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{{short description|American geophysicist, planetary scientist (born 1928)}}
{{short description|American geophysicist, planetary scientist (born 1928)}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
|image = Margaret Galland Kivelson.png
| image = Margaret Galland Kivelson.png
|caption = Kivelson in 2007
| caption = Kivelson in 2007
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1928|10|21}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1928|10|21}}
|birth_place =
| birth_place =
|residence = United States
| name = Margaret Kivelson
|nationality = American
| birth_name = Margaret Galland Kivelson
|fields = [[Plasma physics]]
| nationality = American
|workplaces = [[UCLA]] (1967-present)<br/>[[University of Michigan]] (2010-present)
| fields = [[Plasma physics]]
| workplaces = [[UCLA]] (1967-present)<br/>[[University of Michigan]] (2010-present)
|alma_mater = [[Radcliffe College]] <small>([[Bachelor of Science|A.B.]])</small>, <br/>[[Radcliffe College]] <small>([[Master of Arts|A.M.]])</small>,<br/>[[Radcliffe College]] <small>([[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]])</small>
| alma_mater = [[Radcliffe College]] <small>([[Bachelor of Science|A.B.]])</small>, <br/>[[Radcliffe College]] <small>([[Master of Arts|A.M.]])</small>,<br/>[[Harvard University]] <small>([[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]])</small>
|doctoral_advisor = [[Julian Schwinger]]<ref name="NYT2018"/><ref name="AREPS"/>
| doctoral_advisor = [[Julian Schwinger]]<ref name="NYT2018"/><ref name="AREPS"/>
| thesis_title = Bremsstrahlung of High Energy Electrons
| thesis_title = Bremsstrahlung of High Energy Electrons
| thesis_year = 1957
| thesis_year = 1957
| awards = {{plainlist|
|awards = [[Alfven Medal]] of the [[European Geosciences Union]] (2005)<br />[[Fleming Medal]] of the [[American Geophysical Union]] (2005)<br />[[Gerard P. Kuiper Prize]] of the [[American Astronomical Society]] (2017)<br />[[Cassini Medal]] of the [[European Geosciences Union]] (2019)<br/>[[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society|Gold Medal]] of the [[Royal Astronomical Society]] (2019)
* [[European Geosciences Union#Awards|Alfven Medal]] (2005)
* [[American Geophysical Union#Awards|Fleming Medal]] (2005)
* [[Gerard P. Kuiper Prize]] (2017)
* [[European Geosciences Union#Awards|Cassini Medal]] (2019)
* [[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] (2019)
* [[James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics]] (2021)
}}
}}
}}

'''Margaret Galland Kivelson''' (born October 21, 1928) is an American [[space physicist]], [[planetary scientist]], and distinguished professor emerita of space physics at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]].<ref name="NYT2018"/> From 2010 to the present, concurrent with her appointment at UCLA, Kivelson has been a research scientist and scholar at the [[University of Michigan]]. Her primary research interests include the [[magnetosphere]]s of [[Earth]], [[Jupiter]], and [[Saturn]].


'''Margaret Galland Kivelson''' (born October 21, 1928) is an American [[space physicist]], [[planetary scientist]], and Distinguished Professor Emerita of Space Physics at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]].<ref name="NYT2018"/> From 2010 to the present, concurrent with her appointment at UCLA, Kivelson has been a research scientist and scholar at the [[University of Michigan]]. Her primary research interests include the [[magnetosphere]]s of [[Earth]], [[Jupiter]], and [[Saturn]]. Recent research has also focused on Jupiter's [[Galilean moons]]. She was the Principal Investigator for the [[magnetometer]] on the [[Galileo (spacecraft)|Galileo Orbiter]] that acquired data in Jupiter's magnetosphere for eight years and a Co-Investigator on the FGM (magnetometer) of the earth-orbiting [[Cluster II (spacecraft)|NASA-ESA Cluster mission]]. She is actively involved as a Co-Investigator on NASA's [[THEMIS|Themis]] mission, as a member of the [[Cassini–Huygens|Cassini]] magnetometer team, and as a participant in the magnetometer team for the European [[Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer|JUICE mission]] to Jupiter. Kivelson has published over 350 research papers and is co-editor of a widely used textbook on space physics ([https://books.google.com/books/about/Introduction_to_Space_Physics.html?id=qWHSqXGfsfQC Introduction to Space Physics]).<ref name="CWP" />
Recent research has also focused on Jupiter's [[Galilean moons]]. She was the principal investigator for the [[magnetometer]] on the [[Galileo (spacecraft)|Galileo Orbiter]] that acquired data in Jupiter's magnetosphere for eight years and a co-investigator on the FGM (magnetometer) of the earth-orbiting [[Cluster II (spacecraft)|NASA-ESA Cluster mission]]. She is actively involved as a co-investigator on NASA's [[THEMIS|Themis]] mission, the magnetometer team leader for NASA's [[Europa Clipper|Europa Clipper Mission]], as a member of the [[Cassini–Huygens|Cassini]] magnetometer team, and as a participant in the magnetometer team for the European [[Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer|JUICE mission]] to Jupiter. Kivelson has published over 350 research papers and is co-editor of a widely used textbook on space physics ([https://books.google.com/books/about/Introduction_to_Space_Physics.html?id=qWHSqXGfsfQC Introduction to Space Physics]).<ref name="CWP" />


==Early life and education==
==Early life and education==
Kivelson was born in New York City on October 21, 1928. Her father was a medical doctor and her mother had an undergraduate degree in physics. .<ref name="AREPS"/> Kivelson knew in high school that she wanted to pursue a career in science, but was unsure whether she would be successful with the career. Her uncle advised her to become a dietitian knowing that pursuing a physical science career as a woman would be hard, but she ignored this advice and began to study physics. Kivelson was accepted into [[Radcliffe College]], [[Harvard]]'s [[women's college]] in 1946, obtained her A.B. degree from Radcliffe in 1950, completed her master's degree in 1952, and was awarded her Ph.D. in physics from Harvard in 1957.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of World Scientists|last=Oakes|first=Elizabeth|publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]]|year=2007|isbn=9781438118826|location=|pages=404–405}}</ref>
Kivelson was born in New York City on October 21, 1928. Her father was a medical doctor and her mother had an undergraduate degree in physics.<ref name="AREPS"/> Kivelson knew in high school that she wanted to pursue a career in science, but was unsure whether she would be successful with the career. Her uncle advised her to become a dietitian knowing that pursuing a physical science career as a woman would be hard, but she ignored this advice and began to study physics. Kivelson was accepted into [[Radcliffe College]], [[Harvard]]'s [[women's college]] in 1946, obtained her A.B. degree from Radcliffe in 1950, completed her master's degree in 1952, and was awarded her Ph.D. in physics from Harvard in 1957.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of World Scientists|last=Oakes|first=Elizabeth|publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]]|year=2007|isbn=9781438118826|pages=404–405}}</ref>


==Career==
==Career==
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the cross section of forward [[scattering]] to all orders in the [[Coulomb interaction]].<ref name="AREPS"/>
the cross section of forward [[scattering]] to all orders in the [[Coulomb interaction]].<ref name="AREPS"/>


From 1955 to 1971 Kivelson worked as a consultant in physics at the [[RAND Corporation]] based in [[Santa Monica, California]]. Here she researched the interactions of [[Plasma (physics)|plasmas]] and [[Free electron model|electron gases]] using mathematical techniques similar to those in [[quantum electrodynamics]]. Working with Don DuBois, they derived a correction to [[Landau]]'s relation for the damping excitations of unmagnetized plasma.<ref name="Dubois1963"/> For 1965-1966, Kivelson took a leave from RAND to join her husband's sabbatical leave in Boston. Through a fellowship from the [[Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study]], Kivelson was able to conduct scientific research in a university setting at [[Harvard]] and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]].<ref name="AREPS"/>
From 1955 to 1971 Kivelson worked as a consultant in physics at the [[RAND Corporation]] based in [[Santa Monica, California]]. There she researched the interactions of [[Plasma (physics)|plasmas]] and [[Free electron model|electron gases]] using mathematical techniques similar to those in [[quantum electrodynamics]]. Working with Don DuBois, they derived a correction to [[Landau]]'s relation for the damping excitations of unmagnetized plasma.<ref name="Dubois1963"/> For 1965-1966, Kivelson took a leave from RAND to join her husband's sabbatical leave in Boston. Through a fellowship from the [[Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study]], Kivelson was able to conduct scientific research in a university setting at [[Harvard]] and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]].<ref name="AREPS"/>


Motivated by her experiences in academia through the Radcliffe Institute, Kivelson joined [[UCLA]] in 1967 as an assistant research [[Geophysics|geophysicist]]. Kivelson quickly climbed through the ranks within the geophysics and [[space physics]] community becoming a full professor at UCLA's Department of Earth and Space Sciences in 1980. She chaired the Department of Earth and Space Sciences from 1984 to 1987 and from 1999 to 2000. From 1977 to 1983 Kivelson served on the Board of Overseers at Harvard College as well as [[NASA]]'s Advisory council from 1987 to 1993, the [[National Research Council (United States)|National Research Council]]'s Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Research from 1989 to 1992, and co-chaired the UCLA Academic Faculty Senate's Committee on Gender Equality issues from 1998 to 2000.<ref name=":0" /> In 2009 she became a Distinguished Professor of Space Physics, Emerita and in 2010 she also took a position as a research professor at the [[University of Michigan]].<ref name="CWP" />
Motivated by her experiences in academia through the Radcliffe Institute, Kivelson joined [[UCLA]] in 1967 as an assistant research [[Geophysics|geophysicist]]. Kivelson quickly climbed through the ranks within the geophysics and [[space physics]] community becoming a full professor at UCLA's department of earth and space sciences in 1980. She chaired the department of earth and space sciences from 1984 to 1987 and from 1999 to 2000. From 1977 to 1983 Kivelson served on the board of overseers at Harvard College as well as [[NASA]]'s advisory council from 1987 to 1993, the [[National Research Council (United States)|National Research Council]]'s Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Research from 1989 to 1992, and co-chaired the UCLA Academic Faculty Senate's Committee on Gender Equality issues from 1998 to 2000.<ref name=":0" /> In 2009 she became a distinguished professor of space physics, emerita and in 2010 she also took a position as a research professor at the [[University of Michigan]].<ref name="CWP" />


==Scientific contributions==
==Scientific contributions==
{{Scholia|author}}
Kivelson has had a very successful career as a scientist that include many publications and original work.<ref name="NYT2018"/> Some of her accomplishments are discovering an internal magnetic field at [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]],<ref name="KivelsonKhurana1996" /> providing compelling evidence for a sub-surface ocean at [[Europa (moon)|Europa]],<ref name="Kivelson2000" /> and elucidating some of the processes explaining the behavior of ultralow frequency waves in the terrestrial magnetosphere,<ref name="KivelsonSouthwood1986" /> the discovery of cavity mode oscillations in the magnetosphere,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kivelson|first=Margaret Galland|last2=Etcheto|first2=Jacqueline|last3=Trotignon|first3=Jean Gabriel|date=1984-11-01|title=Global compressional oscillations of the terrestrial magnetosphere: The evidence and a model|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics|language=en|volume=89|issue=A11|pages=9851–9856|doi=10.1029/JA089iA11p09851|issn=2156-2202|bibcode = 1984JGR....89.9851K |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/eaf8b282849757a8f4fc42e1a9c8d8b76f6eaf21}}</ref> developed new ways of describing wave-particle interactions in magnetohydrodynamic waves,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhu|first=Xiaoming|last2=Kivelson|first2=Margaret G.|date=1988-08-01|title=Analytic formulation and quantitative solutions of the coupled ULf wave problem|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics|language=en|volume=93|issue=A8|pages=8602–8612|doi=10.1029/JA093iA08p08602|issn=2156-2202|bibcode = 1988JGR....93.8602Z |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1a7cd5fb515c203ba70db762c4e2419ca8b4b1f9}}</ref> and provided insight into the mechanism of interchange diffusion in rotating plasmas.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pu|first=Zu-Yin|last2=Kivelson|first2=Margaret G.|date=1983-02-01|title=Kelvin:Helmholtz Instability at the magnetopause: Solution for compressible plasmas|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics|language=en|volume=88|issue=A2|pages=841–852|doi=10.1029/JA088iA02p00841|issn=2156-2202|bibcode = 1983JGR....88..841P }}</ref> This research has led Kivelson to being an author or co-author on over 350 publications that have accumulated over 12,000 citations.<ref name="ResearcherID" />
Kivelson has had a very successful career as a scientist that include many publications and original work.<ref name="NYT2018"/> Some of her accomplishments are discovering an internal magnetic field at [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]],<ref name="KivelsonKhurana1996" /> providing compelling evidence for a sub-surface ocean at [[Europa (moon)|Europa]],<ref name="Kivelson2000" /> and elucidating some of the processes explaining the behavior of ultralow frequency waves in the terrestrial magnetosphere,<ref name="KivelsonSouthwood1986" /> the discovery of cavity mode oscillations in the magnetosphere,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kivelson|first1=Margaret Galland|last2=Etcheto|first2=Jacqueline|last3=Trotignon|first3=Jean Gabriel|date=1984-11-01|title=Global compressional oscillations of the terrestrial magnetosphere: The evidence and a model|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics|language=en|volume=89|issue=A11|pages=9851–9856|doi=10.1029/JA089iA11p09851|issn=2156-2202|bibcode = 1984JGR....89.9851K |s2cid=56251553}}</ref> developed new ways of describing wave-particle interactions in magnetohydrodynamic waves,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhu|first1=Xiaoming|last2=Kivelson|first2=Margaret G.|date=1988-08-01|title=Analytic formulation and quantitative solutions of the coupled ULf wave problem|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics|language=en|volume=93|issue=A8|pages=8602–8612|doi=10.1029/JA093iA08p08602|issn=2156-2202|bibcode = 1988JGR....93.8602Z |s2cid=55008683}}</ref> and provided insight into the mechanism of interchange diffusion in rotating plasmas.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pu|first1=Zu-Yin|last2=Kivelson|first2=Margaret G.|date=1983-02-01|title=Kelvin:Helmholtz Instability at the magnetopause: Solution for compressible plasmas|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics|language=en|volume=88|issue=A2|pages=841–852|doi=10.1029/JA088iA02p00841|issn=2156-2202|bibcode = 1983JGR....88..841P }}</ref> This research has led Kivelson to being an author or co-author on over 350 publications that have accumulated over 12,000 citations.<ref name="ResearcherID" />


==Gender gap==
== Establishing a scientific career as a woman ==
Some of her recollections about establishing a career as a woman scientist have been documented in an interview by the [[American Astronomical Society]] and piece in the [[Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences]]. When Kivelson started to pursue her undergraduate degree in physics her family joked she was really pursuing a "Mrs" degree. Before [[World War II]], courses at Radcliffe were segregated by gender from courses at Harvard. However, when Kivelson attended Radcliffe/Harvard in the first class after the war, classes did not return to being segregated. Kivelson was often the only woman in her courses.<ref name="AREPS"/>
Some of Kivelson's recollections about establishing a career as a woman scientist have been documented in an interview by the [[American Astronomical Society]] and piece in the ''[[Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences]]''. When she started to pursue her undergraduate degree in physics her family joked she was really pursuing a "Mrs" degree. Before [[World War II]], courses at Radcliffe were segregated by gender from courses at Harvard. When she attended Radcliffe/Harvard in the first class after the war, classes did not return to being segregated. She was often the only woman in her courses.<ref name="AREPS"/>


Over the course of [[Julian Schwinger]]'s career he had more than 70 graduate students and of these Kivelson was his only female student. In 1954, she gave birth to her first child, [[Steven Kivelson]], now a professor of physics at [[Stanford]], and afterwards she often faced criticism for continuing to work despite being a mother. In 1955 her husband received an appointment at UCLA and she followed him to Los Angeles. She started working part-time at the RAND Corporation while completing her thesis. A few months after receiving her PhD in 1957, she gave birth to her second child, Valerie Kivelson, now a professor of history at the [[University of Michigan]].<ref name="AREPS"/><ref name="AASinterview"/>
Over the course of [[Julian Schwinger]]'s career he had more than 70 graduate students and of these Kivelson was his only female student. In 1954, she gave birth to her first child, [[Steven Kivelson]], now a professor of physics at [[Stanford]], and afterwards she often faced criticism for continuing to work despite being a mother. In 1955 her husband received an appointment at UCLA and she followed him to Los Angeles. She started working part-time at the RAND Corporation while completing her thesis. A few months after receiving her PhD in 1957, she gave birth to her second child, Valerie Kivelson, now a professor of history at the [[University of Michigan]].<ref name="AREPS"/><ref name="AASinterview"/>


In 1973, Kivelson won a [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] to work at the [[Imperial College]] in [[London]]. According to her, "that fellowship gave me for the first time the sense that I was being taken seriously as a scientist. More than money, it gave me status and increased my self-confidence considerably."<ref name="AREPS"/>
In 1973, Kivelson won a [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] to work at the [[Imperial College]] in [[London]]. She said "that fellowship gave me for the first time the sense that I was being taken seriously as a scientist. More than money, it gave me status and increased my self-confidence considerably."<ref name="AREPS"/>


==Honors and awards==
==Honors and awards==
* [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] (1973–74)<ref name="CWP" />
* [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] (1973–74)<ref name="CWP" />
* Radcliffe Graduate Society Medal (1983)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://clasp.engin.umich.edu/people/mkivelso|title=CLaSP mkivelso – Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering at the University of Michigan, College of Engineering|website=clasp.engin.umich.edu|access-date=2016-04-06}}</ref>
* Radcliffe Graduate Society Medal (1983)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://clasp.engin.umich.edu/people/mkivelso|title=CLaSP mkivelso – Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering at the University of Michigan, College of Engineering|website=clasp.engin.umich.edu|access-date=2016-04-06|archive-date=2016-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427195559/http://clasp.engin.umich.edu/people/mkivelso|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Harvard University's 350th Anniversary Alumni Medal (1986)<ref name=":0" />
* Harvard University's 350th Anniversary Alumni Medal (1986)<ref name=":0" />
* Fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] (1989) <ref name="AAAS" />
* Fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] (1989) <ref name="AAAS" />
* Fellow of the [[American Geophysical Union]] (1992)<ref name="AGU2" />
* Fellow of the [[American Geophysical Union]] (1992)<ref name="AGU2" />
* NASA Group Achievement Award (1995, 1996)<ref name=":1" />
* [[NASA Group Achievement Award]] (1995, 1996)<ref name=":1" />
* Fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] (1999)<ref name="CWP" />
* Member of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] (1999)<ref name="CWP" />
* Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (1998)<ref name="CWP" />
* Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (1998)<ref name="CWP" />
* [[Fellow of the American Physical Society]] (2001) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/archive-all.cfm?initial=&year=2001&unit_id=&institution=|title=APS Fellow Archive|publisher=APS|access-date=18 September 2020}}</ref>
* Fleming Medal of the American Geophysical Union (2005)<ref name="AGU1" />
* Fleming Medal of the American Geophysical Union (2005)<ref name="AGU1" />
* Alfven Medal of the European Geophysical Union (2005)<ref name=":1" />
* Alfven Medal of the European Geophysical Union (2005)<ref name=":1" />
*Elected member of the [[American Philosophical Society]] (2005)<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Margaret+Galland+Kivelson&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-06-08|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>
* [[Gerard P. Kuiper Prize]] of the [[American Astronomical Society]] (2017)<ref name="Kuiper"/>
* [[Gerard P. Kuiper Prize]] of the [[American Astronomical Society]] (2017)<ref name="Kuiper"/>
* Jean Dominique Cassini Medal of the [[European Geosciences Union]] (2019)<ref name="EGU2019"/>
* Jean Dominique Cassini Medal of the [[European Geosciences Union]] (2019)<ref name="EGU2019"/>
* [[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society|Gold Medal]] of the [[Royal Astronomical Society]] (2019)<ref name="Gold"/>
* [[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society|Gold Medal]] of the [[Royal Astronomical Society]] (2019)<ref name="Gold"/>
* Elected [[Foreign Member of the Royal Society]] (2020) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/Margaret-Kivelson-25425/|title=Margaret Kivelson|publisher=Royal Society|access-date= 19 September 2020}}</ref>
* [[James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics]] of the [[American Physical Society]] (2021) <ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 APS Fall Prize & Award Recipients|url=http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/updates/honors-fall20.cfm|access-date=2020-07-24|website=www.aps.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient|url=https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm?last_nm=Mori&first_nm=Warren&year=2020|access-date=2020-07-24|website=American Physical Society|language=en}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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|refs=
|refs=


<ref name="NYT2018">{{cite news |title=How Do You Find an Alien Ocean? Margaret Kivelson Figured It Out |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/08/science/margaret-kivelson-europa.html |accessdate=October 8, 2018 |work=New York Times |date=October 8, 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="NYT2018">{{cite news |title=How Do You Find an Alien Ocean? Margaret Kivelson Figured It Out |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/08/science/margaret-kivelson-europa.html |access-date=October 8, 2018 |work=New York Times |date=October 8, 2018 |language=en}}</ref>


<ref name="KivelsonSouthwood1986">{{cite journal|last1=Kivelson|first1=Margaret G.|last2=Southwood|first2=David J.|title=Coupling of global magnetospheric MHD eigenmodes to field line resonances|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=91|issue=A4|date=1986|pages=4345|issn=0148-0227|doi=10.1029/JA091iA04p04345|bibcode=1986JGR....91.4345K}}</ref>
<ref name="KivelsonSouthwood1986">{{cite journal|last1=Kivelson|first1=Margaret G.|last2=Southwood|first2=David J.|title=Coupling of global magnetospheric MHD eigenmodes to field line resonances|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=91|issue=A4|date=1986|pages=4345|issn=0148-0227|doi=10.1029/JA091iA04p04345|bibcode=1986JGR....91.4345K}}</ref>
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<ref name="Kivelson2000">{{cite journal|author=Kivelson, M. G.|display-authors=etal|title=Galileo Magnetometer Measurements: A Stronger Case for a Subsurface Ocean at Europa|journal=Science|volume=289|issue=5483|date=2000|pages=1340–1343|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.289.5483.1340|pmid=10958778|bibcode = 2000Sci...289.1340K }}</ref>
<ref name="Kivelson2000">{{cite journal|author=Kivelson, M. G.|display-authors=etal|title=Galileo Magnetometer Measurements: A Stronger Case for a Subsurface Ocean at Europa|journal=Science|volume=289|issue=5483|date=2000|pages=1340–1343|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.289.5483.1340|pmid=10958778|bibcode = 2000Sci...289.1340K }}</ref>


<ref name="KivelsonKhurana1996">{{cite journal|last1=Kivelson|first1=M. G.|last2=Khurana|first2=K. K.|last3=Russell|first3=C. T.|last4=Walker|first4=R. J.|last5=Warnecke|first5=J.|last6=Coroniti|first6=F. V.|last7=Polanskey|first7=C.|last8=Southwood|first8=D. J.|last9=Schubert|first9=G.|title=Discovery of Ganymede's magnetic field by the Galileo spacecraft|journal=Nature|volume=384|issue=6609|date=1996|pages=537–541|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/384537a0|bibcode = 1996Natur.384..537K }}</ref>
<ref name="KivelsonKhurana1996">{{cite journal|last1=Kivelson|first1=M. G.|last2=Khurana|first2=K. K.|last3=Russell|first3=C. T.|last4=Walker|first4=R. J.|last5=Warnecke|first5=J.|last6=Coroniti|first6=F. V.|last7=Polanskey|first7=C.|last8=Southwood|first8=D. J.|last9=Schubert|first9=G.|title=Discovery of Ganymede's magnetic field by the Galileo spacecraft|journal=Nature|volume=384|issue=6609|date=1996|pages=537–541|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/384537a0|bibcode = 1996Natur.384..537K |s2cid=4246607}}</ref>


<ref name="ResearcherID">{{cite web | url=http://www.researcherid.com/rid/I-9019-2012|title=Margaret G. Kivelson|publisher=Thomson Reuters Citation Index|accessdate=2013-09-04}}</ref>
<ref name="ResearcherID">{{cite web | url=http://www.researcherid.com/rid/I-9019-2012|title=Margaret G. Kivelson|publisher=Thomson Reuters Citation Index|access-date=2013-09-04}}</ref>


<ref name="CWP">{{cite web|url=http://cwp.library.ucla.edu/Phase2/Kivelson,_Margaret_Galland@881234567.html|accessdate=2013-09-04|title=Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806155825/http://cwp.library.ucla.edu/Phase2/Kivelson,_Margaret_Galland@881234567.html|archivedate=2013-08-06}}</ref>
<ref name="CWP">{{cite web|url=http://cwp.library.ucla.edu/Phase2/Kivelson,_Margaret_Galland@881234567.html|access-date=2013-09-04|title=Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806155825/http://cwp.library.ucla.edu/Phase2/Kivelson,_Margaret_Galland@881234567.html|archive-date=2013-08-06}}</ref>


<ref name="AGU1">{{cite web|url=http://sites.agu.org/honors/winners/margaret-kivelson/?sub=citation|accessdate=2013-09-04|title=2005 John Adam Fleming Medal Winner }}</ref>
<ref name="AGU1">{{cite web|url=http://sites.agu.org/honors/winners/margaret-kivelson/?sub=citation|access-date=2013-09-04|title=2005 John Adam Fleming Medal Winner }}</ref>


<ref name="AGU2">{{cite journal|url=http://honors.agu.org/honorsfellow/2001-kivelson/|accessdate=2014-04-10|title=1992 AGU Fellow |journal=Eos Transactions|volume=73|issue=19|pages=218|bibcode=1992EOSTr..73..218.|year=1992|doi=10.1029/91EO00182|last1=Anonymous}}</ref>
<ref name="AGU2">{{cite journal|url=http://honors.agu.org/honorsfellow/2001-kivelson/|access-date=2014-04-10|title=1992 AGU Fellow |journal=Eos Transactions|volume=73|issue=19|pages=218–219|bibcode=1992EOSTr..73..218.|year=1992|doi=10.1029/91EO00182|last1=Anonymous}}</ref>


<ref name="AAAS">{{cite web|url=http://membercentral.aaas.org/fellows?LastName=&Section=All&Country=All&State=All&name=Kivelson&company=|accessdate=2014-04-10|title=1989 AAAS Fellow}}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
<ref name="AAAS">{{cite web|url=http://membercentral.aaas.org/fellows?LastName=&Section=All&Country=All&State=All&name=Kivelson&company=|access-date=2014-04-10|title=1989 AAAS Fellow}}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


<ref name="AASinterview">{{cite web|url=http://www.aas.org/cswa/status/2005/JUNE2005/InterviewWithKivelson.html|title=AAS Committee on the Status of Women: Interview with Margaret Kivelson }}</ref>
<ref name="AASinterview">{{cite web|url=http://www.aas.org/cswa/status/2005/JUNE2005/InterviewWithKivelson.html|title=AAS Committee on the Status of Women: Interview with Margaret Kivelson|access-date=2014-04-08|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002033/http://www.aas.org/cswa/status/2005/JUNE2005/InterviewWithKivelson.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>


<ref name=AREPS>{{cite journal|last=Kivelson|first=M. G.|title=The Rest of the Solar System|journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences|date=2008|volume=36|pages=1–32|bibcode = 2008AREPS..36....1K |doi = 10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124312 }}</ref>
<ref name=AREPS>{{cite journal|last=Kivelson|first=M. G.|title=The Rest of the Solar System|journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences|date=2008|volume=36|pages=1–32|bibcode = 2008AREPS..36....1K |doi = 10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124312 |doi-access=free}}</ref>


<ref name=Dubois1963>{{cite journal|last=Dubois|first=DF|author2=Kivelson, MG |author3=Gilinsky, V |title=Propagation of electromagnetic waves in plasma|journal=Physical Review|date=1963|volume=129|issue=6|pages=2376|doi=10.1103/physrev.129.2376 |bibcode = 1963PhRv..129.2376D }}</ref>
<ref name=Dubois1963>{{cite journal|last=Dubois|first=DF|author2=Kivelson, MG |author3=Gilinsky, V |title=Propagation of electromagnetic waves in plasma|journal=Physical Review|date=1963|volume=129|issue=6|pages=2376|doi=10.1103/physrev.129.2376 |bibcode = 1963PhRv..129.2376D }}</ref>
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<ref name=EGU2019>{{cite web |title=EGU announces 2019 awards and medals |url=https://www.egu.eu/news/434/egu-announces-2019-awards-and-medals/ |website=European Geosciences Union (EGU)}}</ref>
<ref name=EGU2019>{{cite web |title=EGU announces 2019 awards and medals |url=https://www.egu.eu/news/434/egu-announces-2019-awards-and-medals/ |website=European Geosciences Union (EGU)}}</ref>


<ref name=Gold>{{cite web |title=Leading astronomers and geophysicists honoured by Royal Astronomical Society {{!}} The Royal Astronomical Society |url=https://ras.ac.uk/news-and-press/news/leading-astronomers-and-geophysicists-honoured-royal-astronomical-society |website=ras.ac.uk}}</ref>
<ref name=Gold>{{cite web |title=Leading astronomers and geophysicists honoured by Royal Astronomical Society {{!}} The Royal Astronomical Society |url=https://ras.ac.uk/news-and-press/news/leading-astronomers-and-geophysicists-honoured-royal-astronomical-society |website=ras.ac.uk|date=9 January 2019 }}</ref>


}}
}}
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==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.igpp.ucla.edu/people/mkivelson.html Margaret Kivelson's web page at UCLA]
* [http://www.igpp.ucla.edu/people/mkivelson.html Margaret Kivelson's web page at UCLA]
* [https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/posterproject/biographies/kivelson.html Poster Project biography]
*[https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/44810 Oral History interview transcript for Margaret Kivelson on February 14, 2020], [[American Institute of Physics]], Niels Bohr Library & Archives


{{FRS 2020}}
{{James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics recipients}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Kivelson, Margaret}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kivelson, Margaret}}
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[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
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[[Category:University of California, Los Angeles faculty]]
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Latest revision as of 01:25, 24 October 2024

Margaret Kivelson
Kivelson in 2007
Born
Margaret Galland Kivelson

(1928-10-21) October 21, 1928 (age 96)
NationalityAmerican
Alma materRadcliffe College (A.B.),
Radcliffe College (A.M.),
Harvard University (Ph.D.)
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsPlasma physics
InstitutionsUCLA (1967-present)
University of Michigan (2010-present)
Thesis Bremsstrahlung of High Energy Electrons  (1957)
Doctoral advisorJulian Schwinger[1][2]

Margaret Galland Kivelson (born October 21, 1928) is an American space physicist, planetary scientist, and distinguished professor emerita of space physics at the University of California, Los Angeles.[1] From 2010 to the present, concurrent with her appointment at UCLA, Kivelson has been a research scientist and scholar at the University of Michigan. Her primary research interests include the magnetospheres of Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn.

Recent research has also focused on Jupiter's Galilean moons. She was the principal investigator for the magnetometer on the Galileo Orbiter that acquired data in Jupiter's magnetosphere for eight years and a co-investigator on the FGM (magnetometer) of the earth-orbiting NASA-ESA Cluster mission. She is actively involved as a co-investigator on NASA's Themis mission, the magnetometer team leader for NASA's Europa Clipper Mission, as a member of the Cassini magnetometer team, and as a participant in the magnetometer team for the European JUICE mission to Jupiter. Kivelson has published over 350 research papers and is co-editor of a widely used textbook on space physics (Introduction to Space Physics).[3]

Early life and education

[edit]

Kivelson was born in New York City on October 21, 1928. Her father was a medical doctor and her mother had an undergraduate degree in physics.[2] Kivelson knew in high school that she wanted to pursue a career in science, but was unsure whether she would be successful with the career. Her uncle advised her to become a dietitian knowing that pursuing a physical science career as a woman would be hard, but she ignored this advice and began to study physics. Kivelson was accepted into Radcliffe College, Harvard's women's college in 1946, obtained her A.B. degree from Radcliffe in 1950, completed her master's degree in 1952, and was awarded her Ph.D. in physics from Harvard in 1957.[4]

Career

[edit]

Kivelson completed her PhD thesis "Bremsstrahlung of High Energy Electrons' in 1957. Her thesis provided an expression for the cross section of forward scattering to all orders in the Coulomb interaction.[2]

From 1955 to 1971 Kivelson worked as a consultant in physics at the RAND Corporation based in Santa Monica, California. There she researched the interactions of plasmas and electron gases using mathematical techniques similar to those in quantum electrodynamics. Working with Don DuBois, they derived a correction to Landau's relation for the damping excitations of unmagnetized plasma.[5] For 1965-1966, Kivelson took a leave from RAND to join her husband's sabbatical leave in Boston. Through a fellowship from the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Kivelson was able to conduct scientific research in a university setting at Harvard and MIT.[2]

Motivated by her experiences in academia through the Radcliffe Institute, Kivelson joined UCLA in 1967 as an assistant research geophysicist. Kivelson quickly climbed through the ranks within the geophysics and space physics community becoming a full professor at UCLA's department of earth and space sciences in 1980. She chaired the department of earth and space sciences from 1984 to 1987 and from 1999 to 2000. From 1977 to 1983 Kivelson served on the board of overseers at Harvard College as well as NASA's advisory council from 1987 to 1993, the National Research Council's Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Research from 1989 to 1992, and co-chaired the UCLA Academic Faculty Senate's Committee on Gender Equality issues from 1998 to 2000.[4] In 2009 she became a distinguished professor of space physics, emerita and in 2010 she also took a position as a research professor at the University of Michigan.[3]

Scientific contributions

[edit]
Scholia has an author profile for Margaret G. Kivelson.

Kivelson has had a very successful career as a scientist that include many publications and original work.[1] Some of her accomplishments are discovering an internal magnetic field at Ganymede,[6] providing compelling evidence for a sub-surface ocean at Europa,[7] and elucidating some of the processes explaining the behavior of ultralow frequency waves in the terrestrial magnetosphere,[8] the discovery of cavity mode oscillations in the magnetosphere,[9] developed new ways of describing wave-particle interactions in magnetohydrodynamic waves,[10] and provided insight into the mechanism of interchange diffusion in rotating plasmas.[11] This research has led Kivelson to being an author or co-author on over 350 publications that have accumulated over 12,000 citations.[12]

Gender gap

[edit]

Some of Kivelson's recollections about establishing a career as a woman scientist have been documented in an interview by the American Astronomical Society and piece in the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. When she started to pursue her undergraduate degree in physics her family joked she was really pursuing a "Mrs" degree. Before World War II, courses at Radcliffe were segregated by gender from courses at Harvard. When she attended Radcliffe/Harvard in the first class after the war, classes did not return to being segregated. She was often the only woman in her courses.[2]

Over the course of Julian Schwinger's career he had more than 70 graduate students and of these Kivelson was his only female student. In 1954, she gave birth to her first child, Steven Kivelson, now a professor of physics at Stanford, and afterwards she often faced criticism for continuing to work despite being a mother. In 1955 her husband received an appointment at UCLA and she followed him to Los Angeles. She started working part-time at the RAND Corporation while completing her thesis. A few months after receiving her PhD in 1957, she gave birth to her second child, Valerie Kivelson, now a professor of history at the University of Michigan.[2][13]

In 1973, Kivelson won a Guggenheim Fellowship to work at the Imperial College in London. She said "that fellowship gave me for the first time the sense that I was being taken seriously as a scientist. More than money, it gave me status and increased my self-confidence considerably."[2]

Honors and awards

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "How Do You Find an Alien Ocean? Margaret Kivelson Figured It Out". New York Times. October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Kivelson, M. G. (2008). "The Rest of the Solar System". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 36: 1–32. Bibcode:2008AREPS..36....1K. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124312.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics". Archived from the original on 2013-08-06. Retrieved 2013-09-04.
  4. ^ a b c Oakes, Elizabeth (2007). Encyclopedia of World Scientists. Infobase Publishing. pp. 404–405. ISBN 9781438118826.
  5. ^ Dubois, DF; Kivelson, MG; Gilinsky, V (1963). "Propagation of electromagnetic waves in plasma". Physical Review. 129 (6): 2376. Bibcode:1963PhRv..129.2376D. doi:10.1103/physrev.129.2376.
  6. ^ Kivelson, M. G.; Khurana, K. K.; Russell, C. T.; Walker, R. J.; Warnecke, J.; Coroniti, F. V.; Polanskey, C.; Southwood, D. J.; Schubert, G. (1996). "Discovery of Ganymede's magnetic field by the Galileo spacecraft". Nature. 384 (6609): 537–541. Bibcode:1996Natur.384..537K. doi:10.1038/384537a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4246607.
  7. ^ Kivelson, M. G.; et al. (2000). "Galileo Magnetometer Measurements: A Stronger Case for a Subsurface Ocean at Europa". Science. 289 (5483): 1340–1343. Bibcode:2000Sci...289.1340K. doi:10.1126/science.289.5483.1340. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 10958778.
  8. ^ Kivelson, Margaret G.; Southwood, David J. (1986). "Coupling of global magnetospheric MHD eigenmodes to field line resonances". Journal of Geophysical Research. 91 (A4): 4345. Bibcode:1986JGR....91.4345K. doi:10.1029/JA091iA04p04345. ISSN 0148-0227.
  9. ^ Kivelson, Margaret Galland; Etcheto, Jacqueline; Trotignon, Jean Gabriel (1984-11-01). "Global compressional oscillations of the terrestrial magnetosphere: The evidence and a model". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 89 (A11): 9851–9856. Bibcode:1984JGR....89.9851K. doi:10.1029/JA089iA11p09851. ISSN 2156-2202. S2CID 56251553.
  10. ^ Zhu, Xiaoming; Kivelson, Margaret G. (1988-08-01). "Analytic formulation and quantitative solutions of the coupled ULf wave problem". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 93 (A8): 8602–8612. Bibcode:1988JGR....93.8602Z. doi:10.1029/JA093iA08p08602. ISSN 2156-2202. S2CID 55008683.
  11. ^ Pu, Zu-Yin; Kivelson, Margaret G. (1983-02-01). "Kelvin:Helmholtz Instability at the magnetopause: Solution for compressible plasmas". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 88 (A2): 841–852. Bibcode:1983JGR....88..841P. doi:10.1029/JA088iA02p00841. ISSN 2156-2202.
  12. ^ "Margaret G. Kivelson". Thomson Reuters Citation Index. Retrieved 2013-09-04.
  13. ^ "AAS Committee on the Status of Women: Interview with Margaret Kivelson". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-04-08.
  14. ^ a b c "CLaSP mkivelso – Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering at the University of Michigan, College of Engineering". clasp.engin.umich.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-04-27. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
  15. ^ "1989 AAAS Fellow". Retrieved 2014-04-10.[permanent dead link‍]
  16. ^ Anonymous (1992). "1992 AGU Fellow". Eos Transactions. 73 (19): 218–219. Bibcode:1992EOSTr..73..218.. doi:10.1029/91EO00182. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
  17. ^ "APS Fellow Archive". APS. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  18. ^ "2005 John Adam Fleming Medal Winner". Retrieved 2013-09-04.
  19. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
  20. ^ "2017 Prize Recipients - Division for Planetary Sciences". dps.aas.org.
  21. ^ "EGU announces 2019 awards and medals". European Geosciences Union (EGU).
  22. ^ "Leading astronomers and geophysicists honoured by Royal Astronomical Society | The Royal Astronomical Society". ras.ac.uk. 9 January 2019.
  23. ^ "Margaret Kivelson". Royal Society. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  24. ^ "2020 APS Fall Prize & Award Recipients". www.aps.org. Retrieved 2020-07-24.
  25. ^ "2020 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient". American Physical Society. Retrieved 2020-07-24.
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