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{{Short description|Blockchain network originally developed by Telegram}}
{{Short description|Blockchain network originally developed by Telegram}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Advert|date=June 2024}}
{{Advert|date=June 2024}}
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{{Infobox software
{{Infobox software
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<!--In January 2018, a 23-page [[white paper]]<ref name=primer>{{cite web |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ucUeKg_NiR8RxNAonb8Q55jZha03WC0O/view |title=TON.pdf |website=Google Docs}}</ref> and a detailed 132-page technical paper<ref>{{cite web |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ucUeKg_NiR8RxNAonb8Q55jZha03WC0O/view |title=TON.pdf |website=Google Docs}}</ref> shed some light on the project. According to documents, the Durovs planned to attract the existing Telegram user base to TON and promote the mass adoption of cryptocurrencies, turning it into one of the largest blockchains. TON was described as a platform for decentralized apps and services akin to [[WeChat]], [[Google Play]], or [[App Store]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/01/08/telegram-open-network/ |title=Telegram plans multi-billion dollar ICO for chat cryptocurrency |author=Mike Butcher, Josh Konstine |date=January 8, 2018 |publisher=TechCrunch |access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/01/15/inside-telegrams-ambitious-1-2b-ico-to-create-the-next-ethereum/ |title=Inside Telegram's ambitious $1.2B ICO to create the next Ethereum |author=Jon Russel |date=January 15, 2018 |publisher=TechCrunch |access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> or even a decentralized alternative to payment processing services of [[Visa Inc.|Visa]] and [[MasterCard]] due to its ability to scale and support millions of transactions per second.<ref name=rbth>{{cite web |url=https://www.rbth.com/science-and-tech/331547-durov-vk-telegram-russia-networks |title=Telegram's Pavel Durov in court over his quest to revolutionize cryptocurrency |author=Josh Nadeau |date=January 15, 2020 |publisher=Russia Beyond The Headlines |accessdate=4 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=payspace /> The codebase for TON was created by [[Nikolai Durov]], the developer of Telegram's {{Ill|MTProto|ru|vertical-align=sup}} protocol, and Pavel became the public figure for the project.<ref name=payspace>{{cite web |url=https://payspacemagazine.com/cryptocurrency/ton-gram-how-it-started-and-why-it-ended/ |title=TON & Gram: how it started and why it ended |date=October 9, 2020 |publisher=PaySpace Magazine |access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref>-->
<!--In January 2018, a 23-page [[white paper]]<ref name=primer>{{cite web |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ucUeKg_NiR8RxNAonb8Q55jZha03WC0O/view |title=TON.pdf |website=Google Docs}}</ref> and a detailed 132-page technical paper<ref>{{cite web |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ucUeKg_NiR8RxNAonb8Q55jZha03WC0O/view |title=TON.pdf |website=Google Docs}}</ref> shed some light on the project. According to documents, the Durovs planned to attract the existing Telegram user base to TON and promote the mass adoption of cryptocurrencies, turning it into one of the largest blockchains. TON was described as a platform for decentralized apps and services akin to [[WeChat]], [[Google Play]], or [[App Store]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/01/08/telegram-open-network/ |title=Telegram plans multi-billion dollar ICO for chat cryptocurrency |author=Mike Butcher, Josh Konstine |date=January 8, 2018 |publisher=TechCrunch |access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/01/15/inside-telegrams-ambitious-1-2b-ico-to-create-the-next-ethereum/ |title=Inside Telegram's ambitious $1.2B ICO to create the next Ethereum |author=Jon Russel |date=January 15, 2018 |publisher=TechCrunch |access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> or even a decentralized alternative to payment processing services of [[Visa Inc.|Visa]] and [[MasterCard]] due to its ability to scale and support millions of transactions per second.<ref name=rbth>{{cite web |url=https://www.rbth.com/science-and-tech/331547-durov-vk-telegram-russia-networks |title=Telegram's Pavel Durov in court over his quest to revolutionize cryptocurrency |author=Josh Nadeau |date=January 15, 2020 |publisher=Russia Beyond The Headlines |accessdate=4 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=payspace /> The codebase for TON was created by [[Nikolai Durov]], the developer of Telegram's {{Ill|MTProto|ru|vertical-align=sup}} protocol, and Pavel became the public figure for the project.<ref name=payspace>{{cite web |url=https://payspacemagazine.com/cryptocurrency/ton-gram-how-it-started-and-why-it-ended/ |title=TON & Gram: how it started and why it ended |date=October 9, 2020 |publisher=PaySpace Magazine |access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref>-->
On July 2020 Telegram placed the remaining testnet tokens into special Giver smart contracts that allowed anyone to participate in future mining and discontinued support for the TON testnet.<ref name="cnews">{{cite web |url=http://www.cnews.ru/news/top/2018-04-02_pri_kakih_usloviyah_telegram_vernet_investoram |title=Under what conditions will Telegram return to investors the collected $ 2.55 billion|last1=Korolev |first1=Igor |date=2 April 2018 |website=CNews |language=ru |access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="verge">{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/1/17186004/telegram-presale-open-network-app-ico-cryptocurrency-ton |title=Telegram has raised a total of $1.7 billion from its two pre-ICO sales |last1=Liptak |first1=Andrew |date=1 April 2018 |website=The Verge |access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="shen1">{{cite news|url=http://fortune.com/2018/03/30/bitcoin-price-telegram-ico-presale/|title=Even as Bitcoin Languishes, Telegram Raises $1.7 Billion Ahead of Largest ICO Ever|last1=Shen|first1=Lucinda|date=31 March 2018|access-date=31 March 2018|publisher=Fortune|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032339/https://fortune.com/2018/03/30/bitcoin-price-telegram-ico-presale/|url-status=dead}}</ref><!--<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.crowdfundinsider.com/2018/04/131248-telegram-files-new-form-d-with-sec-indicating-1-7-billion-will-be-raised/|title=Telegram Files New Form D with SEC Indicating $1.7 Billion will be Raised {{!}} Crowdfund Insider|date=2 April 2018|work=Crowdfund Insider|access-date=6 April 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>-->
In July 2020 Telegram placed the remaining testnet tokens into special Giver smart contracts that allowed anyone to participate in future mining and discontinued support for the TON testnet.<ref name="cnews">{{cite web |url=http://www.cnews.ru/news/top/2018-04-02_pri_kakih_usloviyah_telegram_vernet_investoram |title=Under what conditions will Telegram return to investors the collected $ 2.55 billion|last1=Korolev |first1=Igor |date=2 April 2018 |website=CNews |language=ru |access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="verge">{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/1/17186004/telegram-presale-open-network-app-ico-cryptocurrency-ton |title=Telegram has raised a total of $1.7 billion from its two pre-ICO sales |last1=Liptak |first1=Andrew |date=1 April 2018 |website=The Verge |access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="shen1">{{cite news|url=http://fortune.com/2018/03/30/bitcoin-price-telegram-ico-presale/|title=Even as Bitcoin Languishes, Telegram Raises $1.7 Billion Ahead of Largest ICO Ever|last1=Shen|first1=Lucinda|date=31 March 2018|access-date=31 March 2018|publisher=Fortune|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032339/https://fortune.com/2018/03/30/bitcoin-price-telegram-ico-presale/|url-status=dead}}</ref><!--<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.crowdfundinsider.com/2018/04/131248-telegram-files-new-form-d-with-sec-indicating-1-7-billion-will-be-raised/|title=Telegram Files New Form D with SEC Indicating $1.7 Billion will be Raised {{!}} Crowdfund Insider|date=2 April 2018|work=Crowdfund Insider|access-date=6 April 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>-->


A small team of open-source developers and Telegram contest winners Anatoliy Makosov and Kirill Emelyanenko, originally under the name ''NewTON'',<ref name="bingx">[https://blog.bingx.com/bingx-insights/what-is-toncoin-ton/#:~:text=Initially%20they%20called%20their%20efforts,it%20was%20renamed%20from%20Gram.''What is Toncoin (TON)''], authour: ''BingX Official''; BingX blog, 20 February 2023</ref> took a deep dive into TON's codebase and resumed active blockchain development, adhering to the principles outlined in the original TON whitepaper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebell.io/delo-durova-zhivet-kto-razvivaet-blokchejn-i-kriptovalyutu-telegram-posle-provala-ton|title=Дело Дурова живет. Кто развивает блокчейн и криптовалюту Telegram после провала TON|lang=ru|website=The Bell|date=2021-11-16|access-date=2023-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.ru/tekhnologii/446561-monetnyj-sor-cto-ne-tak-s-sozdannoj-posledovatelami-durova-kriptovalutoj-toncoin|title=Монетный сор: что не так с созданной последователями Дурова криптовалютой Toncoin|lang=ru|website=Forbes.ru|date=2021-11-23|access-date=2023-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/sec-vs-telegram-will-gram-tokens-ever-be-distributed/ |title=SEC vs. Telegram: Will Gram Tokens Ever Be Distributed? |author=Rachel McIntosh |date=October 18, 2019 |publisher=Finance Magnates |access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref>
A small team of open-source developers and Telegram contest winners Anatoliy Makosov and Kirill Emelyanenko, originally under the name ''NewTON'',<ref name="bingx">[https://blog.bingx.com/bingx-insights/what-is-toncoin-ton/#:~:text=Initially%20they%20called%20their%20efforts,it%20was%20renamed%20from%20Gram.''What is Toncoin (TON)''], authour: ''BingX Official''; BingX blog, 20 February 2023</ref> took a deep dive into TON's codebase and resumed active blockchain development, adhering to the principles outlined in the original TON whitepaper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebell.io/delo-durova-zhivet-kto-razvivaet-blokchejn-i-kriptovalyutu-telegram-posle-provala-ton|title=Дело Дурова живет. Кто развивает блокчейн и криптовалюту Telegram после провала TON|lang=ru|website=The Bell|date=2021-11-16|access-date=2023-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.ru/tekhnologii/446561-monetnyj-sor-cto-ne-tak-s-sozdannoj-posledovatelami-durova-kriptovalutoj-toncoin|title=Монетный сор: что не так с созданной последователями Дурова криптовалютой Toncoin|lang=ru|website=Forbes.ru|date=2021-11-23|access-date=2023-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/sec-vs-telegram-will-gram-tokens-ever-be-distributed/ |title=SEC vs. Telegram: Will Gram Tokens Ever Be Distributed? |author=Rachel McIntosh |date=October 18, 2019 |publisher=Finance Magnates |access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref> On parallel in May 2020, TON Labs led by [[Alexander Filatov (entrepreneur)|Alexander Filatov]] (later rebranded as EverX), a startup that initially assisted Telegram in running the testnet for its blockchain network, launched its own version called Free TON (later rebranded as Everscale) with the backing of professional validators.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baydakova |first=Anna |date=2020-05-07 |title=Sidestepping Telegram, Devs and Validators Launch Fork of TON Blockchain |url=https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2020/05/07/sidestepping-telegram-devs-and-validators-launch-fork-of-ton-blockchain/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=www.coindesk.com |language=en}}</ref>


=== Development and launch (2020–2022) ===
=== Development and launch (2020–2022) ===

Latest revision as of 07:34, 24 October 2024

The Open Network
Other namesTON; former name: Telegram Open Network
Original author(s)Nikolai Durov, Pavel Durov
Developer(s)TON Foundation, Telegram (no longer participating)
Repositorygithub.com/ton-blockchain
Written inC++
LicenseGNU LGPL v2
Websiteton.org
Wallet example
For access to wallets uses 24 secret words, on the basis of which calculates 256-bit private key of the wallet

The Open Network (previously Telegram Open Network,[1] both abb. as TON) is a decentralized computer network[2] consisting of a layer-1 blockchain with various components. TON was originally developed by Nikolai Durov who is also known for his role in creating the messaging platform, Telegram. Telegram had planned to use TON to launch its own cryptocurrency (Gram), but was forced to abandon the project in 2020 following an injunction by US regulators.[3] The network was then renamed and independent developers have created their own cryptocurrencies and applications using TON. Toncoin, the principal token of The Open Network is deeply integrated into the Telegram messaging app, used for paying rewards to creators and developers,[4] buying Telegram ads,[5] hosting giveaways[6] or purchasing services such as Telegram Premium.

History

[edit]

In 2017–2018, the Telegram Messenger team begins to explore blockchain solutions for themselves. Finding no current Layer 1 blockchain able to support Telegram's 9-figure userbase, they decide to design their own layer-1 chain, then called Telegram Open Network.[7]

To obtain the resources required to make TON a reality, Telegram launched a Gram token (later renamed Toncoin)[1] sale in Q1 2018.[8] Durov considered venture capital financing but decided against it.

According to documents related to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) v. Telegram suit (2020), by 2017, the self-funded startup needed money to pay for servers and services.[citation needed] Funds raised during the Telegram ICO were to be used for the development of Telegram and TON, as well as the ongoing expenses required to support the growth of the ecosystem. More than 80 percent of collected funds had been planned to be spent on equipment, bandwidth, colocation, and user verification costs. The rest were to be allocated for wages, offices, and legal and consulting services.[9]

Genesis (2018–2020)

[edit]

Telegram introduced the design and initial implementation of the TON Blockchain. The Telegram team releases a series of documents detailing the design of TON Blockchain. Telegram initially launched the TON Testnet to the public through a testing environment for the TON blockchain. During the early testnet phase, Telegram released testnet tokens, which had no value and were used for testing purposes.[10]

To fund the development of the messenger and the blockchain project, Telegram attracted investments through a private Gram offering, but in light of regulatory complications, the Telegram team withdrew from the TON project (May 2020).[11]

In July 2020 Telegram placed the remaining testnet tokens into special Giver smart contracts that allowed anyone to participate in future mining and discontinued support for the TON testnet.[12][13][14]

A small team of open-source developers and Telegram contest winners Anatoliy Makosov and Kirill Emelyanenko, originally under the name NewTON,[1] took a deep dive into TON's codebase and resumed active blockchain development, adhering to the principles outlined in the original TON whitepaper.[15][16][17] On parallel in May 2020, TON Labs led by Alexander Filatov (later rebranded as EverX), a startup that initially assisted Telegram in running the testnet for its blockchain network, launched its own version called Free TON (later rebranded as Everscale) with the backing of professional validators.[18]

Development and launch (2020–2022)

[edit]

After TON's private development phase, all of its code was released to as open source in September 7, 2019.[19] The launch of the test network was initially scheduled for Q2 2018 with the main network launch in Q4, but the milestones were postponed several times. The testnet was launched in January 2019 with a half a year deviation from the plan.[20][21] In May the company released the lite version of the TON blockchain network client.[22] In September the company released the complete source code for TON nodes on GitHub, making it possible to launch a full node and explore the testnet.[23][24] The launch of the TON main network was scheduled for October 31.[25][26]

Design

[edit]

TON blockchain

[edit]

The Open Network's fundamental infrastructure is a scalable multi-blockchain platform designed to support the creation and operation of decentralized applications (dApps) and smart contracts. Utilizing the proof-of-stake consensus mechanism, it can theoretically support up to 2^92 accompanying blockchains.

TON's design philosophy involves leveraging sharding to attain scalability. Its blockchains are designed with the ability to split and merge automatically to adapt to fluctuating loads. This design feature ensures that block generation speed is independent of transaction volume, avoiding network congestion and maintaining low operational costs irrespective of demand.

Hypercube routing mechanisms in TON ensure efficient data exchange between any two blockchains, regardless of the network size. Due to the logarithmic relationship between the time taken to transfer data and the number of blockchains in TON, the network can scale to millions of chains without compromising processing speed.[27][28][29]

TON employs an advanced proof-of-stake consensus mechanism. Validator nodes use deposit stakes to vouch for their reliability, achieving consensus through a variant of the Byzantine fault tolerance protocol. This approach is resource-efficient and allows TON to devote the computing power of nodes to processing transactions and executing smart contracts.

The TON network comprises a masterchain and up to 2^32 workchains, each with its unique ruleset. These rulesets dictate various aspects of the workchains, such as account address formats, transaction protocols, and virtual machines for executing smart contracts and managing basic cryptocurrencies. The workchains function cohesively within the TON ecosystem while maintaining their individual characteristics.[30]

Governance

[edit]

Governance in TON is inherently decentralized and decisions for network modifications are contingent upon approval from the majority of validators. This is facilitated through the proof-of-stake consensus mechanism where validators can vote for network configuration changes or update their software to accept proposed changes.

Security

[edit]

The TON (Telegram Open Network) incorporates security measures through collaborations with various Security Assurance Providers (SAP).[31] These providers conduct testing and quality assurance for software within the TON ecosystem, aiming to enhance network security. The following is a list of SAPs associated with the TON Network such as Certik, Quantstamp, softstack (formerly Chainsulting), SlowMist, Hexens, Vidma, and Scalebit.

Applications

[edit]

Toncoin (previously: Gram)

[edit]

Toncoin is the principal cryptocurrency of The Open Network (TON) blockchain, and in particular of its masterchain and basic workchain. It is used for transaction fees, securing the blockchain through staking, deciding how the network develops, gas payments (i.e., smart-contract message processing fees), and settling payments.[32][33]

TON Proxy

[edit]

A network proxy and anonymizer layer designed for TON nodes, TON Proxy is akin to the Invisible Internet Project (I2P) and facilitates the creation of decentralized VPN services and blockchain-based Tor alternatives. This capability enhances online privacy and offers protection against censorship towards the facilitation of decentralized applications which may be more resistant to censorship.[34] As of September 30, 2022, TON Proxy has been made compatible with HTTP Proxy.[35]

TON DNS

[edit]

Launched by the TON Foundation on June 30, 2022, TON DNS operates similarly to domain names associated with other cryptocurrencies, offering ".ton" as its domain zone. The program assigns human-readable names to accounts, smart contracts, services, and network nodes. This service simplifies the process of accessing decentralized applications by allowing users to use short and simple domain names rather than long strings of alphanumeric characters. Domain names can also be associated with wallet addresses.[citation needed]

TON Storage

[edit]

On December 31, 2022, TON Storage, a decentralized file storage system, was introduced. TON Storage is a distributed file storage system accessible through the TON P2P Network, resembling torrent-like technology that utilizes smart contracts for reliability. TON Storage provides a platform for the storage and exchange of large amounts of data using the TON blockchain network, in an effort to eliminate the need for centralized web servers.[36][37]

TON Payments

[edit]

Launched on June 30, 2022, TON Payments can be used for instant off-chain value transfers between users, bots, and other services. Security measures embedded in the system ensure that these transfers are as secure as on-chain transactions.[38][39]

Everscale

[edit]

By May 2020, when Telegram's commitment to the project was unclear, other projects started to develop the technology.[40]

Launched on May 7, 2020,[41] "Free TON" [ru] is another project to continue development of Telegram Open Network technology using the source code freely available under GNU General Public License (GNU GPL).[42] By January 2021, the community of the project reached 30,000 people.[43] Free TON's token titled "TON Crystal" or just "TON" is distributed as a reward for contributions to the network.[44] Of five billion tokens issued at the moment of launch, 85% were reserved for users, 5% for validators, and 10% for the developers (including 5% dedicated for TON Labs, the developer of TON OS middleware for TON blockchain, which is the essential part of Free TON).[45][46][41] In 2021 it was rebranded to Everscale [ru].[47]

Regulation

[edit]

On October 11, 2019, a couple of weeks before the planned TON launch, SEC obtained a temporary restrictive order to prevent the distribution of Grams. The regulator contended that initial Gram purchasers would be acting akin to underwriters, and the resale of Grams, once distributed, will be an unregistered distribution of securities.[48]

After a lengthy legal battle between Telegram and the SEC, Judge P. Kevin Castel of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York agreed with the SEC's vision[49] that the sale of Grams, the distribution to initial purchasers, and the highly likely future resale should be viewed as a single "scheme" to distribute Grams to the secondary market in an unregistered security offering. The "security" at issue consisted of the whole set of contracts, expectations, and understandings around the sale and the distribution of tokens to the interested public, and not the Grams themselves. In this case, the initial purchasers acted as underwriters that planned to resell tokens, and not to consume them. The restrictions on Gram distribution remained in force for purchasers based in and outside U.S., as Telegram had no tools to prevent U.S. citizens from purchasing Grams on the secondary market.[50][51][48]

Following the court decision, the Telegram Open Network team announced that they would be unable to launch the project by the expected 30 April 2020 deadline. On 12 May 2020, Pavel Durov announced the end of Telegram's active involvement with TON.[citation needed] On June 11, Telegram settled with SEC U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission and agreed to return $1.22 billion as "termination amounts" in Gram purchase agreements, and pay an $18.5 million penalty to SEC. The company also agreed to notify the SEC of any plans to issue digital assets over the next three years. The judge approved the settlement on June 26. "New and innovative businesses are welcome to participate in our capital markets, but they cannot do so in violation of the registration requirements of the federal securities laws," the SEC spokesperson noted. Telegram had subsequently shut down TON test network.[52]

In 2020, Telegram repaid TON investors $770 million and converted $443 million into a one-year debt at 10% interest, raising its total liabilities to $625.7 million. On 10 March 2021, the company made the placement of 5-year bonds worth $1 billion to cover the debts it had to return by 30 April 2021.[53][54]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c What is Toncoin (TON), authour: BingX Official; BingX blog, 20 February 2023
  2. ^ "The Open Network | The Open Network". docs.ton.org. 2023-05-21. Retrieved 2023-10-08.
  3. ^ "Du Rove's Channel". Telegram. Retrieved 2024-08-11.
  4. ^ "Mini App Bar, Paid Media, Story Search & More". Telegram. 2024-06-30. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
  5. ^ "Sharing Revenue with Channel Owners". Telegram. 2024-03-31. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
  6. ^ "Giveaways in Channels and Free Premium". Telegram. 2023-11-06. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
  7. ^ Velychko, Diana (2020-10-09). "TON & Gram: how it started and why it ended". PaySpace Magazine. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
  8. ^ "TON Primer, "Use of Funds", page 16". Retrieved 2023-12-26.
  9. ^ "TON Primer, "Use of Funds", page 18". Retrieved 2023-12-26.
  10. ^ "Telegram Open Network Blockchain" (PDF). ton.org. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  11. ^ Mix. "Here is the leaked white paper for the massive Telegram ICO". HardFork. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  12. ^ Korolev, Igor (2 April 2018). "Under what conditions will Telegram return to investors the collected $ 2.55 billion". CNews (in Russian). Retrieved 12 October 2018.
  13. ^ Liptak, Andrew (1 April 2018). "Telegram has raised a total of $1.7 billion from its two pre-ICO sales". The Verge. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
  14. ^ Shen, Lucinda (31 March 2018). "Even as Bitcoin Languishes, Telegram Raises $1.7 Billion Ahead of Largest ICO Ever". Fortune. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  15. ^ "Дело Дурова живет. Кто развивает блокчейн и криптовалюту Telegram после провала TON". The Bell (in Russian). 2021-11-16. Retrieved 2023-10-22.
  16. ^ "Монетный сор: что не так с созданной последователями Дурова криптовалютой Toncoin". Forbes.ru (in Russian). 2021-11-23. Retrieved 2023-10-22.
  17. ^ Rachel McIntosh (October 18, 2019). "SEC vs. Telegram: Will Gram Tokens Ever Be Distributed?". Finance Magnates. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
  18. ^ Baydakova, Anna (2020-05-07). "Sidestepping Telegram, Devs and Validators Launch Fork of TON Blockchain". www.coindesk.com. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
  19. ^ "initial commit · ton-blockchain/ton@c2da007". GitHub. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
  20. ^ "Exploring Telegram Open Network". Binance Research. September 27, 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  21. ^ "Despite delay, Durov on track to launch his cryptocurrency in March". The Bell. January 23, 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  22. ^ Denis Olshansky (27 May 2019). "Тестовый клиент TON (Telegram Open Network) и новый язык Fift для смарт-контрактов" [TON test client and FIft language for smart contracts] (in Russian). Habr. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  23. ^ "Telegram может начать публичное тестирование своего блокчейна 1 сентября" [Telegram may start testing its blockchain on September 1st] (in Russian). Vedomosti. 28 August 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  24. ^ Vladislav Voytenko (7 September 2019). "Исходный код TON Blockchain теперь доступен на GitHub" [TON blockchain source code now available on GitHub] (in Russian). Kod. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  25. ^ Sean Hollister (27 August 2019). "Telegram will launch its Gram cryptocurrency by October 31 or bust". The Verge. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  26. ^ Mikhail Tetkin (26 June 2020). "Самолет в никуда. Весь путь развития Telegram Open Network" [A plane to nowhere. The history of Telegram Open Network] (in Russian). RBC. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  27. ^ "Blockchain of Blockchains | The Open Network". docs.ton.org. 2023-10-24. Retrieved 2023-10-29.
  28. ^ "Блокчейн TON: история и стремительное развитие проекта". РБК Компании (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-10-29.
  29. ^ "Даркнет от Павла Дурова: как основатель Telegram пошел в «крипту» и что из этого вышло". Forbes.ru (in Russian). 2020-02-19. Retrieved 2023-10-29.
  30. ^ "TON Chain: Fork of the Original Telegram TON Project". research.nansen.ai. 2023-01-17. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
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