Apsilae: Difference between revisions
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The '''Apsilae''' |
The '''Apsilae''' or '''Apsili''' were an ancient tribe inhabiting the territory of Apsilia, in modern [[Abkhazia]].<ref name="А1">{{cite web|url=http://bse.sci-lib.com/article066618.html |title=Апсилы |publisher=Bse.sci-lib.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-21}}</ref><ref name="Mikaberidze2015">{{cite book|author=Alexander Mikaberidze|title=Historical Dictionary of Georgia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JNNQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA130|date=6 February 2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-4146-6|pages=130–1}}</ref> |
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==Location== |
==Location== |
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The tribal territory was located on the Black Sea coast of the northwest [[Caucasus]] |
The tribal territory was located on the Black Sea coast of the northwest [[Caucasus]] near the estuary of [[Kodori (river)|Kodori]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Apsilae |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/apsilae-e129780?lang=en |website=Brill |access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref> The settlements of [[Sukhumi|Sebastopolis]] and Tibeleos (associated with [[Tsebelda fortress|Tsebelda]] by George Hewitt<ref>George Hewitt, "The Abkhazians: Handbook", p. 56</ref>) were located in their territory.<ref name="geography1854">{{cite book|author=Greek geography|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography: Abacaenum-Hytanis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9y0BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA163|year=1854|publisher=Walton & Maberly|page=163}}</ref> |
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==Identity== |
==Identity== |
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The ''Apsilae'' may have been the ancestors of the [[Abkhaz people]] (in [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] '''Аҧсуаа''' ''Apswa'').<ref>{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=W.E.D. |title=A History of the Georgian People: From the Beginning Down to the Russian Conquest in the Nineteenth Century |date=2023 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781032436890 |page=28 |quote=The Abkhaz were known to the classical geographers as Apsilai, and later as Abasgoi.}}</ref> |
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The Apsilae descended from the coastal part of the ancient [[Zygii]] tribes,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bse.sci-lib.com/article047332.html |title=Зихи |publisher=Bse.sci-lib.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-21}}</ref> most notably the Trakhea, Tsibil and Tsakhar.<ref>George Hewitt, "The Abkhazians: Handbook", p. 1</ref> They may have been a [[Colchian]] tribe or an [[Abkhaz people|Abkhaz]] group. It is debated whether they were ancestors of the present-day Abkhaz (''Apswa'', [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] ''Аҧсуаа'') or of the [[Georgian people|Georgians]].<ref name="Smith1998">{{cite book|author=Graham Smith|title=Nation-building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands: The Politics of National Identities|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BtzEeq9QcRMC&pg=PA55|date=10 September 1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-59968-9|page=55}}</ref><ref name="West2010">{{cite book|author=Barbara A. West|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA1|date=19 May 2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7|page=1}}</ref> |
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Their culture is known as the [[Tsebelda culture]], marked by well-developed local manufacturing of metal products and tools. |
Their culture is known as the [[Tsebelda culture]], marked by well-developed local manufacturing of metal products and tools. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The first known record of the Apsilae occurs in the writings of [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] of the 1st century AD,<ref name="А1" /> as well as of [[Arrian|Flavius Arrianus]] in the 2nd century ({{ |
The first known record of the Apsilae occurs in the writings of [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] of the 1st century AD,<ref name="А1" /> as well as of [[Arrian|Flavius Arrianus]] in the 2nd century ({{langx|el|Αψιλαι}}).<ref name="ArrianFalconer1805">{{cite book|author1=Arrian|author2=Thomas Falconer|title=Arrian's Voyage Round the Euxine Sea: Translated and Accompanied with a Geographical Dissertation and Maps : to which are Added Three Discourses, I. On the Trade to the East Indies by Means of the Euxine Sea, II. On the Distance which the Ships of Antiquity Usually Sailed in Twenty-four Hours, III. On the Measure of the Olympic Stadium|url=https://archive.org/details/gri_33125009310745|year=1805|publisher=J. Cooke|page=[https://archive.org/details/gri_33125009310745/page/n20 9]}}</ref> The territory became an official division of the Roman Empire under [[Trajan]] (98-117).<ref name="Bennett2003">{{cite book|author=Julian Bennett|title=Trajan: Optimus Princeps|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vXuFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT345|date=2 September 2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-134-70913-7|page=345}}</ref> It was absorbed by the surrounding, more powerful principality of the [[Abasgoi]], in approximately 730 AD, and the Apsilae are no longer recorded after the second half of the 8th century.<ref name="Mikaberidze2015" /> Later, and after the inclusion of other territories and people including [[Misiminia]], it became the [[Kingdom of Abkhazia]]. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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{{Historical regions of Georgia}} |
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[[Category:Abazins|*]] |
[[Category:Abazins|*]] |
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[[Category:Historical ethnic groups of Russia]] |
[[Category:Historical ethnic groups of Russia]] |
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[[Category:Ancient peoples of Georgia (country)]] |
[[Category:Ancient peoples of Georgia (country)]] |
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[[Category:History of Abkhazia]] |
[[Category:History of Abkhazia]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Ancient history of the Caucasus]] |
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Latest revision as of 16:49, 24 October 2024
The Apsilae or Apsili were an ancient tribe inhabiting the territory of Apsilia, in modern Abkhazia.[1][2]
Location
[edit]The tribal territory was located on the Black Sea coast of the northwest Caucasus near the estuary of Kodori.[3] The settlements of Sebastopolis and Tibeleos (associated with Tsebelda by George Hewitt[4]) were located in their territory.[5]
Identity
[edit]The Apsilae may have been the ancestors of the Abkhaz people (in Abkhaz Аҧсуаа Apswa).[6]
Their culture is known as the Tsebelda culture, marked by well-developed local manufacturing of metal products and tools.
History
[edit]The first known record of the Apsilae occurs in the writings of Pliny of the 1st century AD,[1] as well as of Flavius Arrianus in the 2nd century (Greek: Αψιλαι).[7] The territory became an official division of the Roman Empire under Trajan (98-117).[8] It was absorbed by the surrounding, more powerful principality of the Abasgoi, in approximately 730 AD, and the Apsilae are no longer recorded after the second half of the 8th century.[2] Later, and after the inclusion of other territories and people including Misiminia, it became the Kingdom of Abkhazia.
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Апсилы". Bse.sci-lib.com. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
- ^ a b Alexander Mikaberidze (6 February 2015). Historical Dictionary of Georgia. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 130–1. ISBN 978-1-4422-4146-6.
- ^ "Apsilae". Brill. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
- ^ George Hewitt, "The Abkhazians: Handbook", p. 56
- ^ Greek geography (1854). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography: Abacaenum-Hytanis. Walton & Maberly. p. 163.
- ^ Allen, W.E.D. (2023). A History of the Georgian People: From the Beginning Down to the Russian Conquest in the Nineteenth Century. Routledge. p. 28. ISBN 9781032436890.
The Abkhaz were known to the classical geographers as Apsilai, and later as Abasgoi.
- ^ Arrian; Thomas Falconer (1805). Arrian's Voyage Round the Euxine Sea: Translated and Accompanied with a Geographical Dissertation and Maps : to which are Added Three Discourses, I. On the Trade to the East Indies by Means of the Euxine Sea, II. On the Distance which the Ships of Antiquity Usually Sailed in Twenty-four Hours, III. On the Measure of the Olympic Stadium. J. Cooke. p. 9.
- ^ Julian Bennett (2 September 2003). Trajan: Optimus Princeps. Routledge. p. 345. ISBN 1-134-70913-7.
