Henry Raspe: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|German nobleman and throne claimant (c. 1204 – 1247)}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}} |
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{{ infobox nobility |
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| name = Henry Raspe |
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| title = [[Landgrave of Thuringia]] |
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| caption = Seal of Henry as king |
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| noble family = [[Ludovingians]] |
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| father = [[Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia]] |
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| mother = [[Sophia of Wittelsbach]] |
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| spouse = {{ubl|[[Elisabeth of Brandenburg (1206–1231)|Elisabeth of Brandenburg]]|[[Gertrude of Babenberg, Landgravine of Thuringia|Gertrude of Babenberg]]|[[Beatrice of Brabant]]}} |
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| birth_date = {{circa|1204}} |
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| birth_place = |
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1247|2|16|1204|df=y}} |
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| death_place = [[Wartburg Castle]], [[Landgraviate of Thuringia]], {{avoid wrap|Holy Roman Empire}} |
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}} |
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'''Henry Raspe''' ({{Langx|de|link=no|Heinrich Raspe}}; {{circa|1204}} – 16 February 1247) was the [[Landgrave of Thuringia]] from 1231 until 1239 and again from 1241 until his death. In 1246, with the support of the [[Papacy]], he was elected [[King of the Romans|King of Germany]] in [[Anti-king|opposition]] to [[Conrad IV of Germany|Conrad IV]], but his contested reign lasted a mere nine months. |
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'''Heinrich Raspe''' ([[1204]] - [[February 16]], [[1247]]) became [[Landgraf]], or count, of [[Thuringia]] (now part of modern-day [[Germany]]) in [[1227]]; he later became king in [[1246]]-[[1247]] in opposition to Konrad IV. |
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First in Thuringia, Heinrich ruled for his under-age nephew Hermann II, whom he had expelled from the government as he had also his nephew's mother. Around [[1231]] Heinrich succeeded his brother [[Ludwig IV]] who had died on a [[crusade]]. As a reward he received the county of Thuringia. |
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==Biography== |
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In [[1242]] Heinrich, together with [[Wenzel I]], was elected by [[Friedrich II]] to be the trustee of the empire for his under-age son [[Konrad IV]]. After the deposition of Friedrich through [[Pope Innozenz IV]] in [[1245]], he changed his mind and on the [[May 22|22nd of May]] [[1246]] he was elected to be the king in opposition, ''Pfaffenkönig''. In the battle of Nidda in August [[1246]], Heinrich won over Konrad and died several months after on the Wartburg. |
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Henry Raspe was born {{circa|1204}} to [[Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia]] and [[Sophia of Wittelsbach]]. |
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In 1226, Henry's brother [[Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia]], died en route to the [[Sixth Crusade]],{{sfn|Van Cleve|1969|p=446}} and Henry became regent for his under-age nephew [[Hermann II, Landgrave of Thuringia]]. He managed to expel his nephew and the boy's young mother, St. [[Elisabeth of Hungary]], from the line of succession and ca. 1231 formally succeeded his brother as landgrave. |
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In 1242 Henry, together with King [[Wenceslaus I of Bohemia]], he was selected by Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] to be administrator of Germany for Frederick's under-age son [[Conrad IV of Germany| |
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Conrad]]. |
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After [[Pope Innocent IV]] imposed a ban on Frederick in 1245, Raspe changed sides, and on 22 May 1246 he was elected [[anti-king]] in opposition to Conrad.{{sfn|Cox|1974|p=180}} The strong papal prodding that led to his election earned Raspe the derogatory moniker of "''Pfaffenkönig''" (priests' king).{{sfn|Stubbs|1908|p=36}} The papal legate in Germany was [[Filippo da Pistoia]].{{sfn|Van Cleve|1972|p=494}} In August 1246 Henry defeated Conrad in the Battle of [[Nidda, city|Nidda]] in southern [[Hesse]], and laid siege to Ulm and Reutlingen.{{sfn|Knodler|2010|p=184}} He suffered a mortal wound,{{sfn|Knodler|2010|p=184}} and died 16 February 1247 in [[Wartburg Castle]] near [[Eisenach]] in Thuringia.{{sfn|Rogers|Caferro|Reid|2010|p=110}} |
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== Personal life == |
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[[File:Gertrude of Austria, wife of Henry Raspe.jpg|thumb|Gertrude of Austria, Landgravine of Thuringia]] |
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In 1228, Henry Raspe married [[Elisabeth of Brandenburg (1206-1231)|Elisabeth]] (1206–1231), the daughter of [[Albert II, Margrave of Brandenburg]].{{sfn|Lyon|2013|p=241}} After her death, he married [[Gertrude of Babenberg, Landgravine of Thuringia|Gertrude]] ({{circa|1210/1215}} – 1241),{{sfn|Lyon|2013|p=243}} the daughter of [[Leopold VI, Duke of Austria]]. After Gertrude of Babenberg's death, he married [[Beatrice of Brabant]] (1225–1288),{{sfn|Lyon|2013|p=243}} the daughter of [[Henry II, Duke of Brabant]]. |
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All three of his marriages were childless.{{sfn|Rasmussen|1997|p=63}} After his death, the Emperor [[enfeoff]]ed Thuringia to [[Henry III, Margrave of Meissen]], the son of his sister [[Jutta of Thuringia|Jutta]]. |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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== Bibliography == |
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*{{cite book |first=Eugene L. |last=Cox |title=The Eagles of Savoy |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1974}}{{ISBN?}} |
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*{{cite encyclopedia |chapter=Germany: Narrative (1125–1250) |first=Julia |last=Knodler |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology |volume=1 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 }} |
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*{{cite book |first=Jonathan R. |last=Lyon |title=Princely Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100–1250 |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2013 }} |
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*{{cite book |first=Ann Marie |last=Rasmussen |title=Mothers and Daughters in Medieval German Literature |url=https://archive.org/details/mothersdaughters0000rasm |url-access=registration |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0815603894 }} |
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*{{cite book | last1=Rogers | first1=C.J. | last2=Caferro | first2=W. | last3=Reid | first3=S. | title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology | publisher=Oxford University Press | issue=v. 1 | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-19-533403-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=RA1-PA110}} |
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*{{cite book |first=William |last=Stubbs |title=Germany in the Later Middle Ages, 1200–1500 |url=https://archive.org/details/germanyinlaterm00unkngoog |publisher=Longmans, Green and Co. |year=1908 }} |
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*{{cite book |chapter=The Crusade of Frederick II |first=Thomas C. |last=Van Cleve |title=A History of the Crusades |volume=II |editor-first1=Robert Lee |editor-last1=Wolff |editor-first2=Harry W. |editor-last2=Hazard |publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press |year=1969 }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Van Cleve |first=Thomas C. |title=The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen: Immutator Mundi |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1972}} |
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{{S-start}} |
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{{S-hou|[[Ludowingians]]||1204|16 February|1247}} |
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{{Succession box| |
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before=[[Hermann II, Landgrave of Thuringia|Hermann II]]| |
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title=[[Rulers of Thuringia|Landgrave of Thuringia]]| |
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years=1241–1247| |
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after=[[Henry III, Margrave of Meissen|Henry the Illustrious]]}} |
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{{S-bef|rows=|before=[[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] and [[Conrad IV of Germany|Conrad IV]]}} |
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{{S-dis|title=[[King of Germany]]|by=[[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] and [[Conrad IV of Germany|Conrad IV]]|years=1246–1247}} |
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{{S-aft|rows=|after=[[William II of Holland|William]]}} |
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{{S-end}} |
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{{Monarchs of Germany}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Raspe, Henry}} |
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[[Category:1204 births]] |
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[[Category:1247 deaths]] |
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[[Category:13th-century Kings of the Romans]] |
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[[Category:Landgraves of Thuringia]] |
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[[Category:Anti-kings]] |
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[[Category:Ludovingians]] |
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[[Category:13th-century German nobility]] |
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[[Category:Monarchs killed in action]] |
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Latest revision as of 06:42, 24 October 2024
Henry Raspe | |
|---|---|
| Landgrave of Thuringia | |
 Seal of Henry as king | |
| Born | c. 1204 |
| Died | 16 February 1247 (aged 42–43) Wartburg Castle, Landgraviate of Thuringia, Holy Roman Empire |
| Noble family | Ludovingians |
| Spouse(s) | |
| Father | Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia |
| Mother | Sophia of Wittelsbach |
Henry Raspe (German: Heinrich Raspe; c. 1204 – 16 February 1247) was the Landgrave of Thuringia from 1231 until 1239 and again from 1241 until his death. In 1246, with the support of the Papacy, he was elected King of Germany in opposition to Conrad IV, but his contested reign lasted a mere nine months.
Biography
[edit]Henry Raspe was born c. 1204 to Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia and Sophia of Wittelsbach. In 1226, Henry's brother Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia, died en route to the Sixth Crusade,[1] and Henry became regent for his under-age nephew Hermann II, Landgrave of Thuringia. He managed to expel his nephew and the boy's young mother, St. Elisabeth of Hungary, from the line of succession and ca. 1231 formally succeeded his brother as landgrave.
In 1242 Henry, together with King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia, he was selected by Emperor Frederick II to be administrator of Germany for Frederick's under-age son Conrad.
After Pope Innocent IV imposed a ban on Frederick in 1245, Raspe changed sides, and on 22 May 1246 he was elected anti-king in opposition to Conrad.[2] The strong papal prodding that led to his election earned Raspe the derogatory moniker of "Pfaffenkönig" (priests' king).[3] The papal legate in Germany was Filippo da Pistoia.[4] In August 1246 Henry defeated Conrad in the Battle of Nidda in southern Hesse, and laid siege to Ulm and Reutlingen.[5] He suffered a mortal wound,[5] and died 16 February 1247 in Wartburg Castle near Eisenach in Thuringia.[6]
Personal life
[edit]
In 1228, Henry Raspe married Elisabeth (1206–1231), the daughter of Albert II, Margrave of Brandenburg.[7] After her death, he married Gertrude (c. 1210/1215 – 1241),[8] the daughter of Leopold VI, Duke of Austria. After Gertrude of Babenberg's death, he married Beatrice of Brabant (1225–1288),[8] the daughter of Henry II, Duke of Brabant.
All three of his marriages were childless.[9] After his death, the Emperor enfeoffed Thuringia to Henry III, Margrave of Meissen, the son of his sister Jutta.
References
[edit]- ^ Van Cleve 1969, p. 446.
- ^ Cox 1974, p. 180.
- ^ Stubbs 1908, p. 36.
- ^ Van Cleve 1972, p. 494.
- ^ a b Knodler 2010, p. 184.
- ^ Rogers, Caferro & Reid 2010, p. 110.
- ^ Lyon 2013, p. 241.
- ^ a b Lyon 2013, p. 243.
- ^ Rasmussen 1997, p. 63.
Bibliography
[edit]- Cox, Eugene L. (1974). The Eagles of Savoy. Princeton University Press.[ISBN missing]
- Knodler, Julia (2010). "Germany: Narrative (1125–1250)". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
- Lyon, Jonathan R. (2013). Princely Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100–1250. Cornell University Press.
- Rasmussen, Ann Marie (1997). Mothers and Daughters in Medieval German Literature. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0815603894.
- Rogers, C.J.; Caferro, W.; Reid, S. (2010). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533403-6.
- Stubbs, William (1908). Germany in the Later Middle Ages, 1200–1500. Longmans, Green and Co.
- Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). "The Crusade of Frederick II". In Wolff, Robert Lee; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades. Vol. II. The University of Wisconsin Press.
- Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1972). The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen: Immutator Mundi. Clarendon Press.
