Flying submarine: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Seaplane that can dive underwater}} |
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{{Expand German|Fliegendes U-Boot|topic=transport|date=July 2013}} |
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{{Expand Russian|Летающая подводная лодка|topic=transport|date=July 2013}} |
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[[File:Flying submarine Russia.svg|thumb|Ushakov's Flying Submarine]] |
[[File:Flying submarine Russia.svg|thumb|Ushakov's Flying Submarine]] |
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A '''flying submarine''', '''submersible aircraft''' or '''aerosub''' is a combination of a [[seaplane]] and a [[submarine]]. It is supposed to be able both to fly and to travel under water. |
A '''flying submarine''', '''submersible aircraft''' or '''aerosub''' is a combination of a [[seaplane]] and a [[submarine]]. It is supposed to be able both to fly and to travel under water. Taking-off from the surface of water is also intended. |
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Since the requirements for designing a submarine are practically opposed to those of an airplane, the performance expected from such a construction is usually rather moderate. |
Since the requirements for designing a submarine are practically opposed to those of an airplane, the performance expected from such a construction is usually rather moderate. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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=== |
===United Kingdom=== |
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⚫ | As early as 1920, the British trade journal, "Flying", reported conversations between the [[First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff|First Sea Lord]] and other military leaders and one of the principal aircraft manufacturers concerning a flying submarine (or submersible seaplane). The all-metal craft, its hypothetical design illustrated in the article, was to be a twin-propeller airplane with retractable wings and a hermetically sealed fuselage. There was, however, apparently no further development of the project.<ref>{{cite journal | title=The Flying Submarine or Submersible Seaplane | journal=Flying | date=June 1920 | volume=9 | pages=331}}</ref> |
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The [[Soviet Union]] started building a [[naval fleet]] in the mid 20th century, including [[battleship]]s, [[aircraft carrier]]s and other [[ship]]s. Encouraged by this, the leadership became more open to respective proposals. |
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===Soviet Union=== |
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The Soviet Union tried to develop a flying [[submarine]] during [[World War II]], whose production never exceeded design phase. At the Naval Engineering Institute, a flying submarine project was headed by engineer Boris Ushakov. |
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In 1934, a Soviet engineering student, Boris Ushakov, proposed a design for a submersible aircraft that would scout for ships and then submerge itself in order to ambush them. The design had three engines, conning tower, periscope and could fire torpedoes (of which it carried two). It would submerge itself by flooding its fuselage and would use electrical power to propel itself when underwater. The craft would take off and land like a normal seaplane. However, the craft was viewed as being too heavy by the Soviets to be useful.<ref>Paul Marks, [https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20727671-000-from-sea-to-sky-submarines-that-fly/ From sea to sky: Submarines that fly], ''New Scientist'', published 30.06.2010 accessed 23.02.2021</ref><ref>[https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/dream-flying-submarines-and-aircraft-carriers-54782 The Dream of Flying Submarines and Aircraft Carriers], ''National Interest'', published 28/04/2019, accessed 23.02.2021</ref> |
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⚫ | |||
During his studies at the [[Dzerzhinsky Military Academy|Dzerzhinsky naval engineers' academy]] in [[Saint Petersburg]], which he finished in 1937, Boris Ushakov presented a draft for a project, which could unite the capabilities of an aircraft with those of a submarine. To be precise, this draft showed a seaplane able to dive. |
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⚫ | In 1961 Donald Reid designed and built a single-seat craft (32.83 ft or 10 m length) capable of flight and underwater movement, the '''[[Reid Flying Submarine 1]]''' ('''RFS-1'''<ref>Bernhard C. F. Klein Collection, [http://1000aircraftphotos.com/Contributions/KleinBernhard/6559.htm "Reid RFS-1"], No. 6559. Reid RFS-1 (N1740) ; 1000aircraftphotos.com (accessed 12 July 2010)</ref>). A 65 hp (48 kW) engine mounted on a pylon provided propulsion for flight; a {{cvt|1|hp|W|order=flip}} electric motor in the tail provided underwater propulsion. The pilot used an [[aqua-lung|aqualung]] for breathing underwater. The first full-cycle flight [underwater at 6.5 feet (2 m) depth, airborne at 33 ft (10 m) altitude] was demonstrated on 9 June 1964.<ref>http://www.aerofiles.com/_ra.html see ''Reid'', Ashbury Park NJ (subheading)</ref> Reid, his craft, and his son (the test pilot) appeared on the U.S. game show "I've Got A Secret" on March 15, 1965. |
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In the mid 1960s, the Navy let a contract to [[Convair]] to design a submersible airplane. The project – called the [[Convair Submersible Seaplane]] – reached the stage of detailed design and models, but was then cancelled by Congress. |
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In the following years, the project was revised and presented in multiple variations, enabling him to test the capacity and durability of particular components. In April 1936 the reviewer determined that Ushakov's was interesting and to be implemented. In July 1936 the draft project “Flying submarine” was checked and evaluated positively by the [[scientific research]] committee of the forces. The committee recommended to continue the project, to test its realisability using calculations and lab tests. |
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⚫ | In 2008, the U.S. [[DARPA|Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] announced that it was preparing to issue contracts for a submersible aircraft.<ref>Naval-Technology.com, [http://www.naval-technology.com/news/news89904.html DARPA Plans to Develop "Flying Submarine"], 8 July 2010 (accessed 12 July 2010)</ref><ref>DARPA, [http://www.darpa.gov/sto/solicitations/sn09-01/index.html "Submersible Aircraft Proposers' Day Conference"] (accessed 12 July 2010) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705015054/http://www.darpa.gov/sto/solicitations/sn09-01/index.html |date=July 5, 2010 }}</ref><ref>Federal Business Opportunities, [https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=17646b0970db36d42886a253ebf814c7&tab=core&_cview=0 "Submersible Aircraft Proposers' Day Conference"] (accessed 13 June 2013)</ref><ref>DARPA, [http://www.darpa.mil/sto/solicitations/baa09-06/index.html "Submersible Aircraft"] (accessed 12 July 2010) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615071949/http://www.darpa.mil/sto/solicitations/baa09-06/index.html |date=June 15, 2010 }}</ref><ref>''New Scientist'', [https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20727671.000-from-sea-to-sky-submarines-that-fly.html "From sea to sky: Submarines that fly"], 5 July 2010, Paul Marks (accessed 12 July 2010)</ref> |
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In 1937 the project was included into plan “W” (russ. “В”) of the committee. However, the project was cancelled after a reevaluation. Ushakov, by the time a “military technician 1st class” in department “W” of the committee continued the project in his spare time. |
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In order for the DARPA craft to be propelled underwater, it has been suggested that high-energy batteries could be used to drive underwater motors. However, one problem identified with this proposal was that the batteries required to achieve DARPA's specifications would make the vehicle too heavy to fly. A suggested solution was using a ten-metre tall snorkel to supply air to a more conventional petrol turbine engine, although this would limit how far the craft could dive.<ref>Paul Marks, [https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20727671-000-from-sea-to-sky-submarines-that-fly/ From sea to sky: Submarines that fly], ''New Scientist'', published 30.06.2010 accessed 23.02.2021</ref> |
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In 1938 the draft and the fundamental tactical-technical elements of Ushakov's flying submarine were evaluated once more by the 2nd department of the committee.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Домен moravia.ru продаётся|url = http://www.moravia.ru/arch_storyes/id/15/|website = www.moravia.ru|accessdate = 2015-12-22|url-status = dead|archiveurl = https://archive.is/20080305232550/http://www.moravia.ru/arch_storyes/id/15/|archivedate = 2008-03-05}}</ref> |
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Another project involved the [[Lockheed Martin Cormorant]] drone aircraft. It would be launched from submarines, replacing the launch tubes of several cruise missiles. To reduce the risk of detection during launch, the drone would first be released from the submarine, which would then sail away. The drone would use compressed gas to push it to the surface, then it would use rocket motors to launch before using a jet engine when in the air. In order to return to the submarine, the drone would land on the ocean surface via parachute and be recovered by a swimming drone. The Cormorant was cancelled in 2008 due to budget cuts.<ref>[https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/dream-flying-submarines-and-aircraft-carriers-54782 The Dream of Flying Submarines and Aircraft Carriers], ''National Interest'', published 28/04/2019, accessed 23.02.2021</ref> |
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The design was supposed to be built as an all-metal construction and operate at 100 knots in the air and 3 knots under water. The engines were supposed to be sealed shut by metal plates while under water. The flying submarine was supposed to house six hermetically sealed chambers in its hull and wings: Three chambers to hermetically seal the three aircraft engines ([[Mikulin AM-34|AM-34]]; 1000 HP; while starting 1200 HP, using the turbo compressor), as well as the hermetically sealed pilot's chamber, a chamber for the [[Accumulator (energy)|accumulator]] and another one for the electric engine. All the other empty spaces of the aircraft were supposed to be filled with water while submerging. The time for preparation and actual submerging were projected at 1.5 minutes. The hull was to be constructed as a riveted [[duralumin]] cylinder, measuring 1.4 m across and 6 mm thick. The cockpit was supposed to be flooded while submerging, after the flying instruments were lowered into a waterproof shaft. The crew was supposed to enter the aft command centre and control the submarine from there. |
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Some submersible aircraft proposals have involved using jet engines in a dual role, both propelling the vehicle in the air using conventional combustion and providing thrust underwater by being spun via an electric motor; some researchers have proposed using [[turboshaft]] engines to get the best efficiency and performance in both air and underwater environments. To prevent salt water from prematurely entering the engines when the aircraft is not submerged, the engines could be mounted on the craft's dorsal surface and to the rear. However, one issue is that because jet engines run at several hundred degrees when in air, they could not immediately transition underwater, as being exposed to seawater would subject them to extreme temperature change which would damage them, requiring the aircraft wait for several hours on the surface to cool its engines to submerge, thus any such configuration would require a novel cooling system in order to make a faster transition.<ref>Paul Marks, [https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20727671-000-from-sea-to-sky-submarines-that-fly/ From sea to sky: Submarines that fly], ''New Scientist'', published 30.06.2010 accessed 23.02.2021</ref> |
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The outer skin of the wings and the empennage was to be made of steel, the floats of duralumin. These parts were supposed to be filled with water while submerging, so they did not have to be designed for the water pressure in diving depth. The water was supposed to enter by itself through opened valves. |
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The containers for fuel and lubricant were to be placed in rubber reservoirs in the flying submarine's hull. |
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As a corrosion prevention, the flying submarine was supposed to be treated with special paints and varnishes. |
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Two special mounts for 18 inch torpedoes were supposed to be placed under the hull. The payload was supposed to be 44.5% of the take-off mass. This is a typical value for heavy aircraft of the time. |
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For surfacing, the excess water was supposed to be pumped out of the empty spaces. The electric engine was designed as an underwater drive. |
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The flying submarine was supposed to be used on the open sea for torpedo attacks on opposing ships. It was supposed to track these ships and await their arrival at the projected course while submerged. In case the opposing ship would not pass closely enough, another trial was supposed to be possible. Therefore the flying aircraft would have had to surface after the opposing ship was out of sight, track them again and await them again at the correct position. |
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Another projected use was entering naval areas and naval bases, which were blocked by mine belts. The flying submarine was supposed to pass the mines while in the air and then land inside an opposing restricted area, bay or naval base at night, submerge and act as a submarine. During the day, it would then have been able to gather intelligence on opposing forces, determine navigable water, or use an opportunity to attack. |
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Especially the combined use of multiple flying submarines offered great opportunities. In theory, three flying submarines would have been able to form a 15 km long cordon sanitaire, able to block the projected way of opposing ships. |
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The project was expected to counter a disadvantage of submarines, their bad manoeuvrability. Expectations were especially high for the ability to repeat attack manoeuvres using a short flight to a different attack location, if opposing ships would not pass closely enough. This was seen as one of the flying submarine's main advantages. |
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In 1939 the project was temporarily suspended and classified. In 1943, on the orders of NKVD chief [[Lavrentiy Beria]], the project was resumed. In 1947 the first test of the flying submarine was performed. In 1953, the project was closed by order of Communist Party First Secretary [[Nikita Khrushchev]]. The design never "got off the ground".<ref>[http://info.airforce.ru/index.php/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0 Russian Flying Submarine] Unknown, Date Unknown (accessed 21 January 2007)</ref> |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | As early as 1920, the British trade journal, |
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=== U.S. === |
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⚫ | In 1961 Donald Reid designed and built a single-seat craft (32.83 ft length) capable of flight and underwater movement, the '''Reid Flying Submarine 1''' ('''RFS-1'''<ref>Bernhard C. F. Klein Collection, [http://1000aircraftphotos.com/Contributions/KleinBernhard/6559.htm "Reid RFS-1"], No. 6559. Reid RFS-1 (N1740) ; 1000aircraftphotos.com (accessed 12 July 2010)</ref>). |
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⚫ | In 2008, the U.S. [[DARPA|Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] announced that it was preparing to issue contracts for a submersible aircraft.<ref>Naval-Technology.com, [http://www.naval-technology.com/news/news89904.html DARPA Plans to Develop "Flying Submarine"], 8 July 2010 (accessed 12 July 2010)</ref><ref>DARPA, [http://www.darpa.gov/sto/solicitations/sn09-01/index.html "Submersible Aircraft Proposers' Day Conference"] (accessed 12 July 2010) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705015054/http://www.darpa.gov/sto/solicitations/sn09-01/index.html |date=July 5, 2010 }}</ref><ref>Federal Business Opportunities, [https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=17646b0970db36d42886a253ebf814c7&tab=core&_cview=0 "Submersible Aircraft Proposers' Day Conference"] (accessed 13 June 2013)</ref><ref>DARPA, [http://www.darpa.mil/sto/solicitations/baa09-06/index.html "Submersible Aircraft"] (accessed 12 July 2010) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615071949/http://www.darpa.mil/sto/solicitations/baa09-06/index.html |date=June 15, 2010 }}</ref><ref>''New Scientist'', [https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20727671.000-from-sea-to-sky-submarines-that-fly.html "From sea to sky: Submarines that fly"], 5 July 2010, Paul Marks (accessed 12 July 2010)</ref> |
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==Flying submarines in fiction== |
==Flying submarines in fiction== |
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{{unreferenced section|date=May 2020}} |
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A flying submarine was a feature in: |
A flying submarine was a feature in: |
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* ''[[The Flying Submarine]]'' (1912) by [[Percy F. Westerman]] |
* ''[[The Flying Submarine]]'' (1912) by [[Percy F. Westerman]] |
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* ''[[List of Tom Swift books#Books in the second series by Victor Appleton II (Tom Swift Jr.)|Tom Swift and His Diving Seacopter]]'', the seventh book of the second series. |
* ''[[List of Tom Swift books#Books in the second series by Victor Appleton II (Tom Swift Jr.)|Tom Swift and His Diving Seacopter]]'', the seventh book of the second series. |
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* The ''[[Flying Sub]]'' in the TV series version of ''[[Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (TV series)|Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea]]'' |
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* The ''[[Mighty Jack]]'' from the Japanese [[Tsuburaya Productions]] TV series of that name. |
* The ''[[Mighty Jack]]'' from the Japanese [[Tsuburaya Productions]] TV series of that name. |
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* Beginning in the second season of ''[[Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea]]'', the USRS ''Seaview'' carried an atomic-powered Flying Sub. Its docking bay was in the bow of the ''Seaview''. |
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* [[Voyage to The Bottom Of The Sea]] TV series. |
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* The ''[[UFO (British TV series)|UFO]]'' TV series featured the ''Skydiver'' submarine, in which an interceptor fighter aircraft was connected to the bow of a submarine. |
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* Dr. Claw's vehicle from the ''[[Inspector Gadget (1983 TV series)|Inspector Gadget]]'' series was a flying submarine that also had an automobile mode. |
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* One of the vehicles in ''[[The New Adventures of He-Man]]'' is an ''Astrosub'', a submarine that can also fly in air and in space. |
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* In ''[[The Incredibles]]'', [[Syndrome (Character)|Syndrome]] owns a [[manta ray]]-inspired submersible jet. |
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* 'Flying subs' feature heavily in the strategy video game [[X-COM: Terror from the Deep]], where they battle alien 'USOs' (Unidentified Submerged Objects) capable of the same dual air-and-underwater travel. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* [https://patents.google.com/patent/US3092060A/en US Patent 3092060A - Flying Submarine] |
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* [https://patents.google.com/patent/US2720367A/ US Patent 2720367A - Method of maneuvering combination submarine and aircraft] |
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* [http://www.waterufo.net/flyingsubs/NavyFlyingSubHtml1.htm The U.S. Navy and Flying Submarines] |
* [http://www.waterufo.net/flyingsubs/NavyFlyingSubHtml1.htm The U.S. Navy and Flying Submarines] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070121194312/http://sub-log.com/reid_flying_submarine Reid Flying Submarine] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070121194312/http://sub-log.com/reid_flying_submarine Reid Flying Submarine] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Flying Submarine}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Flying Submarine}} |
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[[Category:Submarines]] |
[[Category:Submarines by type]] |
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[[Category:Aircraft by type]] |
[[Category:Aircraft by type]] |
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[[Category:Experimental vehicles]] |
[[Category:Experimental vehicles]] |
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[[Category:Seaplanes]] |
Latest revision as of 22:28, 23 October 2024
A flying submarine, submersible aircraft or aerosub is a combination of a seaplane and a submarine. It is supposed to be able both to fly and to travel under water. Taking-off from the surface of water is also intended.
Since the requirements for designing a submarine are practically opposed to those of an airplane, the performance expected from such a construction is usually rather moderate.
History
[edit]United Kingdom
[edit]As early as 1920, the British trade journal, "Flying", reported conversations between the First Sea Lord and other military leaders and one of the principal aircraft manufacturers concerning a flying submarine (or submersible seaplane). The all-metal craft, its hypothetical design illustrated in the article, was to be a twin-propeller airplane with retractable wings and a hermetically sealed fuselage. There was, however, apparently no further development of the project.[1]
Soviet Union
[edit]In 1934, a Soviet engineering student, Boris Ushakov, proposed a design for a submersible aircraft that would scout for ships and then submerge itself in order to ambush them. The design had three engines, conning tower, periscope and could fire torpedoes (of which it carried two). It would submerge itself by flooding its fuselage and would use electrical power to propel itself when underwater. The craft would take off and land like a normal seaplane. However, the craft was viewed as being too heavy by the Soviets to be useful.[2][3]
United States
[edit]In 1961 Donald Reid designed and built a single-seat craft (32.83 ft or 10 m length) capable of flight and underwater movement, the Reid Flying Submarine 1 (RFS-1[4]). A 65 hp (48 kW) engine mounted on a pylon provided propulsion for flight; a 750 W (1 hp) electric motor in the tail provided underwater propulsion. The pilot used an aqualung for breathing underwater. The first full-cycle flight [underwater at 6.5 feet (2 m) depth, airborne at 33 ft (10 m) altitude] was demonstrated on 9 June 1964.[5] Reid, his craft, and his son (the test pilot) appeared on the U.S. game show "I've Got A Secret" on March 15, 1965.
In the mid 1960s, the Navy let a contract to Convair to design a submersible airplane. The project – called the Convair Submersible Seaplane – reached the stage of detailed design and models, but was then cancelled by Congress.
In 2008, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency announced that it was preparing to issue contracts for a submersible aircraft.[6][7][8][9][10]
In order for the DARPA craft to be propelled underwater, it has been suggested that high-energy batteries could be used to drive underwater motors. However, one problem identified with this proposal was that the batteries required to achieve DARPA's specifications would make the vehicle too heavy to fly. A suggested solution was using a ten-metre tall snorkel to supply air to a more conventional petrol turbine engine, although this would limit how far the craft could dive.[11]
Another project involved the Lockheed Martin Cormorant drone aircraft. It would be launched from submarines, replacing the launch tubes of several cruise missiles. To reduce the risk of detection during launch, the drone would first be released from the submarine, which would then sail away. The drone would use compressed gas to push it to the surface, then it would use rocket motors to launch before using a jet engine when in the air. In order to return to the submarine, the drone would land on the ocean surface via parachute and be recovered by a swimming drone. The Cormorant was cancelled in 2008 due to budget cuts.[12]
Some submersible aircraft proposals have involved using jet engines in a dual role, both propelling the vehicle in the air using conventional combustion and providing thrust underwater by being spun via an electric motor; some researchers have proposed using turboshaft engines to get the best efficiency and performance in both air and underwater environments. To prevent salt water from prematurely entering the engines when the aircraft is not submerged, the engines could be mounted on the craft's dorsal surface and to the rear. However, one issue is that because jet engines run at several hundred degrees when in air, they could not immediately transition underwater, as being exposed to seawater would subject them to extreme temperature change which would damage them, requiring the aircraft wait for several hours on the surface to cool its engines to submerge, thus any such configuration would require a novel cooling system in order to make a faster transition.[13]
Flying submarines in fiction
[edit]A flying submarine was a feature in:
- The Flying Submarine (1912) by Percy F. Westerman
- Tom Swift and His Diving Seacopter, the seventh book of the second series.
- The Mighty Jack from the Japanese Tsuburaya Productions TV series of that name.
- Beginning in the second season of Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, the USRS Seaview carried an atomic-powered Flying Sub. Its docking bay was in the bow of the Seaview.
- The UFO TV series featured the Skydiver submarine, in which an interceptor fighter aircraft was connected to the bow of a submarine.
- Dr. Claw's vehicle from the Inspector Gadget series was a flying submarine that also had an automobile mode.
- One of the vehicles in The New Adventures of He-Man is an Astrosub, a submarine that can also fly in air and in space.
- In The Incredibles, Syndrome owns a manta ray-inspired submersible jet.
- 'Flying subs' feature heavily in the strategy video game X-COM: Terror from the Deep, where they battle alien 'USOs' (Unidentified Submerged Objects) capable of the same dual air-and-underwater travel.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "The Flying Submarine or Submersible Seaplane". Flying. 9: 331. June 1920.
- ^ Paul Marks, From sea to sky: Submarines that fly, New Scientist, published 30.06.2010 accessed 23.02.2021
- ^ The Dream of Flying Submarines and Aircraft Carriers, National Interest, published 28/04/2019, accessed 23.02.2021
- ^ Bernhard C. F. Klein Collection, "Reid RFS-1", No. 6559. Reid RFS-1 (N1740) ; 1000aircraftphotos.com (accessed 12 July 2010)
- ^ http://www.aerofiles.com/_ra.html see Reid, Ashbury Park NJ (subheading)
- ^ Naval-Technology.com, DARPA Plans to Develop "Flying Submarine", 8 July 2010 (accessed 12 July 2010)
- ^ DARPA, "Submersible Aircraft Proposers' Day Conference" (accessed 12 July 2010) Archived July 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Federal Business Opportunities, "Submersible Aircraft Proposers' Day Conference" (accessed 13 June 2013)
- ^ DARPA, "Submersible Aircraft" (accessed 12 July 2010) Archived June 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ New Scientist, "From sea to sky: Submarines that fly", 5 July 2010, Paul Marks (accessed 12 July 2010)
- ^ Paul Marks, From sea to sky: Submarines that fly, New Scientist, published 30.06.2010 accessed 23.02.2021
- ^ The Dream of Flying Submarines and Aircraft Carriers, National Interest, published 28/04/2019, accessed 23.02.2021
- ^ Paul Marks, From sea to sky: Submarines that fly, New Scientist, published 30.06.2010 accessed 23.02.2021
Further reading
[edit]- The Flying Submarine: The Story of the Invention of the Reid Flying Submarine, RFS-1 by Bruce Reid, ISBN 0-7884-3136-6