Gruyère cheese: Difference between revisions

Gruyère
Gruyère
Country of origin	Switzerland
Region, town	Canton of Fribourg, Gruyères
Source of milk	Cows
Pasteurized	No
Aging time	5–12 months (typical)
Certification	Swiss AOC 2001-2013; Swiss AOP since 2013
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Gruyère (UK: /ˈɡruːjɛər/, US: /ɡruːˈjɛər, ɡriˈ-/, French: [ɡʁɥijɛʁ] ^ⓘ; German: Greyerzer) is a hard Swiss cheese that originated in the cantons of Fribourg, Vaud, Neuchâtel, Jura, and Berne in Switzerland. It is named after the town of Gruyères in Fribourg. In 2001, Gruyère gained the appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC), which became the appellation d'origine protégée (AOP) as of 2013.

Gruyère is classified as a Swiss-type or Alpine cheese and is sweet but slightly salty, with a flavour that varies widely with age. It is often described as creamy and nutty when young, becoming more assertive, earthy, and complex as it matures. When fully aged (five months to a year), it tends to have small cracks that impart a slightly grainy texture. Unlike Emmental, with which it is often confused, modern Gruyère has few if any eyes,^[1] although in the 19th century, this was not always the case. The small cracks that can develop in Gruyère cheese are often referred to as "eyes." These eyes are round or irregularly shaped holes that are formed during the aging process. It is the most popular Swiss cheese in Switzerland, and in most of Europe.^[2]

Uses

Gruyère is used in many ways in countless dishes. It is considered a good cheese for baking, because of its distinctive but not overpowering taste. For example in quiche, Gruyère adds savoriness without overshadowing the other ingredients. It is a good melting cheese,^[3] particularly suited for fondues, along with Vacherin Fribourgeois and Emmental. It is also traditionally used in French onion soup, as well as in croque-monsieur, a classic French toasted ham and cheese sandwich. Gruyère is also used in chicken and veal cordon bleu. It is a fine table cheese, and when grated, it is often used with salads and pastas. It is used, grated, atop le tourin, a garlic soup from France served on dried bread. White wines, such as Riesling, pair well with Gruyère. Sparkling cider and Bock beer are also beverage affinities.^{[citation needed]}

Production

Traditional production of Gruyère (left) vs industrial production (right)

To make Gruyère, raw cow's milk is heated to 34 °C (93 °F) in a copper vat, and then curdled by the addition of liquid rennet. The curd is cut up into pea-sized pieces and stirred, releasing whey. The curd is cooked at 43 °C (109 °F), and raised quickly to 54 °C (129 °F).

The whey is strained, and the curds placed into moulds to be pressed. After salting in brine and smearing with bacteria,^[4] the cheese is ripened for two months at room temperature, generally on wooden boards, turning every couple of days to ensure even moisture distribution. Gruyère can be cured for 3 to 10 months, with long curing producing a cheese of intense flavour.

Sérac, a whey cheese, is a historical by-product of the manufacture of Gruyère.^[5]

Affinage

An important and the longest part of the production of Gruyère in Switzerland is the affinage (French for 'maturation').

According to the AOC, the cellars to mature a Swiss Gruyère must have a climate close to a natural cave. This means that the humidity should be between 94% and 98%. If the humidity is lower, the cheese dries out. If the humidity is too high, the cheese does not mature and becomes smeary and gluey. The temperature of the caves should be between 13 and 14 °C (55 and 57 °F). This relatively high temperature is required for excellent-quality cheese. Lower-quality cheeses result from temperatures between 10 and 12 °C (50 and 54 °F). The lower the temperature, the less the cheese matures, resulting in a harder and more crumbly texture.

Legal protection

Switzerland

In 2001, Gruyère gained the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (now designated Appellation d'origine protégée) status. Since then, the production and the maturation have been strictly defined, and all Swiss Gruyère producers must follow these rules.

France

Although Gruyère is recognised as a Swiss Geographical Indication in the EU,^[6] Gruyère of French origin is also protected as a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) in the EU.^[6] To avoid confusion, the EU PGI Gruyère must indicate that it comes from France and must make sure it cannot be confused with Gruyère from Switzerland.^[7] It, therefore, is generally sold as "French Gruyère".

French Gruyère may be produced in an area much larger than the Swiss AOP area. The PGI documentation also requires that French Gruyère has holes "ranging in size from that of a pea to a cherry", a significant departure from the Swiss original. Peter Ungphakorn, a Swiss local and an international trade expert, comments that the French Comté cheese could be a closer match to the Swiss version.^[8]

United States

In 2021, a U.S. District Court ruled that the term "gruyere" had become a generic term^[9] for a certain type of cheese, and Swiss and French Gruyère producers' associations could not register it as a trademark in the United States.^[10]^[11] The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed that decision in March 2023.^[12]^[13]

Swiss Gruyère still has a protected certification mark in the US as "Le Gruyère Switzerland AOC", secured in 2013.^[8]

The FDA standards of identity for a "§ 133.149 Gruyere cheese" requires "small holes or eyes".^[8]

Varieties

Gruyere (as a Swiss AOC) has many varieties with different age profiles, and an organic version of the cheese is also sold. A special variety is produced only in summer in the Swiss Alps and is branded as Le Gruyère Switzerland AOC Alpage.

Generally, one can distinguish the age profiles of mild/doux (minimum five months old) and réserve, also known as surchoix (minimum ten months old). In Switzerland, other age profiles can be found, including mi-salé (7–8 months), salé (9–10 months), vieux (14 months), and Höhlengereift (cave aged), but these age profiles are not part of the AOC.

Le Gruyère AOP Premier Cru

Le Gruyère Premier Cru is a special variety, produced and matured exclusively in the canton of Fribourg and matured for 14 months in cellars with a humidity of 95% and a temperature of 13.5 °C (56.3 °F).^[14]

It is the only cheese that has won the title of the best cheese in the world at the World Cheese Awards five times: in 1992, 2002, 2005, 2015, and 2022.^[15]^[16]^[17]

Similar cheeses

L'Etivaz is a very similar Swiss hard cheese from the canton of Vaud. It is made from raw cow's milk and is very similar to aged Gruyère in taste. In the 1930s, a group of 76 Gruyère producing families felt that government regulations were allowing cheesemakers to compromise the qualities that made good Gruyère so special. They withdrew from the government's Gruyère program, and "created" their own cheese - L'Etivaz - named for the village around which they all lived. They founded a cooperative in 1932, and the first cheese cellars were built in 1934.^[18]

The French Le Brouère cheese, made in nearby Vosges, is considered a variant of Gruyère.^[19]

Γραβιέρα (graviera) is a popular Greek cheese which resembles Gruyère and is an EU Protected Designation of Origin. There are Naxian varieties (produced from cow's milk) that tend to be milder and sweeter, and various gravieras from Crete, which are produced from sheep's milk.

Kars gravyer cheese is a Turkish cheese made of cow's milk or a mixture of cow's and goat's milk.^[20] Gruyère-style cheeses are also produced in the United States, with Wisconsin having the largest output, and in Bosnia under the name Livanjski sir (Livno cheese).

Notes and references

^ Quimme, Peter (1976). The Signet Book of Cheese. gruyere texture cracks grainy.
^ Lortal, Sylvie, "Cheeses made with Thermophilic Lactic Starters", Chapter 16 in Handbook of Food and Beverage Fermentation Technology, 2004, CRC Press, ISBN 0203913558, 9780203913550, google books
^ "Cook's Thesaurus: Semi-Firm Cheeses". www.foodsubs.com. Retrieved Apr 9, 2020.
^ Fox, Patrick. Cheese: Chemistry, Physics and Microbiology. p. 200.
^ "Ziger / Sérac". Culinary Heritage of Switzerland. Retrieved 29 March 2023. Le sérac, dans cette acception, est un sous-produit de la fabrication des fromages à pâte pressée cuite, de type Gruyère ou Emmentaler [Sérac, in this sense, is a by-product of the manufacture of cooked pressed cheeses, such as Gruyère or Emmentaler]
^ ^a ^b "Gruyère". European Union. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
^ "Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 110/2013 of 6 February 2013 entering a name in the register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications [Gruyère (PGI)]". European Union. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ungphakorn, Peter (13 January 2022). "If Americans are confused about Gruyère cheese, blame the French". Trade β.
^ Interprofession du Gruyère v. U.S. Dairy Export Council, 575 F. Supp. 2d 627 (E.D. Va. December 15, 2021).
^ Gross, Jenny (2022-01-12). "Is Gruyère Still Gruyère if It Doesn't Come From Gruyères?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-01-16.
^ Welch, John L. "E.D. Va. District Court Upholds TTAB Decision Finding". Mondaq. Retrieved 2022-01-16.
^ Interprofession du Gruyère v. U.S. Dairy Export Council, --- F. 4th --- (4th Cir. March 3, 2023).
^ "Can American-made cheese be called Gruyère? Yes, a U.S. court rules". The Washington Post. 2023-03-06.
^ "Von Muehlenen". www.vonmuhlenen.ch. Retrieved Apr 9, 2020.
^ "von Mühlenen et Cremo SA concluent une alliance - Newsfox". Nov 20, 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-11-20. Retrieved Apr 9, 2020.
^ "Le Gruyère AOP Premier Cru crowned World Champion Cheese 2015". The Guild of Fine Food. Archived from the original on August 21, 2020. Retrieved Apr 9, 2020.
^ "The World Champion Cheese 2022 is announced: Le Gruyère AOP surchoix". The Guild of Fine Food. Archived from the original on February 21, 2023. Retrieved Feb 21, 2023.
^ L'Etivaz Producers Cooperative website (in French)
^ Ridgway, J., Weinzweig, A., & Hill, S. (2004). The cheese companion: The connoisseur's guide. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Press
^ "10 Awesome Turkish Cheeses You Have to Taste | Go Turkey Tourism". www.goturkeytourism.com. Retrieved Apr 9, 2020.

External links

Official website of Le Gruyère AOC
Gruyère cheese in the online Culinary Heritage of Switzerland database.
An article on the history and controversy of Swiss versus French claims to Gruyère cheese.

[1] Quimme, Peter (1976). The Signet Book of Cheese. gruyere texture cracks grainy.

[2] Lortal, Sylvie, "Cheeses made with Thermophilic Lactic Starters", Chapter 16 in Handbook of Food and Beverage Fermentation Technology, 2004, CRC Press, ISBN 0203913558, 9780203913550, google books

[3] "Cook's Thesaurus: Semi-Firm Cheeses". www.foodsubs.com. Retrieved Apr 9, 2020.

[4] Fox, Patrick. Cheese: Chemistry, Physics and Microbiology. p. 200.

[5] "Ziger / Sérac". Culinary Heritage of Switzerland. Retrieved 29 March 2023. Le sérac, dans cette acception, est un sous-produit de la fabrication des fromages à pâte pressée cuite, de type Gruyère ou Emmentaler [Sérac, in this sense, is a by-product of the manufacture of cooked pressed cheeses, such as Gruyère or Emmentaler]

[:0-6] "Gruyère". European Union. Retrieved 26 September 2021.

[7] "Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 110/2013 of 6 February 2013 entering a name in the register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications [Gruyère (PGI)]". European Union. Retrieved 26 September 2021.

[Ungphakorn-8] Ungphakorn, Peter (13 January 2022). "If Americans are confused about Gruyère cheese, blame the French". Trade β.

[9] Interprofession du Gruyère v. U.S. Dairy Export Council, 575 F. Supp. 2d 627 (E.D. Va. December 15, 2021).

[10] Gross, Jenny (2022-01-12). "Is Gruyère Still Gruyère if It Doesn't Come From Gruyères?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-01-16.

[11] Welch, John L. "E.D. Va. District Court Upholds TTAB Decision Finding". Mondaq. Retrieved 2022-01-16.

[12] Interprofession du Gruyère v. U.S. Dairy Export Council, --- F. 4th --- (4th Cir. March 3, 2023).

[13] "Can American-made cheese be called Gruyère? Yes, a U.S. court rules". The Washington Post. 2023-03-06.

[14] "Von Muehlenen". www.vonmuhlenen.ch. Retrieved Apr 9, 2020.

[15] "von Mühlenen et Cremo SA concluent une alliance - Newsfox". Nov 20, 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-11-20. Retrieved Apr 9, 2020.

[16] "Le Gruyère AOP Premier Cru crowned World Champion Cheese 2015". The Guild of Fine Food. Archived from the original on August 21, 2020. Retrieved Apr 9, 2020.

[17] "The World Champion Cheese 2022 is announced: Le Gruyère AOP surchoix". The Guild of Fine Food. Archived from the original on February 21, 2023. Retrieved Feb 21, 2023.

[18] L'Etivaz Producers Cooperative website (in French)

[19] Ridgway, J., Weinzweig, A., & Hill, S. (2004). The cheese companion: The connoisseur's guide. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Press

[20] "10 Awesome Turkish Cheeses You Have to Taste | Go Turkey Tourism". www.goturkeytourism.com. Retrieved Apr 9, 2020.

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@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 | certification = [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[Appellation d'origine contrôlée (Switzerland)|AOC]] 2001-2013<br>[[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[Appellation d'origine protégée (Switzerland)|AOP]] since 2013
 }}
-'''Gruyère''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|ɡ|r|uː|j|ɛər}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ɡ|r|uː|ˈ|j|ɛər|,_|ɡ|r|i|ˈ|-}}, {{IPA-fr|ɡʁɥijɛʁ|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-Benoît Prieur-gruyère.wav}}; {{lang-de|Greyerzer}}) is a hard [[Cheeses of Switzerland|Swiss cheese]] that originated in the cantons of [[Canton of Fribourg|Fribourg]], [[Vaud]], [[Canton of Neuchâtel|Neuchâtel]], [[Canton of Jura|Jura]], and [[Canton of Bern|Berne]] in [[Switzerland]]. It is named after the town of [[Gruyères]] in Fribourg. In 2001, Gruyère gained the [[Appellation d'origine contrôlée (Switzerland)|''appellation d'origine contrôlée'']] (AOC), which became the ''appellation d'origine protégée'' (AOP) as of 2013.
+'''Gruyère''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|ɡ|r|uː|j|ɛər}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ɡ|r|uː|ˈ|j|ɛər|,_|ɡ|r|i|ˈ|-}}, {{IPA|fr|ɡʁɥijɛʁ|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-Benoît Prieur-gruyère.wav}}; {{langx|de|Greyerzer}}) is a hard [[Swiss cheeses and dairy products|Swiss cheese]] that originated in the cantons of [[Canton of Fribourg|Fribourg]], [[Vaud]], [[Canton of Neuchâtel|Neuchâtel]], [[Canton of Jura|Jura]], and [[Canton of Bern|Berne]] in [[Switzerland]]. It is named after the town of [[Gruyères]] in Fribourg. In 2001, Gruyère gained the [[Appellation d'origine contrôlée (Switzerland)|''appellation d'origine contrôlée'']] (AOC), which became the ''appellation d'origine protégée'' (AOP) as of 2013.
-Gruyère is classified as a [[Swiss-type cheeses|Swiss-type or Alpine cheese]], and is sweet but slightly salty, with a flavor that varies widely with age. She is often described as creamy and nutty when young, becoming more assertive, earthy, and complex as she matures. When fully aged (five months to a year), it tends to have small cracks that impart a slightly grainy texture. Unlike [[Emmental cheese|Emmental]], with which it is often confused, modern Gruyère has few if any [[Eyes (cheese)|eyes]],<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/signetbookofchee00quim|url-access= registration|quote= gruyere texture cracks grainy.|title= The Signet Book of Cheese |last= Quimme |first= Peter |date= 1976| language= en}}</ref> although in the 19th century this was not always the case.{{Explain|date=March 2022}}  It is the most popular Swiss cheese in Switzerland, and in most of Europe.<ref>Lortal, Sylvie, "Cheeses made with Thermophilic Lactic Starters", Chapter 16 in ''Handbook of Food and Beverage Fermentation Technology'', 2004, CRC Press, {{ISBN|0203913558}}, 9780203913550, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uV2Oi0g_TB4C&pg=PA291 google books] </ref>
+Gruyère is classified as a [[Swiss-type cheeses|Swiss-type or Alpine cheese]] and is sweet but slightly salty, with a flavour that varies widely with age. It is often described as creamy and nutty when young, becoming more assertive, earthy, and complex as it matures. When fully aged (five months to a year), it tends to have small cracks that impart a slightly grainy texture. Unlike [[Emmental cheese|Emmental]], with which it is often confused, modern Gruyère has few if any [[Eyes (cheese)|eyes]],<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/signetbookofchee00quim|url-access= registration|quote= gruyere texture cracks grainy.|title= The Signet Book of Cheese |last= Quimme |first= Peter |date= 1976| language= en}}</ref> although in the 19th century, this was not always the case. The small cracks that can develop in Gruyère cheese are often referred to as "eyes." These eyes are round or irregularly shaped holes that are formed during the aging process. It is the most popular Swiss cheese in Switzerland, and in most of Europe.<ref>Lortal, Sylvie, "Cheeses made with Thermophilic Lactic Starters", Chapter 16 in ''Handbook of Food and Beverage Fermentation Technology'', 2004, CRC Press, {{ISBN|0203913558}}, 9780203913550, [https://books.google.com/books?id=uV2Oi0g_TB4C&pg=PA291 google books] </ref>
 ==Uses==
+Gruyère is used in many ways in countless dishes. It is considered a good cheese for baking, because of its distinctive but not overpowering taste. For example in [[quiche]], Gruyère adds savoriness without overshadowing the other ingredients. It is a good melting cheese,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foodsubs.com/Chesfirm.html|title=Cook's Thesaurus: Semi-Firm Cheeses|website=www.foodsubs.com|access-date=Apr 9, 2020}}</ref> particularly suited for [[fondue]]s, along with [[Vacherin Fribourgeois]] and [[Emmental (cheese)|Emmental]]. It is also traditionally used in [[French onion soup]], as well as in [[croque-monsieur]], a classic French toasted [[ham and cheese sandwich]]. Gruyère is also used in chicken and veal [[Chicken Cordon Bleu|cordon bleu]]. It is a fine [[table cheese]], and when grated, it is often used with [[salad]]s and [[pasta]]s. It is used, grated, atop [[le tourin]], a garlic soup from France served on dried bread. White wines, such as [[Riesling]], pair well with Gruyère. Sparkling [[cider]] and [[Bock]] beer are also beverage affinities.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}
-[[File:Smoked Gruyère cheese.jpg|thumb|Smoked Gruyère cheese]]
-Gruyère cheese is generally known as one of the finest cheeses for baking, having a distinctive but not overpowering taste. In [[quiche]], Gruyère adds savoriness without overshadowing the other ingredients. It is a good melting cheese,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foodsubs.com/Chesfirm.html|title=Cook's Thesaurus: Semi-Firm Cheeses|website=www.foodsubs.com|access-date=Apr 9, 2020}}</ref> particularly suited for [[fondue]]s, along with [[vacherin (cheese)|Vacherin]] Fribourgeois and [[Emmental (cheese)|Emmental]]. It is also traditionally used in [[French onion soup]], as well as in [[croque-monsieur]], a classic French toasted [[ham and cheese sandwich]]. Gruyère is also used in chicken and veal [[Chicken Cordon Bleu|cordon bleu]]. It is a fine table cheese, and when grated, it is often used with [[salad]]s and [[pasta]]s. It is used, grated, atop [[le tourin]], a type of garlic soup from France which is served on dried bread. White wines, such as [[Riesling]], pair well with Gruyère. Sparkling [[cider]] and [[Bock]] beer are also beverage affinities.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}
 ==Production==
+{{multiple image
-[[File:Gruyere_suisse_meules_MIN_Rungis.jpg|thumbnail|Rounds of Gruyère cheese on sale in a wholesale food market in France]]
+| total_width = 320
+|align = right
+|image1=Chaudière en cuivre de 800 litres.jpg
+|image2=Maison du Gruyère - 02.jpg
+|footer =Traditional production of Gruyère (left) vs industrial production (right)
+}}
 To make Gruyère, raw cow's milk is heated to {{convert|34|°C}} in a copper vat, and then [[curdling|curdled]] by the addition of liquid [[rennet]]. The [[curd]] is cut up into pea-sized pieces and stirred, releasing [[whey]]. The curd is cooked at {{convert|43|°C}}, and raised quickly to {{convert|54|°C}}.
 The whey is strained, and the curds placed into moulds to be pressed. After salting in [[brine]] and [[smear ripened|smearing with bacteria]],<ref>Fox, Patrick. ''Cheese: Chemistry, Physics and Microbiology''. p. 200.</ref> the cheese is ripened for two months at room temperature, generally on wooden boards, turning every couple of days to ensure even moisture distribution. Gruyère can be cured for 3 to 10 months, with long curing producing a cheese of intense flavour.
+[[Ziger|Sérac]], a whey cheese, is a historical by-product of the manufacture of Gruyère.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.patrimoineculinaire.ch/Produits?text=sérac#187 | title=Ziger / Sérac | publisher=[[Culinary Heritage of Switzerland]] | accessdate=29 March 2023 | quote=Le sérac, dans cette acception, est un sous-produit de la fabrication des fromages à pâte pressée cuite, de type Gruyère ou Emmentaler | trans-quote=Sérac, in this sense, is a by-product of the manufacture of cooked pressed cheeses, such as Gruyère or Emmentaler}}</ref>
-== Legal protection ==
+===Affinage===
+[[File:Affinage_Gruyere_Cheese_in_Gruyères_Switzerland_by_Robbie_Conceptuel.png|thumbnail|The affinage cellar in the Maison du Gruyère, in Gruyères]]
+An important and the longest part of the production of Gruyère in Switzerland is the [[Cheese ripening|''affinage'']] (French for 'maturation').
+According to the AOC, the cellars to mature a Swiss Gruyère must have a climate close to a natural cave. This means that the [[humidity]] should be between 94% and 98%. If the humidity is lower, the cheese dries out. If the humidity is too high, the cheese does not mature and becomes smeary and gluey. The temperature of the caves should be between {{convert|13 and 14|°C}}. This relatively high temperature is required for excellent-quality cheese. Lower-quality cheeses result from temperatures between {{convert|10 and 12|°C}}. The lower the temperature, the less the cheese matures, resulting in a harder and more crumbly texture.
+[[File:Gruyeres, Switzerland.jpg|thumb|upright=2|center|The landscape of the region of [[Gruyères]], marked by [[Dairy farming|milk economy]]]]
+== Legal protection ==
+[[File:Gruyere_suisse_meules_MIN_Rungis.jpg|thumb|upright|Rounds of Swiss Gruyère cheese on sale in a wholesale food market in France]]
 ===Switzerland===
-In 2001, Gruyère gained the [[Appellation d'origine contrôlée]] status. Since then the production and the maturation is strictly defined, and all Swiss Gruyère producers must follow these rules.
+In 2001, Gruyère gained the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (now designated [[Appellation d'origine protégée (Switzerland)|Appellation d'origine protégée]]) status. Since then, the production and the maturation have been strictly defined, and all Swiss Gruyère producers must follow these rules.
 ===France===
-Although Gruyère is recognised as a Swiss Geographical Indication in the EU,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tmdn.org/giview/gi/EUGI00269900767|title=Gruyère|work=European Union|accessdate=26 September 2021}}</ref> Gruyère of French origin is also protected as a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) in the EU.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tmdn.org/giview/gi/EUGI00000014024|title=Gruyère|work=European Union|accessdate=26 September 2021}}</ref> To avoid confusion, the EU PGI Gruyère must indicate that it comes from France and must make sure it cannot be confused with Gruyère from Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web|work=European Union|accessdate=26 September 2021|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32013R0110|title=Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 110/2013 of 6 February 2013 entering a name in the register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications [Gruyère (PGI)]}}</ref> It, therefore, is generally sold as "French Gruyère".
+Although Gruyère is recognised as a Swiss Geographical Indication in the EU,<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.tmdn.org/giview/gi/EUGI00269900767|title=Gruyère|work=European Union|accessdate=26 September 2021}}</ref> Gruyère of French origin is also protected as a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) in the EU.<ref name=":0" /> To avoid confusion, the EU PGI Gruyère must indicate that it comes from France and must make sure it cannot be confused with Gruyère from Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web|work=European Union|accessdate=26 September 2021|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32013R0110|title=Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 110/2013 of 6 February 2013 entering a name in the register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications [Gruyère (PGI)]}}</ref> It, therefore, is generally sold as "French Gruyère".
+French Gruyère may be produced in an area much larger than the Swiss AOP area. The PGI documentation also requires that French Gruyère has holes "ranging in size from that of a pea to a cherry", a significant departure from the Swiss original. Peter Ungphakorn, a Swiss local and an international trade expert, comments that the French [[Comté cheese]] could be a closer match to the Swiss version.<ref name=Ungphakorn>{{cite web |last1=Ungphakorn |first1=Peter |title=If Americans are confused about Gruyère cheese, blame the French |url=https://tradebetablog.wordpress.com/2022/01/13/confused-about-gruyere-blame-french/ |website=Trade β |language=en |date=13 January 2022}} <!-- Yes it is a blog, but it's former WTO Secretariat's blog --></ref>
 === United States ===
-In 2021, a [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia|U.S. District Court]] ruled that the term "gruyere" had become a [[generic trademark]]<ref>''[https://fs.hubspotusercontent00.net/hubfs/454850/GRUYERE.pdf Interprofession du Gruyère et al. v. U.S. Dairy Export Council et al].'', Civil Action No. 1:20-cv-1174 (E.D. Va. December 15, 2021)</ref> and thus that the Swiss and French Gruyère producers' associations could not register it as a [[trademark]] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gross|first=Jenny|date=2022-01-12|title=Is Gruyère Still Gruyère if It Doesn't Come From Gruyères?|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/12/business/gruyere-cheese-us-court-ruling.html|access-date=2022-01-16|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Welch|first=John L.|title=E.D. Va. District Court Upholds TTAB Decision Finding|url=https://www.mondaq.com/unitedstates/trademark/1149186/ed-va-district-court-upholds-ttab-decision-finding-gruyere-generic-for-cheese|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=[[Mondaq]]}}</ref>
+In 2021, a [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia|U.S. District Court]] ruled that the term "gruyere" had become a [[generic term]]<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Interprofession du Gruyère v. U.S. Dairy Export Council |vol=575 |reporter=F. Supp. 2d|opinion=627 |pinpoint= |court=E.D. Va. |date=December 15, 2021|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13987164477778851344
+ |access-date=March 4, 2023 |quote= |postscript= }}</ref> for a certain type of cheese, and Swiss and French Gruyère producers' associations could not register it as a [[trademark]] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gross|first=Jenny|date=2022-01-12|title=Is Gruyère Still Gruyère if It Doesn't Come From Gruyères?|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/12/business/gruyere-cheese-us-court-ruling.html|access-date=2022-01-16|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Welch|first=John L.|title=E.D. Va. District Court Upholds TTAB Decision Finding|url=https://www.mondaq.com/unitedstates/trademark/1149186/ed-va-district-court-upholds-ttab-decision-finding-gruyere-generic-for-cheese|access-date=2022-01-16|website=[[Mondaq]]}}</ref> The [[U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit]] affirmed that decision in March 2023.<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Interprofession du Gruyère v. U.S. Dairy Export Council |vol=---|reporter=F. 4th|opinion=--- |pinpoint= |court=4th Cir. |date=March 3, 2023|url=https://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/opinions/221041.p.pdf
+ |access-date=March 4, 2023 |quote= |postscript= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/03/06/gruyere-cheese-court-ruling-american-french-swiss/|title= Can American-made cheese be called Gruyère? Yes, a U.S. court rules|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2023-03-06}}</ref>
+Swiss Gruyère still has a protected [[certification mark]] in the US as "Le Gruyère Switzerland AOC", secured in 2013.<ref name=Ungphakorn/>
-==Similar cheeses==
-Γραβιέρα (''[[Graviera|graviera]]'') is a popular Greek cheese, which resembles Gruyère and is an EU [[Protected Designation of Origin]]. There are [[Naxos|Naxian]] varieties (produced from cow's milk), that tend to be milder and sweeter, and various ''gravieras'' from [[Crete]], which are produced from sheep's milk.
+The FDA standards of identity for a "§ 133.149 Gruyere cheese" requires "small holes or eyes".<ref name=Ungphakorn/>
-[[Kars gravyer cheese]] is a [[Turkish cuisine#cheese|Turkish cheese]] made of cow's milk or a mixture of cow's and goat's milk.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goturkeytourism.com/things-to-do/10-awesome-turkish-cheeses-you-have-to-taste.html|title=10 Awesome Turkish Cheeses You Have to Taste &#124; Go Turkey Tourism|website=www.goturkeytourism.com|access-date=Apr 9, 2020}}</ref> Gruyère-style cheeses are also produced in the United States, with [[Wisconsin]] having the largest output, and in Bosnia under the name ''Livanjski sir'' ([[Livno]] cheese).
-==Affinage==
+==Varieties==
+<!--Varieties of Gruyère, not variants-->
-[[File:Cave d'affinage à Gruyères.JPG|thumbnail|The affinage cellar in the Maison du Gruyère, in Gruyères, Switzerland]]
+[[File:Gruyère Premier Cru.jpg|thumb|upright|Gruyère from the brand/variety Le Premier Cru Switzerland]]
-An important and the longest part of the production of Gruyère in Switzerland is the [[Cheese ripening|''affinage'']] (French for 'maturation').
+Gruyere (as a Swiss AOC) has many varieties with different age profiles, and an [[Organic certification|organic]] version of the cheese is also sold. A special variety is produced only in summer in the [[Swiss Alps]] and is branded as Le Gruyère Switzerland AOC Alpage.
+Generally, one can distinguish the age profiles of mild/''doux'' (minimum five months old) and ''réserve'', also known as ''surchoix'' (minimum ten months old). In Switzerland, other age profiles can be found, including ''mi-salé'' (7–8 months), ''salé'' (9–10 months), ''vieux'' (14 months), and Höhlengereift (cave aged), but these age profiles are not part of the AOC.
-According to the AOC, the cellars to mature a Swiss Gruyère must have a climate close to that of a natural cave. This means that the [[humidity]] should be between 94% and 98%. If the humidity is lower, the cheese dries out. If the humidity is too high, the cheese does not mature and becomes smeary and gluey. The temperature of the caves should be between {{convert|13 and 14|°C}}. This relatively high temperature is required for excellent-quality cheese. Lower-quality cheeses result from temperatures between {{convert|10 and 12|°C}}. The lower the temperature is, the less the cheese matures, resulting in a texture that is harder and more crumbly.
+===Le Gruyère AOP Premier Cru===
-==Varieties==
+Le Gruyère Premier Cru is a special variety, produced and matured exclusively in the canton of Fribourg and matured for 14 months in cellars with a humidity of 95% and a temperature of {{convert|13.5|°C}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vonmuhlenen.ch/index.php?c=02&p=02a&lg=en|title=Von Muehlenen|website=www.vonmuhlenen.ch|access-date=Apr 9, 2020}}</ref>
-[[Image:Gruyère Premier Cru.jpg|thumb|right|Le Gruyère Premier Cru]]
-Le Gruyère Switzerland AOC has many different varieties, with different age profiles, and an [[Organic certification|organic]] version of the cheese is also sold. There is a special variety that is produced only in summer in the [[Swiss Alps]]: the Le Gruyère Switzerland AOC Alpage.
+It is the only cheese that has won the title of the best cheese in the world at the [[World Cheese Awards]] five times: in 1992, 2002, 2005, 2015, and 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsfox.com/pte.mc?pte=061002030|title=von Mühlenen et Cremo SA concluent une alliance - Newsfox|date=Nov 20, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061120004602/http://www.newsfox.com/pte.mc?pte=061002030|access-date=Apr 9, 2020|archive-date=2006-11-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gff.co.uk/press-releases/le-gruyere-aop-premier-cru-crowned-world-champion-cheese-2015/|title=Le Gruyère AOP Premier Cru crowned World Champion Cheese 2015|website=The Guild of Fine Food|access-date=Apr 9, 2020|archive-date=August 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821085054/https://gff.co.uk/press-releases/le-gruyere-aop-premier-cru-crowned-world-champion-cheese-2015/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gff.co.uk/press-releases/world-champion-cheese-2022-announced-as-le-gruyere-aop-surchoix/|title=The World Champion Cheese 2022 is announced: Le Gruyère AOP surchoix|website=The Guild of Fine Food|access-date=Feb 21, 2023|archive-date=February 21, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221110825/https://gff.co.uk/press-releases/world-champion-cheese-2022-announced-as-le-gruyere-aop-surchoix/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-Generally, one can distinguish the age profiles of mild/''doux'' (minimum 5 months old) and ''réserve'', also known as ''surchoix'' (minimum 10 months old). In Switzerland, other age profiles can be found, including ''mi-salé'' (7–8 months), ''salé'' (9–10 months), ''vieux'' (14 months), and Höhlengereift (cave aged), but these age profiles are not part of the AOC.
+==Similar cheeses==
-The French [[Le Brouère]] cheese, made in nearby [[Vosges Mountains|Vosges]], is considered a variant of Gruyère.<ref>Ridgway, J., Weinzweig, A., & Hill, S. (2004). ''The cheese companion: The connoisseur's guide''. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Press</ref>
+[[L'Etivaz]] is a very similar Swiss hard cheese from the canton of Vaud. It is made from raw cow's milk and is very similar to aged Gruyère in taste. In the 1930s, a group of 76 Gruyère producing families felt that government regulations were allowing cheesemakers to compromise the qualities that made good Gruyère so special. They withdrew from the government's Gruyère program, and "created" their own cheese - L'Etivaz - named for the village around which they all lived. They founded a [[cooperative]] in 1932, and the first cheese cellars were built in 1934.<ref>[http://www.etivaz-aoc.ch/ L'Etivaz Producers Cooperative website] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
+The French [[Brouère|Le Brouère]] cheese, made in nearby [[Vosges Mountains|Vosges]], is considered a variant of Gruyère.<ref>Ridgway, J., Weinzweig, A., & Hill, S. (2004). ''The cheese companion: The connoisseur's guide''. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Press</ref>
-==Le Gruyère AOP Premier Cru==
-Le Gruyère Premier Cru is a special variety, produced and matured exclusively in the canton of Fribourg and matured for 14 months in cellars with a humidity of 95% and a temperature of {{convert|13.5|°C}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vonmuhlenen.ch/index.php?c=02&p=02a&lg=en|title=Von Muehlenen|website=www.vonmuhlenen.ch|access-date=Apr 9, 2020}}</ref>
+Γραβιέρα (''[[graviera]]'') is a popular Greek cheese which resembles Gruyère and is an EU [[Protected Designation of Origin]]. There are [[Naxos|Naxian]] varieties (produced from cow's milk) that tend to be milder and sweeter, and various ''gravieras'' from [[Crete]], which are produced from sheep's milk.
-It is the only cheese that has won the title of best cheese in the world at the [[World Cheese Awards]] four times: in 1992, 2002, 2005, and 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsfox.com/pte.mc?pte=061002030|title=von Mühlenen et Cremo SA concluent une alliance - Newsfox|date=Nov 20, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061120004602/http://www.newsfox.com/pte.mc?pte=061002030|access-date=Apr 9, 2020|archive-date=2006-11-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gff.co.uk/press-releases/le-gruyere-aop-premier-cru-crowned-world-champion-cheese-2015/|title=Le Gruyère AOP Premier Cru crowned World Champion Cheese 2015|website=The Guild of Fine Food|access-date=Apr 9, 2020}}</ref>
+[[Kars gravyer cheese]] is a [[Turkish cuisine#cheese|Turkish cheese]] made of cow's milk or a mixture of cow's and goat's milk.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goturkeytourism.com/things-to-do/10-awesome-turkish-cheeses-you-have-to-taste.html|title=10 Awesome Turkish Cheeses You Have to Taste &#124; Go Turkey Tourism|website=www.goturkeytourism.com|access-date=Apr 9, 2020}}</ref> Gruyère-style cheeses are also produced in the United States, with [[Wisconsin]] having the largest output, and in Bosnia under the name ''Livanjski sir'' ([[Livno]] cheese).
 ==See also==
-* {{annotated link|Culinary Heritage of Switzerland}} – an online encyclopedia
+* {{annotated link|Culinary Heritage of Switzerland}}
 * {{annotated link|List of cheeses}}
+* [[Swiss cheeses and dairy products]]
+* [[Gruyère cream]], another dairy product from the same region
-* [[Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana]] in Rome, known locally as {{lang|it|La Groviera}} (literally {{transl|it|The Gruyère}}); so known because it is "full of holes", referring to the stereotype of a Swiss cheese.
+* [[Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana]] in Rome, known locally as {{lang|it|La Groviera}} (literally {{transl|it|The Gruyère}}); so known because it is "full of holes", referring to the stereotype of Swiss cheese.
 ==Notes and references==
@@ Line 85: / Line 108: @@
 {{Swiss cheeses}}
+{{Cuisine of Switzerland}}
 {{Portal bar|Food|Switzerland}}
 {{Authority control}}
@@ Line 93: / Line 117: @@
 [[Category:Culinary Heritage of Switzerland]]
 [[Category:Smear-ripened cheeses]]
+[[Category:Canton of Fribourg]]
+[[Category:Brined cheeses]]

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