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louis II, Duke of Bavaria.
Louis II, Duke of Bavaria
Born: 1229 Died: 1294
German royalty
Preceded by Duke of Bavaria
1253-1255 		Succeeded by
Division of Bavaria
Count Palatine of the Rhine
1253-1294 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Created
 Duke of Upper Bavaria
1255-1294
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