Yamal Peninsula: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 16:26, 24 October 2024

70°40′15″N 70°08′12″E / 70.67088°N 70.13672°E / 70.67088; 70.13672

The Yamal Peninsula (Russian: полуостров Ямал, romanized: poluostrov Yamal) is located in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug of northwest Siberia, Russia. It extends roughly 700 km (435 mi) and is bordered principally by the Kara Sea, Baydaratskaya Bay on the west, and by the Gulf of Ob on the east. At the northern end of this peninsula lie the Malygina Strait and, beyond it, Bely Island. Across the river lies the Gyda Peninsula. In the language of its indigenous inhabitants, the Nenets, "Yamal" means "End of the Land".

The Yamal peninsula is inhabited by a multitude of migratory bird species. The well-preserved remains of Lyuba, a 37,000-year-old mammoth calf, were found by a reindeer herder on the peninsula in the summer of 2007. The animal was female and was determined to be one month old^[1] at the time of death.^[2]

Geography

The peninsula consists mostly of permafrost ground and there are numerous lakes of thermokarst origin, the biggest of which are Neito and Yambuto in the central part.^[3]^[4]

Many hydrocarbon fields have been discovered on the Yamal Peninsula, including large gas fields. The main hydrocarbon resources are concentrated in the permeable Aptian-Cenomanian complex.^[5]

Reindeer husbandry

According to anthropologist Sven Haakanson, the Yamal peninsula is the place within the Russian Federation where traditional large-scale nomadic reindeer husbandry is best preserved.^[6]^[7] Nenets and Khanty reindeer herders hold about half a million domestic reindeer.

Development

The area is largely undeveloped, but work is ongoing with several large infrastructure projects, including a gas pipeline and several bridges.^[8] Yamal holds Russia's biggest natural gas reserves.^[9] The 572 km Obskaya–Bovanenkovo railway, completed in 2011, is the northernmost railway in the world.^[10] Russian gas monopolist Gazprom had planned to develop the Yurkharovskoye gas field by 2011–2012. The peninsula's gas reserves are estimated to be 55 trillion cubic meters (tcm).^[8] Russia's largest energy project in history, known as the Yamal project, puts the future of nomadic reindeer herding at considerable risk.^{[citation needed]}

Yamal craters

In 2014, Yamal was the discovery site of a distinct sinkhole, or pingo, which quickly drew the attention of world media.^[11] The sinkhole appeared to be the result of a huge explosion and several hypotheses were suggested to explain the formation of the crater, including a hit by a meteorite or a UFO, or the collapse of an underground gas facility.^[12]

A spokesperson for the Yamal branch of the Emergencies Ministry said, "We can definitely say that it’s not a meteorite.".^[13] Cryovolcanism has been pointed out as the most probable cause in recent researches.^[14]

The 60-meter (66-yard) crater is believed by a senior researcher from the Scientific Research Center of the Arctic, Andrei Plekhanov, in remarks to the Associated Press, to be likely the result of a "buildup of excessive pressure" underground because of warming regional temperatures in that portion of Siberia.^[15] Tests conducted by Plekhanov's team showed unusually high concentrations of methane near the bottom of the sinkhole.^[16]^[17]

The destabilization of gas hydrates containing huge amounts of methane gas is believed to have caused the craters on the Yamal Peninsula.^[18]

As of 2015, the Yamal peninsula had at least five similar craters.^[19]

Another crater appeared in August 2020.^[20]

Offshore methane leaks

According to researchers at Norway's Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate [no] (CAGE), through a process called geothermal heat flux, the Siberian permafrost, which extends to the seabed of the Kara Sea, a section of the Arctic Ocean between the Yamal Peninsula and Novaya Zemlya, is thawing. According to a CAGE researcher, Aleksei Portnov:^[18]

"The permafrost is thawing from two sides... [T]he interior of the Earth is warm and is warming the permafrost from the bottom up. It is called geothermal heat flux and it is happening all the time, regardless of human influence."
— CAGE 2014

"The thawing of permafrost on the ocean floor is an ongoing process, likely to be exaggerated by the global warming of the world´s oceans."
— CAGE 2014

Methane is leaking in an area of at least 7500 m². In some areas gas flares extend up to 25 m (82 ft). Prior to their research it was proposed that methane was tightly sealed into the permafrost by water depths up to 100 m (330 ft). Close to the shore however, where the permafrost seal tapers to a depth of as little as 20 m (66 ft), there are significant amounts of gas leakage.^[18]

References

^ Ice Baby, National Geographic Magazine, May 2009, archived from the original on 19 April 2009, retrieved 28 December 2014
^ "Russia: Mammoth's Corpse Found". The New York Times. 11 July 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
^ "R-41_42 Topographic Chart (in Russian)". Retrieved 6 June 2022.
^ Google Earth
^ Surikova, E S; Solmin, A E; Guseva, S M (30 October 2018). "Regional model of the geological structure of the Yamal and Gydan oil-and-gas areas". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 193 (1): 012067. Bibcode:2018E&ES..193a2067S. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/193/1/012067.
^ Haakanson, Sven, Reindeer herders, Yamal Culture, Washington: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, retrieved 28 December 2014
^ Haakanson, Sven David (2000). Ethnoarchaeology of the Yamal Nenets: Utilizing Emic and Etic Evidence in the Interpretation of Archaeological Residues. Ethnoarchaeology (PhD). Harvard University. pp. 472 pages.
^ ^a ^b Harding, Luke (20 October 2009). "Yamal peninsula: The world's biggest gas reserves". Theguardian.com. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
^ "Yamal megaproject". Gazprom.com. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
^ "Obskaya–Bovanenkovo Railroad". Railway Technology. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
^ Gates, Sara (16 July 2014). "Giant hole forms in Siberia, and nobody can explain why". HuffPost. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
^ Bogoyavlensky, Vasily (October 2015). "Gas Blowouts on the Yamal and Gydan Peninsulas" (PDF). GEO ExPro. Vol. 12, no. 5. GEO Publishing Ltd. pp. 74–78. ISSN 1744-8743. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
^ Winter, Lisa (16 July 2014). "Huge Crater Mysteriously Appears in Siberia". IFL Science. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
^ Buldovicz, Sergey N.; Khilimonyuk, Vanda Z.; Bychkov, Andrey Y.; Ospennikov, Evgeny N.; Vorobyev, Sergey A.; Gunar, Aleksey Y.; Gorshkov, Evgeny I.; Chuvilin, Evgeny M.; Cherbunina, Maria Y.; Kotov, Pavel I.; Lubnina, Natalia V.; Motenko, Rimma G.; Amanzhurov, Ruslan M. (10 September 2018). "Cryovolcanism on the Earth: Origin of a Spectacular Crater in the Yamal Peninsula (Russia)". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 13534. Bibcode:2018NatSR...813534B. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31858-9. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6131154. PMID 30202065.
^ "News". news.msn.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
^ Moskvitch, Katia (2014). "Mysterious Siberian crater attributed to methane". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.15649. S2CID 131534214. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
^ Luntz, Stephen (2 August 2014). "Scientists May Have Solved The Siberian Crater Mystery". Business Insider. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sojtaric, Maja (18 December 2014), Methane is leaking from permafrost offshore Siberia, Tromsø, Norway: Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate (CAGE), archived from the original on 28 December 2014, retrieved 28 December 2014
^ Winter, Lisa (26 February 2015). "There are more bizarre craters opening up in Siberia, and scientists still don't know what's causing them". businessinsider.com. Retrieved 27 July 2016. We know now of seven craters in the Arctic area. Five are directly on the Yamal peninsula, one in Yamal Autonomous district, and one is on the north of the Krasnoyarsk region, near the Taimyr peninsula,...
^ Liesowska, Anna (29 August 2020). "Giant new 50-metre deep crater opens up in Arctic tundra". siberiantimes.com. Retrieved 30 December 2023.

External links

Ялмал, статья ЭСБЕ (in Russian)
Статья БСЭ Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)
Yamal Culture (in English)
Article on Nenets culture, religion and history (in English)

[1] Ice Baby, National Geographic Magazine, May 2009, archived from the original on 19 April 2009, retrieved 28 December 2014

[2] "Russia: Mammoth's Corpse Found". The New York Times. 11 July 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2017.

[STM-3] "R-41_42 Topographic Chart (in Russian)". Retrieved 6 June 2022.

[GЕ-4] Google Earth

[surikova-5] Surikova, E S; Solmin, A E; Guseva, S M (30 October 2018). "Regional model of the geological structure of the Yamal and Gydan oil-and-gas areas". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 193 (1): 012067. Bibcode:2018E&ES..193a2067S. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/193/1/012067.

[6] Haakanson, Sven, Reindeer herders, Yamal Culture, Washington: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, retrieved 28 December 2014

[Haakanson_2000-7] Haakanson, Sven David (2000). Ethnoarchaeology of the Yamal Nenets: Utilizing Emic and Etic Evidence in the Interpretation of Archaeological Residues. Ethnoarchaeology (PhD). Harvard University. pp. 472 pages.

[guardian-8] Harding, Luke (20 October 2009). "Yamal peninsula: The world's biggest gas reserves". Theguardian.com. Retrieved 23 December 2017.

[9] "Yamal megaproject". Gazprom.com. Retrieved 12 April 2016.

[10] "Obskaya–Bovanenkovo Railroad". Railway Technology. Retrieved 12 April 2016.

[11] Gates, Sara (16 July 2014). "Giant hole forms in Siberia, and nobody can explain why". HuffPost. Retrieved 28 December 2014.

[12] Bogoyavlensky, Vasily (October 2015). "Gas Blowouts on the Yamal and Gydan Peninsulas" (PDF). GEO ExPro. Vol. 12, no. 5. GEO Publishing Ltd. pp. 74–78. ISSN 1744-8743. Retrieved 27 July 2016.

[Huge_Crater_Mysteriously_Appears_in_Siberia-13] Winter, Lisa (16 July 2014). "Huge Crater Mysteriously Appears in Siberia". IFL Science. Retrieved 5 August 2014.

[nature-14] Buldovicz, Sergey N.; Khilimonyuk, Vanda Z.; Bychkov, Andrey Y.; Ospennikov, Evgeny N.; Vorobyev, Sergey A.; Gunar, Aleksey Y.; Gorshkov, Evgeny I.; Chuvilin, Evgeny M.; Cherbunina, Maria Y.; Kotov, Pavel I.; Lubnina, Natalia V.; Motenko, Rimma G.; Amanzhurov, Ruslan M. (10 September 2018). "Cryovolcanism on the Earth: Origin of a Spectacular Crater in the Yamal Peninsula (Russia)". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 13534. Bibcode:2018NatSR...813534B. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31858-9. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6131154. PMID 30202065.

[15] "News". news.msn.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2017.

[16] Moskvitch, Katia (2014). "Mysterious Siberian crater attributed to methane". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.15649. S2CID 131534214. Retrieved 23 December 2017.

[Scientists_May_Have_Solved_The_Siberian_Crater_Mystery-17] Luntz, Stephen (2 August 2014). "Scientists May Have Solved The Siberian Crater Mystery". Business Insider. Retrieved 5 August 2014.

[CAGE_2014-18] Sojtaric, Maja (18 December 2014), Methane is leaking from permafrost offshore Siberia, Tromsø, Norway: Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate (CAGE), archived from the original on 28 December 2014, retrieved 28 December 2014

[19] Winter, Lisa (26 February 2015). "There are more bizarre craters opening up in Siberia, and scientists still don't know what's causing them". businessinsider.com. Retrieved 27 July 2016. We know now of seven craters in the Arctic area. Five are directly on the Yamal peninsula, one in Yamal Autonomous district, and one is on the north of the Krasnoyarsk region, near the Taimyr peninsula,...

[20] Liesowska, Anna (29 August 2020). "Giant new 50-metre deep crater opens up in Arctic tundra". siberiantimes.com. Retrieved 30 December 2023.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Peninsula located in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug of Siberia, Russia}}
 {{Other uses|Yamal (disambiguation)}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
-[[File:Kara seaYP.PNG|thumb|250px|right|Map showing the location of the Yamal Peninsula.]]
+[[File:Kara seaYP.PNG|thumb|250px|right|Map showing the location of the Yamal Peninsula]]
-[[File:GydaTajmyrJamal.JPG|thumb|250px|right|The satellite map of Yamal Peninsula]]
+[[File:GydaTajmyrJamal.JPG|thumb|250px|right|Satellite view of Yamal Peninsula]]
 {{coord|70.67088|70.13672|format=dms|display=title}}
-The '''Yamal Peninsula''' ({{lang-ru|полуо́стров Яма́л}}) is located in the [[Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug]] of northwest [[Siberia]], [[Russia]]. It extends roughly 700&nbsp;km (435&nbsp;mi) and is bordered principally by the [[Kara Sea]], [[Baydaratskaya Bay]] on the west, and by the [[Gulf of Ob]] on the east. At the northern end of this peninsula lie the [[Malygina Strait]] and, beyond it, [[Bely Island]]. In the language of its indigenous inhabitants, the [[Nenets people|Nenets]], "Yamal" means "End of the Land".
+The '''Yamal Peninsula''' ({{langx|ru|полуостров Ямал|poluostrov Yamal}}) is located in the [[Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug]] of northwest [[Siberia]], [[Russia]]. It extends roughly 700&nbsp;km (435&nbsp;mi) and is bordered principally by the [[Kara Sea]], [[Baydaratskaya Bay]] on the west, and by the [[Gulf of Ob]] on the east. At the northern end of this peninsula lie the [[Malygina Strait]] and, beyond it, [[Bely Island]]. Across the river lies the [[Gyda Peninsula]]. In the language of its indigenous inhabitants, the [[Nenets people|Nenets]], '''"Yamal" means "End of the Land".'''
+The Yamal peninsula is inhabited by a multitude of migratory bird species. The well-preserved remains of [[Lyuba (mammoth)|Lyuba]], a 37,000-year-old mammoth calf, were found by a reindeer herder on the peninsula in the summer of 2007. The animal was female and was determined to be one month old<ref>{{citation |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/05/mammoths/cloning-interactive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419080709/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/05/mammoths/cloning-interactive |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 April 2009 |title=Ice Baby |publisher=National Geographic Magazine |date= May 2009 |access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref> at the time of death.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/11/world/europe/11briefs-mammoth.html|title=Russia: Mammoth's Corpse Found|date=11 July 2007|access-date=23 December 2017|website=The New York Times}}</ref>
-== History ==
+== Geography==
 [[File:Reindeer herders Yamal 1975.jpg|thumb|[[Reindeer herding|Reindeer herders]] on the Yamal Peninsula in 1975]]
-The [[peninsula]] consists mostly of [[permafrost]] ground and is geologically a very young place —some areas are less than ten thousand years old. {{Citation needed|date=January 2009}}
+The [[peninsula]] consists mostly of [[permafrost]] ground and there are numerous lakes of [[thermokarst]] origin, the biggest of which are [[Neito]] and [[Yambuto]] in the central part.<ref name="STM">{{cite web|url=https://maps.vlasenko.net/smtm1000/r-41_42.jpg|title=R-41_42 Topographic Chart (in Russian)|access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="GЕ">[[Google Earth]]</ref>
-Yamal is inhabited by a multitude of migratory bird species.
-The well-preserved remains of [[Lyuba (mammoth)|Lyuba]], a 37,000-year-old mammoth calf, were found by a reindeer herder on the peninsula in the summer of 2007. The animal was female and was determined to be one month old<ref>{{citation |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/05/mammoths/cloning-interactive |title=Ice Baby |publisher=National Geographic Magazine |date= May 2009 |accessdate=28 December 2014}}</ref> at the time of death.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/science/20071024/85279820.html|title=Baby mammoth unearthed in Yamal is 37,000 years old - scientists|website=En.rian.ru|accessdate=23 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/11/world/europe/11briefs-mammoth.html|title=Russia: Mammoth's Corpse Found|date=11 July 2007|accessdate=23 December 2017|website=The New York Times}}</ref>
+Many hydrocarbon fields have been discovered on the Yamal Peninsula, including large gas fields. The main hydrocarbon resources are concentrated in the permeable Aptian-Cenomanian complex.<ref name='surikova'>{{cite journal |last1=Surikova |first1=E S |last2=Solmin |first2=A E |last3=Guseva |first3=S M |title=Regional model of the geological structure of the Yamal and Gydan oil-and-gas areas |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |date=30 October 2018 |volume=193 |issue=1 |pages=012067 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/193/1/012067|bibcode=2018E&ES..193a2067S |doi-access=free }}</ref>
-On 21 October 2016 a Russian [[Mi-8]] helicopter carrying oil and gas workers crashed there, killing at least 19 of the 22 people on board.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37738915|title=Helicopter crash kills 19 in Siberia|date=22 October 2016|accessdate=23 December 2017|website=Bbc.com}}</ref>
 == Reindeer husbandry ==
-According to anthropologist [[Sven Haakanson]], the Yamal peninsula is the place within the Russian Federation where traditional large-scale [[nomad]]ic [[reindeer]] husbandry is best preserved.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/arctic/html/yamalcu.html |title=Reindeer herders |series=Yamal Culture |publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History |location=Washington |accessdate=28 December 2014 |first=Sven |last=Haakanson }}</ref><ref name="Haakanson_2000">{{cite thesis |first=Sven David |last=Haakanson |publisher=Harvard University |year=2000 |department=Ethnoarchaeology |pages=472 pages |title=Ethnoarchaeology of the Yamal Nenets: Utilizing Emic and Etic Evidence in the Interpretation of Archaeological Residues |type=PhD}}</ref> [[Nenets people|Nenets]] and [[Khanty people|Khanty]] reindeer herders hold about half a million domestic reindeer.
+According to anthropologist [[Sven Haakanson]], the Yamal peninsula is the place within the Russian Federation where traditional large-scale [[nomad]]ic [[reindeer]] husbandry is best preserved.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/arctic/html/yamalcu.html |title=Reindeer herders |series=Yamal Culture |publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History |location=Washington |access-date=28 December 2014 |first=Sven |last=Haakanson }}</ref><ref name="Haakanson_2000">{{cite thesis |first=Sven David |last=Haakanson |publisher=Harvard University |year=2000 |department=Ethnoarchaeology |pages=472 pages |title=Ethnoarchaeology of the Yamal Nenets: Utilizing Emic and Etic Evidence in the Interpretation of Archaeological Residues |type=PhD}}</ref> [[Nenets people|Nenets]] and [[Khanty people|Khanty]] reindeer herders hold about half a million domestic reindeer.
 == Development ==
 [[File:Tor icebreaker (2225296).jpg|thumb|Russian icebreaker ''Tor'' in the ice-covered port of [[Sabetta]]]]
 [[File:ТЭМ7А-0376, Россия, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ, линия Обская - Бованенково (Trainpix 216171).jpg|thumb|The [[Obskaya–Bovanenkovo Line|Obskaya–Bovanenkovo railway]] was built for the gas fields around [[Bovanenkovo gas field|Bovanenkovo]]]]
-The area is largely undeveloped, but work is ongoing with several large infrastructure projects, including a gas pipeline and several bridges.<ref name="guardian" /> Yamal holds Russia's biggest [[natural gas]] reserves.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazprom.com/about/production/projects/mega-yamal/|title=Yamal megaproject|website=Gazprom.com|access-date=2016-04-12}}</ref> The 572&nbsp;km [[Obskaya–Bovanenkovo Line|Obskaya–Bovanenkovo railway]], completed in 2011, is the northernmost railway in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/obskaya-bovanenkovo/|title=Obskaya–Bovanenkovo Railroad|website=Railway Technology|access-date=2016-04-12}}</ref> Russian gas monopolist [[Gazprom]] had planned to develop the [[Yurkharovskoye gas field]] by 2011–2012. The peninsula's gas reserves are estimated to be 55 trillion [[cubic meters]] (tcm).<ref name="guardian">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/oct/20/yamal-gas-reserves|title=Yamal peninsula: The world's biggest gas reserves|first=Luke|last=Harding|date=20 October 2009|accessdate=23 December 2017|website=Theguardian.com}}</ref> Russia's largest energy project in history, known as the [[Yamal project]], puts the future of nomadic reindeer herding at considerable risk.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}
+The area is largely undeveloped, but work is ongoing with several large infrastructure projects, including a gas pipeline and several bridges.<ref name="guardian" /> Yamal holds Russia's biggest [[natural gas]] reserves.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazprom.com/about/production/projects/mega-yamal/|title=Yamal megaproject|website=Gazprom.com|access-date=2016-04-12}}</ref> The 572&nbsp;km [[Obskaya–Bovanenkovo Line|Obskaya–Bovanenkovo railway]], completed in 2011, is the northernmost railway in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/obskaya-bovanenkovo/|title=Obskaya–Bovanenkovo Railroad|website=Railway Technology|access-date=2016-04-12}}</ref> Russian gas monopolist [[Gazprom]] had planned to develop the Yurkharovskoye gas field by 2011–2012. The peninsula's gas reserves are estimated to be 55 trillion [[cubic meters]] (tcm).<ref name="guardian">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/oct/20/yamal-gas-reserves|title=Yamal peninsula: The world's biggest gas reserves|first=Luke|last=Harding|date=20 October 2009|access-date=23 December 2017|website=Theguardian.com}}</ref> Russia's largest energy project in history, known as the [[Yamal project]], puts the future of nomadic reindeer herding at considerable risk.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}
 ==Yamal craters==
@@ Line 29: / Line 28: @@
 {{for|impact craters in Siberia|List of impact craters in Asia and Russia}}
 {{See also|Arctic methane release}}
-In 2014, Yamal was the discovery site of a distinct [[sinkhole]], or [[pingo]], which quickly drew the attention of world media.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gates |first=Sara |date=16 July 2014 |title=Giant hole forms in Siberia, and nobody can explain why |website=HuffPost|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/16/giant-hole-siberia-crater-end-of-world_n_5591780.html |accessdate=28 December 2014}}</ref> The sinkhole appeared to be the result of a huge explosion and several hypotheses were suggested to explain the formation of the crater, including a hit by a meteorite or a UFO, or the collapse of an underground gas facility.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Bogoyavlensky |first=Vasily |date=October 2015 |title=Gas Blowouts on the Yamal and Gydan Peninsulas |magazine=GEO ExPro |issn=1744-8743 |publisher=GEO Publishing Ltd. |volume=12 |number=5 |pages=74–78|url=http://assets.geoexpro.com/uploads/5d5ac83b-3ea6-40ca-ad42-4092913100b0/GEO_ExPro_v12i5.pdf |accessdate=27 July 2016}}</ref>
+In 2014, Yamal was the discovery site of a distinct [[sinkhole]], or [[pingo]], which quickly drew the attention of world media.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gates |first=Sara |date=16 July 2014 |title=Giant hole forms in Siberia, and nobody can explain why |website=HuffPost|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/16/giant-hole-siberia-crater-end-of-world_n_5591780.html |access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref> The sinkhole appeared to be the result of a huge explosion and several hypotheses were suggested to explain the formation of the crater, including a hit by a meteorite or a UFO, or the collapse of an underground gas facility.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Bogoyavlensky |first=Vasily |date=October 2015 |title=Gas Blowouts on the Yamal and Gydan Peninsulas |magazine=GEO ExPro |issn=1744-8743 |publisher=GEO Publishing Ltd. |volume=12 |number=5 |pages=74–78|url=http://assets.geoexpro.com/uploads/5d5ac83b-3ea6-40ca-ad42-4092913100b0/GEO_ExPro_v12i5.pdf |access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref>
-A spokesperson for the Yamal branch of the Emergencies Ministry said, "We can definitely say that it’s not a meteorite."<ref name="Huge Crater Mysteriously Appears in Siberia">{{cite web |last=Winter |first=Lisa |date=16 July 2014 |title=Huge Crater Mysteriously Appears in Siberia |publisher=IFL Science |url=http://www.iflscience.com/environment/huge-crater-mysteriously-appears-siberia |accessdate=5 August 2014}}</ref>
+A spokesperson for the Yamal branch of the Emergencies Ministry said, "We can definitely say that it’s not a meteorite.".<ref name="Huge Crater Mysteriously Appears in Siberia">{{cite web |last=Winter |first=Lisa |date=16 July 2014 |title=Huge Crater Mysteriously Appears in Siberia |publisher=IFL Science |url=http://www.iflscience.com/environment/huge-crater-mysteriously-appears-siberia |access-date=5 August 2014}}</ref> [[Cryovolcano|Cryovolcanism]] has been pointed out as the most probable cause in recent researches.<ref name='nature'>{{cite journal |last1=Buldovicz |first1=Sergey N. |last2=Khilimonyuk |first2=Vanda Z. |last3=Bychkov |first3=Andrey Y. |last4=Ospennikov |first4=Evgeny N. |last5=Vorobyev |first5=Sergey A. |last6=Gunar |first6=Aleksey Y. |last7=Gorshkov |first7=Evgeny I. |last8=Chuvilin |first8=Evgeny M. |last9=Cherbunina |first9=Maria Y. |last10=Kotov |first10=Pavel I. |last11=Lubnina |first11=Natalia V. |last12=Motenko |first12=Rimma G. |last13=Amanzhurov |first13=Ruslan M. |title=Cryovolcanism on the Earth: Origin of a Spectacular Crater in the Yamal Peninsula (Russia) |journal=Scientific Reports |date=10 September 2018 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=13534 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-31858-9 |pmid=30202065 |pmc=6131154 |bibcode=2018NatSR...813534B |language=en |issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free }}</ref>
-The 60-meter (66-yard) crater is believed by a senior researcher from the Scientific Research Center of the Arctic, Andrei Plekhanov, in remarks to the [[Associated Press]], to be likely the result of a "buildup of excessive pressure" underground because of warming regional temperatures in that portion of Siberia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.msn.com/offbeat/66-yard-crater-appears-in-far-northern-Siberia|title=News|website=news.msn.com|accessdate=23 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811040408/http://news.msn.com/offbeat/66-yard-crater-appears-in-far-northern-siberia|archive-date=11 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tests conducted by Plekhanov's team showed unusually high concentrations of methane near the bottom of the sinkhole.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/news/mysterious-siberian-crater-attributed-to-methane-1.15649|title=Mysterious Siberian crater attributed to methane|first=Katia|last=Moskvitch|journal=Nature|year=2014|accessdate=23 December 2017|doi=10.1038/nature.2014.15649}}</ref><ref name="Scientists May Have Solved The Siberian Crater Mystery">{{cite web |last=Luntz |first=Stephen |date=2 August 2014 |title=Scientists May Have Solved The Siberian Crater Mystery |website=Business Insider |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/scientists-siberian-crater-mystery-2014-8?nr_email_referer=1 |accessdate=5 August 2014 }}</ref>
+The 60-meter (66-yard) crater is believed by a senior researcher from the Scientific Research Center of the Arctic, Andrei Plekhanov, in remarks to the [[Associated Press]], to be likely the result of a "buildup of excessive pressure" underground because of warming regional temperatures in that portion of Siberia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.msn.com/offbeat/66-yard-crater-appears-in-far-northern-Siberia|title=News|website=news.msn.com|access-date=23 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811040408/http://news.msn.com/offbeat/66-yard-crater-appears-in-far-northern-siberia|archive-date=11 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tests conducted by Plekhanov's team showed unusually high concentrations of methane near the bottom of the sinkhole.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/news/mysterious-siberian-crater-attributed-to-methane-1.15649|title=Mysterious Siberian crater attributed to methane|first=Katia|last=Moskvitch|journal=Nature|year=2014|access-date=23 December 2017|doi=10.1038/nature.2014.15649|s2cid=131534214 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Scientists May Have Solved The Siberian Crater Mystery">{{cite web |last=Luntz |first=Stephen |date=2 August 2014 |title=Scientists May Have Solved The Siberian Crater Mystery |website=Business Insider |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/scientists-siberian-crater-mystery-2014-8?nr_email_referer=1 |access-date=5 August 2014 }}</ref>
-The destabilization of gas hydrates containing huge amounts of methane gas are believed to have caused the craters on the Yamal Peninsula.<ref name="CAGE_2014" />
+The destabilization of [[gas hydrates]] containing huge amounts of methane gas is believed to have caused the craters on the Yamal Peninsula.<ref name="CAGE_2014" />
-As of 2015, the Yamal peninsula had at least five similar craters.<ref>{{cite web |last=Winter |first=Lisa |date=26 February 2015 |title=There are more bizarre craters opening up in Siberia, and scientists still don't know what's causing them |website=businessinsider.com |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/more-bizarre-craters-opening-up-in-siberia-2015-2?IR=T |accessdate=27 July 2016 |quote=We know now of seven craters in the Arctic area. Five are directly on the Yamal peninsula, one in Yamal Autonomous district, and one is on the north of the Krasnoyarsk region, near the Taimyr peninsula,...}}</ref>
+As of 2015, the Yamal peninsula had at least five similar craters.<ref>{{cite web |last=Winter |first=Lisa |date=26 February 2015 |title=There are more bizarre craters opening up in Siberia, and scientists still don't know what's causing them |website=businessinsider.com |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/more-bizarre-craters-opening-up-in-siberia-2015-2?IR=T |access-date=27 July 2016 |quote=We know now of seven craters in the Arctic area. Five are directly on the Yamal peninsula, one in Yamal Autonomous district, and one is on the north of the Krasnoyarsk region, near the Taimyr peninsula,...}}</ref>
-Another crater appeared in August 2020.<ref>https://siberiantimes.com/other/others/news/giant-new-50-metre-deep-crater-opens-up-in-arctic-tundra/</ref>
+Another crater appeared in August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://siberiantimes.com/other/others/news/giant-new-50-metre-deep-crater-opens-up-in-arctic-tundra/|title=Giant new 50-metre deep crater opens up in Arctic tundra|website=siberiantimes.com |first=Anna |last=Liesowska |date=29 August 2020 |access-date=30 December 2023}}</ref>
 ==Offshore methane leaks==
 According to researchers at Norway's {{Interlanguage link multi|Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate|no|3=Senter for arktisk gasshydrat, miljø og klima}} (CAGE), through a process called [[Geothermal gradient|geothermal heat flux]], the Siberian [[permafrost]], which extends to the seabed of the [[Kara Sea]], a section of the [[Arctic Ocean]] between the Yamal Peninsula and [[Novaya Zemlya]], is thawing. According to a CAGE researcher, Aleksei Portnov:<ref name="CAGE_2014"/>
-{{quote|"The permafrost is thawing from two sides... [T]he interior of the Earth is warm and is warming the permafrost from the bottom up. It is called geothermal heat flux and it is happening all the time, regardless of human influence."|source=CAGE 2014}}
+{{blockquote|"The permafrost is thawing from two sides... [T]he interior of the Earth is warm and is warming the permafrost from the bottom up. It is called geothermal heat flux and it is happening all the time, regardless of human influence."|source=CAGE 2014}}
-{{quote|"The thawing of permafrost on the ocean floor is an ongoing process, likely to be exaggerated by the global warming of the world´s oceans."|source=CAGE 2014}}
+{{blockquote|"The thawing of permafrost on the ocean floor is an ongoing process, likely to be exaggerated by the global warming of the world´s oceans."|source=CAGE 2014}}
-[[Methane]] is leaking in an area of at least 7500 m<sup>2</sup>. In some areas gas flares extend up to {{convert|25|meters|abbr=on}}.  Prior to their research it was proposed that methane was tightly sealed into the permafrost by water depths up to {{convert|100|m|abbr=on}}. Close to the shore however, where the permafrost seal tapers to a depth of as little as {{convert|20|m|abbr=on}}, there are significant amounts of gas leakage.<ref name="CAGE_2014">{{citation |url=https://cage.uit.no/news/methane-leaking-permafrost-seal-offshore-siberia/ |title=Methane is leaking from permafrost offshore Siberia |first=Maja |last=Sojtaric |publisher=Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate (CAGE) |location=Tromsø, Norway |accessdate=28 December 2014 |date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228214423/https://cage.uit.no/news/methane-leaking-permafrost-seal-offshore-siberia/ |archive-date=28 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+[[Methane]] is leaking in an area of at least 7500 m<sup>2</sup>. In some areas gas flares extend up to {{convert|25|meters|abbr=on}}.  Prior to their research it was proposed that methane was tightly sealed into the permafrost by water depths up to {{convert|100|m|abbr=on}}. Close to the shore however, where the permafrost seal tapers to a depth of as little as {{convert|20|m|abbr=on}}, there are significant amounts of gas leakage.<ref name="CAGE_2014">{{citation |url=https://cage.uit.no/news/methane-leaking-permafrost-seal-offshore-siberia/ |title=Methane is leaking from permafrost offshore Siberia |first=Maja |last=Sojtaric |publisher=Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate (CAGE) |location=Tromsø, Norway |access-date=28 December 2014 |date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228214423/https://cage.uit.no/news/methane-leaking-permafrost-seal-offshore-siberia/ |archive-date=28 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 ==See also==

Authority control databases
International	VIAF
National	Germany Czech Republic