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{{Short description|Soviet assault gun}}
{{Infobox weapon
{{Infobox weapon
| name = ASU-85
| name = ASU-85
| image = [[File:ASU-85 6 Dywizji Powietrznodesantowej.jpg|300px|]]
| image = [[File:Skarżysko ASU-85 02.jpg|300px|]]
| caption = ASU of the Polish 6th Air Assault Division
| caption = ASU-85 at the exhibition in the Museum. White Eagle in Skarzysko-Kamienna.
| origin = [[Soviet Union]]
| origin = [[Soviet Union]]
| type = [[Assault gun]]
| type = [[Assault gun]]
| is_vehicle = yes
| is_vehicle = yes
| service = 1959–1993/ 2022-
| service = 1959–1993/ 2022-
| wars = [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia]]<ref name="Tucker-Jones"/> <br> [[Soviet–Afghan War]]<ref name="Tucker-Jones"/> <br> [[Sino-Vietnamese War]]<br>[[Russo-Ukrainian War]]
| used_by = Soviet Union, Russian Federation
| wars = [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia]] <br> [[Soviet–Afghan War]] <br> [[Sino-Vietnamese War]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=hợp)|first=Phong Vũ (Tổng|date=2019-09-13|title=Ảnh hiếm về pháo tự hành ASU-85 Việt Nam trong Chiến tranh biên giới phía Bắc - Doanh nghiệp Việt Nam|url=https://doanhnghiepvn.vn/quoc-te/anh-hiem-ve-phao-tu-hanh-asu-85-viet-nam-trong-chien-tranh-bien-gioi-phia-bac/20190913031405559|access-date=2020-09-18|website=Cơ quan ngôn luận của hiệp hội doanh nghiệp nhỏ và vừa Việt Nam|language=vi}}</ref> <br> [[Russo-Ukrainian War 2022]]
| designer = Astrov Design Bureau
| designer = Astrov Design Bureau
| design_date = 1951{{ndash}}1959
| design_date = 1951{{ndash}}1959
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| armour = 40{{ndash}}45 mm
| armour = 40{{ndash}}45 mm
| primary_armament = 85&nbsp;mm main gun D-70 (2A15)
| primary_armament = 85&nbsp;mm main gun D-70 (2A15)
| secondary_armament = 1× 7.62&nbsp;mm PKT or SGMT [[Coaxial weapon|coaxial]] machine gun
| secondary_armament = 1× 7.62&nbsp;mm [[PK machine gun|PKT]] or [[SGMT]] [[Coaxial weapon|coaxial]] machine gun
| engine = [[Detroit Diesel Series 71|YaMZ-206V]] 6 cylinder inline water-cooled [[diesel engine]]
| engine = [[Detroit Diesel Series 71|YaMZ-206V]] 6 cylinder inline water-cooled [[diesel engine]]
| engine_power = 210&nbsp;hp (154&nbsp;kW)
| engine_power = 210&nbsp;hp (154&nbsp;kW)
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}}
}}


The '''ASU-85''' ({{lang-ru|Авиадесантная самоходная установка, АСУ-85|Aviadesantnaya [[Samokhodnaya Ustanovka]], ASU-85}} – '''airborne self-propelled mount''') is a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-designed [[Airborne forces|airborne]] [[Self-propelled artillery|self-propelled gun]] of the [[Cold War]] era. From 1959, it began to replace the open-topped [[ASU-57]] in service.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tanks and armored fighting vehicles : visual encyclopedia.|date=2012|publisher=Chartwell Books|isbn=9780785829263|location=New York, N.Y.|pages=286|oclc=785874088}}</ref> It was, in turn, replaced by the [[BMD-1]] beginning in 1969.
The '''ASU-85''' ({{langx|ru|Авиадесантная самоходная установка, АСУ-85|Aviadesantnaya [[Samokhodnaya Ustanovka]], ASU-85}} – '''airborne self-propelled mount''') is a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-designed [[Airborne forces|airborne]] [[Self-propelled artillery|self-propelled gun]] of the [[Cold War]] era. From 1959, it began to replace the open-topped [[ASU-57]] in service.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tanks and armored fighting vehicles : visual encyclopedia.|date=2012|publisher=Chartwell Books|isbn=9780785829263|location=New York, N.Y.|pages=286|oclc=785874088}}</ref> It was, in turn, replaced by the [[BMD-1]] beginning in 1969.


==Development history==
==Development history==
Line 49: Line 49:


==Service history==
==Service history==
The [[Russian Airborne Troops|Soviet Airborne Forces]] used the ASU-85 in airborne operations. Its primary role was light infantry support or assault, with limited [[Anti-tank warfare|anti-tank]] capability. Each airborne division had one assault gun battalion with 31 ASU-85. The Polish 6th Pomeranian Airborne Division ({{lang-pl|6 Pomorska Dywizja Powietrzno-Desantowa}}) had an equal number.
The [[Soviet Airborne Forces]] used the ASU-85 in airborne operations. Its primary role was light infantry support or assault, with limited [[Anti-tank warfare|anti-tank]] capability. Each airborne division had one assault gun battalion with 31 ASU-85.

The Soviet Union exported the ASU-85 to only two other Warsaw Pact member states: East Germany and Poland.<ref name="Jane2">{{cite book | first = Christopher F. | last = Foss| title = Jane's World Armoured Fighting Vehicles| year = 1976|edition= 1976|page= 331 | publisher = Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd| isbn= 0-354-01022-0}}</ref>


Airborne use of the ASU-85 became possible with the introduction of the [[Mil Mi-6|Mi-6]] and [[Mil Mi-10|Mi-10]] helicopters and high-capacity multi-chute and retro-rocket systems for fixed wing-drops. It was first observed by [[NATO]] in 1962, and was widely used by Soviet and Polish airborne units.
Airborne use of the ASU-85 became possible with the introduction of the [[Mil Mi-6|Mi-6]] and [[Mil Mi-10|Mi-10]] helicopters and high-capacity multi-chute and retro-rocket systems for fixed wing-drops. It was first observed by [[NATO]] in 1962, and was widely used by Soviet and Polish airborne units.
Line 55: Line 57:
During the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], Soviet Airborne troops used ASU-85s in combat.
During the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], Soviet Airborne troops used ASU-85s in combat.


In early 2016, Vietnam expressed interest in an upgrade package for the ASU-85 that includes more powerful powerpack that increases road speed from {{convert|45|to|60|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and cruising range from {{convert|400|to|450|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="armyreco24april16" />
In early 2016, Vietnam expressed interest in a Belarusian upgrade package for the ASU-85 that includes more powerful powerpack that increases road speed from {{convert|45|to|60|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and cruising range from {{convert|400|to|450|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="armyreco24april16" />


==Variants==
==Variants==
Line 61: Line 63:


==Operators==
==Operators==
[[File:ASU-85 operators.png|thumb|400px|Map of former ASU-85 operators in red]]

===Current operators===
===Current operators===

;{{flag|Vietnam}}<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fisher|first1=Richard|title=DSA 2016: Vietnam may update Soviet era ASU-85s|url=http://www.janes.com/article/59688/dsa-2016-vietnam-may-update-soviet-era-asu-85s|website=IHS Jane's 360|publisher=IHS Jane's|access-date=21 April 2016|location=Kuala Lumpur|language=en|date=21 April 2016}}</ref>
* {{flag|Vietnam}}: At least 5 in service.<ref name="armyreco24april16" />
* {{flag|Ukraine}}: At least one was utilized during the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oryx |title=Attrition In Action: List Of Ukrainian Army Equipment Not Yet Destroyed By Russia |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2023/03/attrition-in-action-list-of-ukrainian.html |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Oryx}}</ref>


===Former operators===
===Former operators===

;{{POL}}
* ''[[Polish People's Army|Ludowe Wojsko Polskie]]'' received 31 ASU-85s in 1966. All were assigned to the 35th Self-propelled Artillery Squadron ({{lang-pl|35. Dywizjon Artylerii Samobieżnej}}) of 6th Pomeranian Airborne Division ({{lang-pl|6. Pomorska Dywizja Powietrzno-Desantowa}}) in [[Kraków]]. All were withdrawn in 1976 and unit was disbanded.
* {{flag|Polish People's Republic}}:<ref name="Tucker-Jones"/> Poland received 31 ASU-85s in 1965.<ref name=trade>{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |title=Trade Registers |publisher=Armstrade.sipri.org |access-date=2014-11-20}}</ref> These were assigned to the 35th Self-propelled Artillery Squadron of the [[6th Pomeranian Airborne Division]] in [[Kraków]] until their withdrawal in 1976, after which the unit was disbanded.
* {{flag|Soviet Union}}: The [[Soviet Army]] operated ASU-85 in airborne divisions of [[Soviet Airborne Forces]].<ref name="Tucker-Jones">{{cite book |last1=Tucker-Jones |first1=Anthony |title=Soviet Cold War Weaponry: Tanks and Armoured Vehicles |date=20 May 2015 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-78303-296-9 |pages=97–98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dIP3CQAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>
;{{USSR}}
* {{flag|East Germany}}: Unknown number in service in the 1970s.<ref name="Jane2"/>
* [[Soviet Army]] operated ASU-85 in airborne divisions of [[Russian Airborne Troops|Soviet Airborne Forces]], all SPGs were withdrawn from use.


==Surviving vehicles==
==Surviving vehicles==
[[File:ASU-85 at the Muzeum Polskiej Techniki Wojskowej in Warsaw.jpg|thumb|150px|ASU-85 at the Muzeum Polskiej Techniki Wojskowej in Warsaw.]]
[[File:Kolobrzeg muzeum dzialo ASU-85.jpg|thumb|150px| ASU-85 at the Museum of Polish Arms in Kołobrzeg.]]
*[[Poland]]
*[[Poland]]
** [[Polish Army Museum]] in [[Warsaw]] – tactical number 1601, on display at the [[Museum of Polish Military Technology]];
** [[Polish Army Museum]] in [[Warsaw]] – tactical number 1601, on display at the [[Museum of Polish Military Technology]];
** [[Artillery Museum]] in [[Toruń]]
** [[Artillery Museum]] in [[Toruń]]
** [[White Eagle Museum]] in [[Skarżysko-Kamienna]] – tactical number 9011,
** [[White Eagle Museum]] in [[Skarżysko-Kamienna]] – tactical number 9011,
** [[Polish Arms Museum]] in [[Kołobrzeg]],
** Polish Arms Museum in [[Kołobrzeg]],
** [[Armoured Weapons Museum]] in [[Poznań]]
** Armoured Weapons Museum in [[Poznań]]
** Military Museum in [[Suwałki]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://militarnepodroze.net/dzialapanc.html |title=Militarne Podróże<!-- Tytuł wygenerowany przez bota --> |access-date=9 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215014/http://militarnepodroze.net/dzialapanc.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** Military Museum in [[Suwałki]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://militarnepodroze.net/dzialapanc.html |title=Militarne Podróże<!-- Tytuł wygenerowany przez bota --> |access-date=9 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215014/http://militarnepodroze.net/dzialapanc.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Russia]]
*[[Russia]]
Line 92: Line 92:
==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

=== Notes ===
* Gunston B., 'Army Weapons', in: Bonds R. (ed.), ''Soviet War Power'', (Corgi 1982), p.&nbsp;203-204
* Gunston B., 'Army Weapons', in: Bonds R. (ed.), ''Soviet War Power'', (Corgi 1982), p.&nbsp;203-204
* Zaloga, Steven J., Hull, Andrew W. and Markov, David R. (1999). ''Soviet/Russian Armor and Artillery Design Practices: 1945 to Present''. Darlington Productions. {{ISBN|1-892848-01-5}}
* Zaloga, Steven J., Hull, Andrew W. and Markov, David R. (1999). ''Soviet/Russian Armor and Artillery Design Practices: 1945 to Present''. Darlington Productions. {{ISBN|1-892848-01-5}}

Latest revision as of 07:48, 24 October 2024

ASU-85
ASU-85 at the exhibition in the Museum. White Eagle in Skarzysko-Kamienna.
TypeAssault gun
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
In service1959–1993/ 2022-
WarsWarsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia[1]
Soviet–Afghan War[1]
Sino-Vietnamese War
Russo-Ukrainian War
Production history
DesignerAstrov Design Bureau
Designed1951–1959
ManufacturerMMZ
PMZ
Produced1959–1966
Specifications
Mass15.5 tonnes (34,171 lb)
Length8.49 m (27 ft 10 in)
Width2.80 m (9 ft 2 in)
Height2.10 m (6 ft 11 in)
Crew4
Armor40–45 mm
Main
armament
85 mm main gun D-70 (2A15)
Secondary
armament
1× 7.62 mm PKT or SGMT coaxial machine gun
EngineYaMZ-206V 6 cylinder inline water-cooled diesel engine
210 hp (154 kW)
Power/weight13.5 hp/tonne
Transmissionmechanical
Suspensiontorsion bar
Fuel capacity400 l
Operational
range
230 km (161 mi)
Maximum speed 45 km/h (28 mph)

The ASU-85 (Russian: Авиадесантная самоходная установка, АСУ-85, romanized: Aviadesantnaya Samokhodnaya Ustanovka, ASU-85 – airborne self-propelled mount) is a Soviet-designed airborne self-propelled gun of the Cold War era. From 1959, it began to replace the open-topped ASU-57 in service.[2] It was, in turn, replaced by the BMD-1 beginning in 1969.

Development history

[edit]

Development of a new assault gun for the armed forces started at the OKB-40 design bureau of the Mytishchi Machine Building Plant (MMZ), under the supervision of chief designer Nikolaj Aleksandrovich Astrov. The first Ob'yekt 573 prototype was ready for factory tests in the second half of 1953. This first vehicle was followed by a small batch of three improved vehicles that were evaluated by the armed forces in 1956–1957. The improved vehicles were powered by a new, horizontal six cylinder diesel engine, the YaMZ-206V, instead of the original V-6 of the PT-76. In 1958, the order to start series production of the SU-85—as it was initially known (although there was already a vehicle with that same name, based on the T-34)—was given. However, as a result of an order from the Ministry of Defense to add an armoured roof (the initial vehicles were still open-topped), series production could only begin in 1961. By then, the configuration was already out of date and in the second half of the 1960s, the VDV became the main operator of the SU-85 and renamed it the ASU-85.

Design

[edit]

The ASU-85 is based on the PT-76 tank chassis, but without the amphibious capabilities and fitted with a new engine. The vehicle has three compartments: the driver's in front, the combat compartment in the center, and the engine compartment at the rear.

The armament consists of a D-70 (2A15) 85 mm gun, derived from F.F. Petrov's D-48. The L/67 ordnance has a total weight of 1,865 kg and an elevation range from −4.50° to +15°. Traverse is 15° either side. The D-70 fires the same ammunition as the D-48 (3BK-7 HEAT, BR-372 HVAP-T and OF-372 HE), the combat load is 45 rounds. The gun has an effective range of 1,150 m and a maximum range of 10 km. It can penetrate 192 mm (7.6 in) of steel armor from an angle of 60° at a maximum distance of 1 km.[3] The coaxial machine gun is either the SGMT or the PKT with a combat load of 2,000 rounds.

Both the main gun and the coaxial machine gun are aimed by means of the TShK-2-79 sight. For nighttime fire, the TPN1-79-11 sight is used in combination with the L-2 IR searchlight. Indirect fire is conducted with the help of the S-71-79 and PG-1 sights. Furthermore, the commander is provided with two observation devices; TNPK-20 (day) and TKN-1T (night).

All ASU-85s were provided with an R-113 radio and an R-120 intercom system. In the early 1970s, some vehicles were fitted with a DShK-M 12.7mm heavy machine gun with 600 rounds. These vehicles had a reduced combat load of 39 main gun rounds and received the NATO designator ASU-85 M1974. The original designation was SU-85M or ASU-85M. The ASU-85 could also be equipped with smoke generators BDSh-5.

Service history

[edit]

The Soviet Airborne Forces used the ASU-85 in airborne operations. Its primary role was light infantry support or assault, with limited anti-tank capability. Each airborne division had one assault gun battalion with 31 ASU-85.

The Soviet Union exported the ASU-85 to only two other Warsaw Pact member states: East Germany and Poland.[4]

Airborne use of the ASU-85 became possible with the introduction of the Mi-6 and Mi-10 helicopters and high-capacity multi-chute and retro-rocket systems for fixed wing-drops. It was first observed by NATO in 1962, and was widely used by Soviet and Polish airborne units.

During the Soviet–Afghan War, Soviet Airborne troops used ASU-85s in combat.

In early 2016, Vietnam expressed interest in a Belarusian upgrade package for the ASU-85 that includes more powerful powerpack that increases road speed from 45 to 60 km/h (28 to 37 mph) and cruising range from 400 to 450 km (250 to 280 mi).[3]

Variants

[edit]

There are no variants of the ASU-85, but its chassis served as the basis for other designs, such as the GM-575 chassis of the ZSU-23-4 "Shilka" and the GM-568 and GM-578 chassis' of the 2P25 launch vehicle and 1S91 radar vehicle of the 2K12 "Kub" system.

Operators

[edit]

Current operators

[edit]

Former operators

[edit]

Surviving vehicles

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Tucker-Jones, Anthony (20 May 2015). Soviet Cold War Weaponry: Tanks and Armoured Vehicles. Pen and Sword. pp. 97–98. ISBN 978-1-78303-296-9.
  2. ^ Tanks and armored fighting vehicles : visual encyclopedia. New York, N.Y.: Chartwell Books. 2012. p. 286. ISBN 9780785829263. OCLC 785874088.
  3. ^ a b c Vietnamese army back into service the old Soviet-made ASU-85 self-propelled anti-tank gun - Armyrecognition.com, 24 April 2016
  4. ^ a b Foss, Christopher F. (1976). Jane's World Armoured Fighting Vehicles (1976 ed.). Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd. p. 331. ISBN 0-354-01022-0.
  5. ^ Oryx. "Attrition In Action: List Of Ukrainian Army Equipment Not Yet Destroyed By Russia". Oryx. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  6. ^ "Trade Registers". Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  7. ^ "Militarne Podróże". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2012.

Notes

[edit]
  • Gunston B., 'Army Weapons', in: Bonds R. (ed.), Soviet War Power, (Corgi 1982), p. 203-204
  • Zaloga, Steven J., Hull, Andrew W. and Markov, David R. (1999). Soviet/Russian Armor and Artillery Design Practices: 1945 to Present. Darlington Productions. ISBN 1-892848-01-5
  • Solyankin, A.G, Zheltov, I.G and Kudryashov, K.N. (2010). Otechestvenniye Bronirovanniye Mashiny - XX Vek, Tom 3: 1946-1965, "Tsejkhgauz". ISBN 978-5-9771-0106-6.
[edit]
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